新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向27 閱讀理解之說明文類(原卷版)

考向27閱讀理解之說明文類語篇特征說明文是對(duì)事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說明的一種文體，它以說明為主要表達(dá)方式，通過解說事物或闡明事理，達(dá)到教人以知識(shí)的目的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往采用總分、遞進(jìn)等方式按一定的順序（如時(shí)間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)）進(jìn)行說明。說明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡練、語言準(zhǔn)確、明了，文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點(diǎn)在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點(diǎn)等。最近五年，說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡到難的方式，因此說明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對(duì)比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點(diǎn)之一是考查學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握。說明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點(diǎn)來幫助理解語篇，例如，下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)都有表示解釋和說明）等。科普說明文這種題材的文章大部分是介紹科技前沿、科學(xué)動(dòng)態(tài)、新的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造、科研方法，或是對(duì)某一個(gè)問題的來龍去脈和解決方法等加以介紹。作者的目的就是讓讀者獲得知識(shí)、信息，對(duì)說明對(duì)象有所了解，并獲得某些方面的啟示。其特點(diǎn)如下：

1.文章中會(huì)牽涉到實(shí)驗(yàn)、研究者、研究方法、在某項(xiàng)主題上的不同意見和爭鳴，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)讀者還不熟悉的前沿性的科學(xué)題材，但作者一般持客觀的態(tài)度，不顯示自己的褒貶之意；

2.此類文章為了做到通俗易懂，在語言上盡量避免使用專業(yè)性詞匯，對(duì)于動(dòng)詞，做到這一點(diǎn)較輕易，但是有些專有名詞則無法避免，不過，作者通常會(huì)對(duì)較難的專有名詞進(jìn)行解釋，甚至舉例說明，這往往也是出題的地方；

3.在語法上，此類文章長句使用較多，主從復(fù)合句、同位語、插入語、非謂語動(dòng)詞形式和被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用率較高；

4.此類文章語篇模式一般比較固定、整潔，主題句通常位于段首，多使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

針對(duì)科普文章的這些特點(diǎn)，首先我們平時(shí)要多關(guān)注科學(xué)題材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知識(shí)；其次，在閱讀時(shí)要注重實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的和結(jié)果，不能憑想象和猜測下結(jié)論；對(duì)于較難理解的句子要利用語法結(jié)構(gòu)去分析；最后，要利用文章特點(diǎn)找準(zhǔn)主題句，把握中心，從而一一破解題目。命題方式考向一細(xì)節(jié)理解題 說明文中考查的細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致與記敘文相似。命題區(qū)域都有其共同點(diǎn)：⑴在列舉處命題，如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not

only...but

also...、then、in

addition等表示順承關(guān)系的詞語列舉出事實(shí)。試題要求考生從列舉出的內(nèi)容中選出符合題干要求的答案項(xiàng)。⑵在例證處命題，句中常用由as、such

as、for

example、for

instance等引導(dǎo)的短語或句子作為例證，這些例句或比喻就成為命題者設(shè)問的焦點(diǎn)。⑶在轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比處命題，一般通過however、but、yet、in

fact等詞語來引導(dǎo)。對(duì)比用unlike、until、not

so

much…as等詞語引導(dǎo)，命題者常對(duì)用來對(duì)比的雙方屬性進(jìn)行考查。⑷在比較處命題，無端的比較、相反的比較、偷換對(duì)象的比較，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在干擾項(xiàng)中，考生要標(biāo)記并且關(guān)注到原文中的比較，才能順利地排除干擾。⑸在復(fù)雜句中命題，包括同位詞、插入語、定語、從句、不定式等，命題者主要考查考生對(duì)句子之間的指代關(guān)系和語法關(guān)系。

細(xì)節(jié)類問題一般都能在原文中找到出處，只要仔細(xì)就可以在文中找到答案。但正確的選擇項(xiàng)不可能與閱讀材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的語句成句型表達(dá)相同的意思。

考向二語意猜測題

說明文為了把自然規(guī)律，事物的性質(zhì)等介紹清楚或把事理闡述明白，因此學(xué)術(shù)性強(qiáng)的生詞較多，所以常進(jìn)行生詞詞義判斷題的考查。命題方式多以the

underlinedpart

…

in

paragraph…refers

to…或what

does

the

underlined

word

mean?或what

is

the

meaning

of

the

underlined

word?為設(shè)問方式。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀原文，分析其對(duì)某些科學(xué)原理是如何定義、如何解釋的，并以此為突破口抽象概括出生詞詞義。也可以通過上下文來猜測某個(gè)陌生詞語的語意?；蛘哒页瞿硞€(gè)詞語在文章中的同義詞。要注意破折號(hào)、同位語從句、定語從句、插入語等具有解釋、說明作用的語言成分。說明文在闡述說明對(duì)象時(shí)易發(fā)生動(dòng)作變換、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變的現(xiàn)象，這類題目常以it，they，them

等代詞為命題點(diǎn)，因此考生要根據(jù)上下文語境，認(rèn)真閱讀原文，分析動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，弄清動(dòng)作不同執(zhí)行者，以便準(zhǔn)確判斷代詞的其實(shí)際指代對(duì)象。

考向三主旨大意題

說明文常用文章大意判斷題考查考生對(duì)通篇文意的理解。即對(duì)文章的主題或中心意思的概括和歸納。主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體理解能力。命題形式常以This

passage

mainly

talks

about

____.What

is

the

main

idea

of

the

passage?為設(shè)問方式。 答題時(shí)首先閱讀題干，掌握問題的類型，了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。

考向四判斷推理題

這種試題常以(1)thepassageisintendedto...(2)theauthorsuggeststhat...(3)thestoryimpliesthat…(4)whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?(5)fromthepassagewecanconcludethat...(6)thepurposeofthepassageisto...為設(shè)問方式。這種題型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生進(jìn)行合理的推斷。如因果關(guān)系，文中的某些用詞、語氣也往往具有隱含意義，考生要將這種含義讀出來。說明文常出現(xiàn)圖示判斷題，這種試題可以事物之間正確的依賴關(guān)系為命題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷其正確的流程順序相互關(guān)系等。考生一定要認(rèn)真閱讀原文，并對(duì)照原文介紹的情況，弄清圖示的差異，根據(jù)題干需要最終做出正確判斷。如：動(dòng)物介紹性說明文常出現(xiàn)動(dòng)物能力判斷題，考查考生對(duì)特定動(dòng)物所具有能力的判斷。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀原文對(duì)動(dòng)物形態(tài)活動(dòng)能力的判斷，了解動(dòng)物的生存環(huán)境和是否會(huì)使用工具，是否善于爬行、飛翔和游泳等。觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題也是判斷推理題考查的內(nèi)容之一。說明文的對(duì)象為客觀事實(shí)，但設(shè)題以議論的表達(dá)方式抒發(fā)對(duì)該說明對(duì)象的想法。如對(duì)某種新發(fā)明的贊賞，或?qū)δ硞€(gè)事物的批判。這類題目常見的題干表達(dá)方式有what

was

the

author’s

attitude

towards

...?

等。解題技巧高考閱讀理解中，說明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問主要圍繞以下四方面：細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測詞義題。其中，說明文主要以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)、主旨大意和猜測詞義三方面問題為主。一、詞義猜測類題型閱讀理解題中常要求學(xué)生猜測某些單詞或短語的意思。歷年英語高考題中均有此類題目，有的文章盡管沒有專門設(shè)題，但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)生詞，因此，詞義的猜測還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過上下文去理解或根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去猜測。判斷一個(gè)單詞的意思不但離不開句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測。運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法,語境等推測關(guān)鍵詞義，可以根據(jù)以下幾種方法猜測：（一）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞通過同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay，即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。這是高三冊第八單元閱讀第五段的句子：Theword＂secure＂inparagraph5lineisclosestinmeaningto_________.freefromanxiety B.anxious C.nervous D.happy根據(jù)上下文和同義詞，可以選出答案A。二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于＂行星＂這一義域.通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義通過因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat,foritwasn’thisfault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯(cuò)），可猜出blame的詞義是＂責(zé)備＂。通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測詞義例如：Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong,longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期，即drought，由此可見drought意思為＂久旱＂，＂旱災(zāi)＂。而adryperiod和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折號(hào)等來表示。通過句法功能來推測詞義例如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關(guān)系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。通過描述猜詞描述即作者為幫助讀者更感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例如ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類.后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習(xí)性。（二）外部相關(guān)因素外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知識(shí)，有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。（三）構(gòu)詞法在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，這些問題便不難解決了。根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例如：Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semi-conscious,forafewminutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious（清醒的，有意識(shí)的），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.詞根lit-erate意為＂有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的＂，前綴il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一竅不通，不知道的＂。根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后綴cide表示＂殺者，殺滅劑＂，結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲），不難猜出insecticide意為＂殺蟲劑＂。Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.后綴let表示＂小的＂，詞根drop指＂滴，滴狀物＂。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義＂小滴，微滴＂。根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如：Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或許是一個(gè)生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它是由high（高的，強(qiáng)的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出＂的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)—斗牛。二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通，對(duì)文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋，支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的?？傊?，為提高閱讀理解能力，在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)抓中心思想，作者意圖及關(guān)鍵詞語，運(yùn)用聯(lián)想、比較、歸納、推測等方法，得出最佳結(jié)論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測，把自己的觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加進(jìn)去，與文章的觀點(diǎn)混為一談。經(jīng)過長時(shí)間有計(jì)劃，有目的的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一起來，以提高學(xué)生閱讀英語和運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力，為繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語切實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ).閱讀是一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的語言實(shí)際活動(dòng)。我們只有進(jìn)行大量的課內(nèi)外閱讀，掌握一定的閱讀技巧，正確運(yùn)用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力。【檢測訓(xùn)練】1Asapopularsubjectofstudyamongevolutionaryecologists,three-spinedsticklebackisknownfortheirdifferentshapes,sizes,andbehaviors—theycanevenliveinbothseawaterandfreshwater,andunderawiderangeoftemperatures.Butwhatmakesthat?Theresearcherstrackedsixpopulationsofthefishbeforeandafterseasonalchangestotheirenvironment,usinggenomesequencing.Seasonalchangesresultingreatchangesinhabitatstructureandbalanceofsaltandfreshwater,andonlythosefishabletotoleratetheserapidchangessurviveintothenextseason.“Thesechangesprobablyresemblethehabitatshiftsexperiencedbysticklebackpopulationsduringthepast10,000years.”saysProfessorBarrett“Wehopetogaininsightintothegeneticchangesthatmayhaveresultedfromnaturalselectionlonginthepast.”Remarkably,theresearchersdiscoveredtheevidenceofgeneticchangesdrivenbytheseasonalshiftsinhabitats,whichmirroredthedifferencesfoundbetweenlong-establishedfreshwaterandsaltwaterpopulations.“Thesegeneticchangesoccurredinindependentpopulationsoverasingleseason,highlightingjusthowquicklytheeffectsofnaturalselectioncanbedetected,”saysProfessorBarrett,“Thefindingssuggestthatwemaybeabletousethegeneticdifferencestopredicthowpopulationsmayadapttoenvironment.”Theresearchemphasizestheimportanceofstudyingspeciesindynamicenvironmentstogainabetterunderstandingofhownaturalselectionoperates.Infurtherresearch,theyplantoinvestigatehowrepeatabletheobservedgeneticchangesare,bytestingwhethertheyshowupyearafteryear.Doingsowoulddemonstratetheirabilitytoreliablyforecasttheevolutionaryfutureofthesepopulations.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”refertoinParagraphl?A.Sticklebackisunderawiderangeoftemperatures.B.Sticklebackispopularwithevolutionaryecologists.C.Sticklebackcanadapttodifferentlivingconditions.D.Sticklebackhasdifferentshapes,sizes,andbehaviors.2.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A.Thedifficultiesoftheresearch. B.Thepurposeoftheresearch.C.Thebackgroundoftheresearch. D.Themethodsoftheresearch.3.Whatisthemainreasonforstickleback'ssurvival?A.Habitatshifts. B.Geneticchange.C.Seasonalchanges. D.Independentpopulations.4.Whywillscientistsstudytherepetitionofthegenneticchanges?A.Toknowwhatnaturalselectionis.B.Tostudyspecicesindynamicenvironments.C.Totestthereliablityofthepresentdiscoveries.D.Toforecasttheevolutionaryfutureofcertainspecies.2Asagingpopulationgetsbiggeranddementia(老年癡呆癥)morecommon，morefamiliesarestrugglingwithacomplexquestion:Howdoyousupportalovedonewithdementia,especiallywhenyouhaveafull-timejobandseveralkids?RegUrbanowskimayhaveananswertothispressingissue:ROBOTS.HeandhisteammanagedtodevelopanewtypeofrobotsnamedTProbots.Lookinglikestand-upvacuumcleanersattachedtoaniPad,theycanbeactivatedremotelyviaasmartphoneandguidedremotelybyacontrollerappsimilartothewayamouseisusedonadesktopcomputer.Allpossessaudioandvisualcommunicationcapabilities,allowingtheoperatortobe“intheroom”tointeractwithMomorDad.HebelievesthatcaregiversandfamilymemberscanuseaTProbotto“l(fā)ookin”onpeoplewithmilddementia.Hesays,“TProbotsprovideaneffectivesolutionforminimizingcaregiverburden,especiallyforthosewhohavecareerorotherout-ofhomeactivities.”UrbanowskiandhisteamhaveconductedastudythatinvolvesprovidingTProbotsfor15Manitobafamilies.Theserobotsareprogrammedtoprovideremindersofnecessarydailyroutineliketurningoffthegas,takingmedicineandhavingdinner.Theywillalsohelpensurepatientsaregettingtheexercisetheyneedtomaintaintheirhealthandwell-being.ErinCrawford,ProgramDirectorwiththeAlzheimerSocietyofManitoba,saysshehasfaiththatTProbotswillprovebeneficial,particularlywhenitcomestoremindingpeoplewithdementiatodocertainthingsatcertaintimes.“Itmeansthatfamilymembersthatcan’tbethere,forwhateverreason,knowthatthosethingsaretillhappening,”shesays.5.WhatcanweinferaboutTProbotsfromParagraph3?A.It’seasytooperate. B.Itcancleantheroom.C.It'sconvenienttocarry. D.Itcanbeusedonacomputer.6.HowwillTProbotshelpthosewithdementia?A.Byhavingdinnerwiththem. B.Byturningoffthegasforthem.C.Bydoingactivitieswiththem. D.Byremindingthemtotakepills.7.What’sErinCrawford’sattitudetothefutureofTProbots?A.Optimistic. B.Cautious. C.Doubtful. D.Critical.8.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.TProbotsprovideanewsolutiontodementia.B.TProbotshelptotakecareofdementiapatients.C.CaregiversofdementiawillbereplacedbyTProbots.D.Urbanowskiandhisteamaredevelopinganewrobot.3Lastyear,Americansspentover$30billionatretail(零售)storesinthemonthofDecemberalone.Asidefrompurchasingholidaygifts,mostpeopleregularlybuypresentsforotheroccasionsthroughouttheyear,includingweddings,birthdays,anniversaries,graduations,andbabyshowers.Thisfrequentexperienceofgift-givingcancreateambivalentfeelingsingift-givers.Manybelievethatgift-givingoffersapowerfulmeanstobuildstrongerbondswithintendedreceivers.Atthesametime,manyworrythattheirpurchaseswilldisappointratherthandelighttheintendedreceivers.Anthropologists(人類學(xué)家)describegift-givingasapositivesocialprocess,servingvariouspolitical,religious,andpsychologicalfunctions.Economists,however,offeralessfavorableview.Theythinkthatgift-givingrepresentsanobjectivewasteofresources.Peoplebuygiftsthatreceiverswouldnotchoosetobuyontheirown,oratleastnotspendasmuchmoneytopurchase.Giversarelikelytospend$100topurchaseagiftthatreceiverswouldspendonly$80tobuythemselves.Whatissurprisingisthatgift-givershaveconsiderableexperienceactingasbothgift-giversandgift-receivers,butstilltendtooverspendeachtimetheysetouttopurchaseameaningfulgift.Inthepresentresearch,psychologistsfindauniqueexplanationforthisoverspendingproblem—gift-giversequate(等同)howmuchtheyspendwithhowmuchreceiverswillappreciatethegift.Althoughalinkbetweengiftpriceandfeelingsofappreciationmightseemrelevanttogift-givers,suchanassumptionmaybeunfounded.Indeed,wefindthatgift-receiverswillbelesswillingtobasetheirfeelingsofappreciationonthegiftpricethangiversassume.Thethoughtsofgift-giversandgift-receiversbeingunabletoaccountfortheotherparty’sperspective(立場)seemspuzzlingbecausepeopleslipinandoutoftheseroleseveryday.Yet,despitetheextensiveexperiencethatpeoplehaveasbothgiversandreceivers,theyoftenstruggletotransferinformationgainedfromoneroleandapplyitinanother.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ambivalent”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Concerned. B.Positive.C.Unrealistic. D.Conflicting.10.Whatdotheeconomiststhinkofgift-giving?A.Itstrengthensthebondsbetweenpeople.B.Itiseconomicallybeneficialtothereceiver.C.Itisactuallyaprocessofwastingresources.D.Itincreasesthefinancialburdentothegiver.11.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3?A.Personalpreferencesaretheleasttobeconsidered.B.Gift-giverstendtolinkthegiftcosttogift-receivers’appreciation.C.Moregift-receivingexperiencehelpspreventoverspending.D.Theassumptionmadebygift-giversturnedouttobecorrect.12.Accordingtotheauthor,thedifferentthoughtsbetweenthegift-giversandreceiversarecausedby_________.A.atrendofoverspendingB.aninabilitytochangeperspectivesC.agrowingoppositiontogift-givingD.amisunderstandingofgift-receivers’tastes4Callingsomeonea“birdbrain”isconsideredrude.Itimpliesthatsomeonehasasmallbrainandthusisnotsmart.Anewstudyfoundthattheexpressiondoesn’tdobirdsjusticeeither:Birds’brainsaremuchbiggerthanwethought—atleastcomparedtotheirsmallbodies.Aninternationalteamof37scientistsmeasuredthebrainvolume(腦容量)ofhundredsofdinosaursandextinctbirdsbyscanningfossilsoftheirskulls.Thereadingswerecomparedtoalargedatabasecontainingthebrainsizesofmodernbirds.Thesemeasurementswerethenanalyzed,takingintoconsiderationeachbird’sbodysize—resultinginsomethingcalled“relativebrainsize”.Theresultsshowedthatadramaticchangeofbirds’bodysizehappenedrightafterthemassextinctionofdinosaurs66millionyearsago.Accordingtothestudy,publishedonApril23inthejournalCurrentBiology,birdsanddinosaurshadsimilarbrainsizesbeforetheextinction.Aftertheextinctionofthedinosaurs,however,birdshadtofindawaytosurvive,sotheyshranktheirbodies—sincesmalleranimalsneedlessfood—buttheykepttheirbigbrains.“Thechangedlandscapemayhavecausedtherapidevolutionofnewbrainbodyscalingpatterns(縮放比例)byfavoringbothlargerbrainsandsmallerbodies,”USpaleontologist(古生物學(xué)家)DanielKsepka,whoistheleadauthorofthestudy,toldCNN.This“evolutionarybrainleap”—asscientistscallit—alsohappenedveryrapidly.Withoutdinosaurs,birdsquicklyrepopulated.Theycameinalltypesandsizes,whichcontributedtothediversespeciesofbirdsweseetoday.Butamongallthebirdspecies,certainones“showaboveaverageratesofbrainandbodysizeevolution”,studyco-authorAdamSmithatClemsonUniversity,US,saidinastatement—withcrowsandparrotsbeingthemostevident.Infact,previousstudieshavealreadydiscoveredthatthesebirdshaveanamazingcognitivecapacity(認(rèn)知能力).Theyareabletousetools,imitatehumanspeechandevenrememberhumanfaces.So,inthewordsofSmith,“callingsomeone‘birdbrained’isactuallyquiteacompliment(恭維)”!13.Howdidthescientistslearnthebrainsizesofdinosaursandextinctbirds?A.Bystudyingtheirfossilskulls. B.Bysearchingthedatabase.C.Byexperimentingontheirbrains. D.Byanalyzingtheirbodysize.14.Howdidthebirdschangeaftertheextinctionofthedinosaurs?A.Thebirds’bodiesshrankastheirbrainsbecamesmaller.B.Thebirds’bodiesbecamelargerwhiletheirbrainsbecamesmaller.C.Thebirds’brainsremainedalmostthesameastheirbodiesshrank.D.Thebirds’brainsbecamelargertoadapttotheenvironment.15.AccordingtoAdamSmith,callingsomeone“birdbrained”is________.A.tomakeruderemarks B.tolaughatone’ssmallbodysizeC.topraiseone’sintelligence D.tosuggestthepersonisnotsmart16.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Todescribehowbirds’evolutionhappened.B.Toexplaintheoriginoftheword“birdbrain”.C.Toshowtheamazingabilitiesofbirdspecies.D.Topresentthelateststudyonbirds’brainsize.5Ingeneral,therichesofthenaturalworldaren'tspreadevenlyacrosstheglobe.PlaceslikethetropicalAndesinSouthAmericaaresimplypackedwithuniquespecies,manyofwhichcan'tbefoundinanyotherplaces.Untilrecently,themainexplanationforthebiologicalrichesconcentratedinplacesliketheAmazonBasinwasthatsuchplacesmustbeenginesofbiodiversity,withnewspeciesevolvingatafasterratethanotherpartsoftheworld.Butnow,newresearchonbirdevolutionmayturnthatassumptiononitshead,insteadsupportingtheideathatareaswithfewerspeciesactuallytendtoproducenewspeciesfaster.Theresearcherssaythesebiodiversity"coldspots"aregenerallyfoundinenvironmentsfeaturingfreezing,dryandunstableconditions.Thoughtheresearchersfoundtheselocationswithfewbirdspeciestendtoproducenewonesathighrates,theyfailtoaccumulatemanyspeciesbecausetheunstableconditionsfrequentlymakethenewlifeformsdieout.Themorewell-known"hotspots",bycontrast,haveaccumulatedtheirlargenumbersofspeciesbybeingwarm,hospitableandrelativelystable.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatthecountlessbirdspeciesthatcalltheAmazonhometendtobeolderinevolutionaryterms."NewspeciesdoforminplacesliketheAmazon,justnotasfrequentlyasinthedrygrasslandsintheAndes,"saysElizabeth,anevolutionarybiologistattheUniversityofTennessee.Theresearchersmanagedtocollect1,940samplesrepresenting1,287ofthe1,306birdspeciesfromSouthAmerica.Theiranalysisshowedthatthebestpredictorofwhetheranareawouldproducenewspeciesatahighratewashowmanyspecieslivedthere,ratherthanclimateorgeographicfeatureslikemountains.Species-richareastendedtoproducenewspeciesmoreslowly.“Maybebadenvironmentsgeneratenewspeciesmorefrequentlybecausethere'slesscompetitionandmoreavailableopportunitiesfornewspecies,”saysGustavoBravo,aleadresearcher.Thestudy'sfindingsaddnewurgencytoprotectecosystemsthatmaylookbarren,butmayactuallybenature'shothousesfortheevolutionofnewspecies.17.WhyisSouthAmericamentionedinthefirstparagraph?A.Tomakecomparison. B.Tointroducethetopic.C.Toexplainafact. D.Todrawaconclusion.18.Whatdeterminestherisingrateofnewspeciesinaplace?A.Thenumberofitsthenspecies. B.Theenvironmenttheylivedin.C.Thesurvivalskillsofspecies. D.Thedifferentbiologicalfactors.19.Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplaintheunderlinedword“barren”inthelastparagraph?A.Dryandbare. B.Livelyandactive.C.Niceandgreen. D.Complexandunpredictable.20.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Tropicalareasarehometolargenumbersofspecies.B.Newspeciesprefertoliveintheextremeclimate.C.Harshenvironmentsposeagreaterthreattospecies.D.Theworstecosystemmaygivebirthtonewspeciesfastest.6Anartworkjointlycreatedbyarobotandahumanartistwillgoonsalethisweek.Theartwork—knownasanNFT—istobesoldduringanonlineauction(拍賣)onTuesday.NFTstandsfornon-fungibletoken.Itisapieceofartthatonlyexistsonacomputertechnologyknownasblockchain(區(qū)塊鏈).NFTscanexistintheformofimages,video,musicandtext.Theyareusuallyboughtwithelectronicmoney.WhileanyonecanviewNFTs,thebuyerhasofficialownershiprightsovertheobjects.NFTshaverecentlybeengrowinginpopularityamonginvestorsandcollectors.Earlierthismonth,anartworkintheformofanNFTsoldfornearly$70million.Thepiecetobesoldthisweekwasacooperativeeffortbetweenahuman-likerobot,knownasSophia,andItalianartistAndreaBonaceto.ThecompanybehindSophia,HansonRobotics,saystheauctionwillbethefirstsaleofapiecejointlycreatedbyahumanartist,arobotandartificialintelligence(AI).Theartwork,called“SophiaInstantiation”,isa12-secondvideofile.ItcombinesonlineandphysicalpaintingsfromSophiawithelements(要素)fromBonaceto’swork.Theartworkalsoincludesinfluencesfromarthistory.ThedigitalartworkwillcomewithaphysicalartworkcreatedbySophiaonaprintedcopyoftheonlinepiece.TheonlineauctionistobeheldbyacompanycalledNiftyGateway.Afterthesale,Sophiawillmeetwiththebuyertostudyhisorherface,beforeaddingafinalelementtotheartwork.Sophia’screator,DavidHanson,saidthispartoftheprojectwillpermitthenewownertohaveanunusual“personalconnection”totheartwork.BonacetosaidhehopeshiscollaborationwithSophiawill“makeastatementintheartworld,andeventhetechnologyworld”aboutthewayrobotsandhumanscancooperateinthefuture.Sophia’sartcouldbe“avery,veryimportanthistoricalpiece”,saidPabloFraile,aMiami-basedartcollectorandexpertinNFTs.“It’sthefirsttimetheseideashavebeenputtogether,”hesaid.21.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingparagraph2isto________.A.explainthevalueofdifferentformsofNFTs B.teachreadershowtobuyNFTswithelectronicmoneyC.providereaderswithsomeinformationaboutNFTs D.advisereaderstocollectorinvestinNFTs22.Whatcanweknowabout“SophiaInstantiation”?A.ItisthefirstNFTartworktobesold. B.ItisaphysicalartworkcreatedbySophia.C.Itisanartworkwithelementsfromarthistory. D.ItisthefirstartworkcreatedbyarobotandAI.23.WhatisPabloFraile’sattitudetowards“SophiaInstantiation”?A.Positive. B.Uncaring. C.Opposed. D.Skeptical.24.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AnNFTWillGainHighPopularityAmongInvestorsB.MoreNFTsWillBeCreatedbyHumansandRobotsC.SophiaWillBeNecessaryinCreatingOnlineArtworksD.OnlineArtworkThatRobotHelpsCreateWillBeSold7Formillionsofyears,Arcticseaicehasexpandedandshrunkinarhythmicdancewiththesummersun.Humansevolvedinthisicyworld,andcivilizationreliedonitforclimatic,ecologicalandpoliticalstability.Butnowtheworldcomeseverclosertoafuturewithoutice.TheNationalSnowandIceDataCenterreportedthat2019’sminimumarcticseaiceextentwasthesecondlowestonrecord.Arcticsummerscouldbecomemostlyice-freein30years,andpossiblysoonerifcurrenttrendscontinue.Asthenorthernseaicedeclines,theworldmustunitetopreservewhatremainsoftheArctic.Althoughmostpeoplehaveneverseentheseaice,itseffectsareneverfaraway.Byreflectingsunlight,ArcticiceactsasEarth’sairconditioner.Oncedarkwaterreplacesbrilliantice,Earthcouldwarmsubstantially,equivalenttothewarmingcausedbytheadditionalreleaseofatrilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2)intotheatmosphereanddecliningseaicethreatenswildlife,fromthepolarbeartoalgaethatgrowbeneaththeseaice,supportingthelargeamountofmarinelife.Toavoidtheconsequencesthescientificcommunityshouldadvocatenotjustforloweringgreenhousegasemissions,butalsoforprotectingtheArcticfromexploitation.TheAntarcticshowstheway.Inthe1950s,countriesracedtoclaimtheAntarcticcontinentforresourcesandmilitaryinstallations.Enterthescientists.The1957-1958InternationalGeophysicalYearbroughttogetherscientistsfromcompetingcountriestostudyAntarctica,andcountriestemporarilysuspendedtheirterritorialdisputes(爭議).In1959,12countriessignedtheAntarcticTreatytopreservethecontinentforpeacefulscientificdiscoveryratherthanterritorialandmilitarygain.Sixtyyearslater,wemustnowsavetheArctic.AnewMarineArcticPeaceSanctuary(MAPS)TreatywouldprotecttheArcticOceanasascientificpreserveforpeacefulpurposesonly.SimilartoAntarctica,MAPSwouldprohibitresourceexploitation,commercialfishingandshipping,andmilitaryexercises.Sofar,only2non-ArcticcountrieshavesignedMAPS;97moreneedtosignontoenactitintolaw.Scientistscanhelp—justastheydidfortheAntarctic—bygivingstatementsofsupport,askingscientificorganizationstoendorse(支持)thetreaty,communicatingtheimportanceofprotectingthearctictothepublicandpolicy-makers,andaboveall,byconvincingnationalleaderstosignthetreaty.Inparticular,Arcticnationsmustagreethatrecognizingthearcticasaninternationalpreserveisbetterthanfightingoverit.In2018,thesecountriessuccessfullynegotiateda16-yearmoratoriumoncommercialfishingintheArctichighseas,demonstratingthatsuchagreementsarepossible.Humanshaveonlyeverlivedinaworldtoppedbyice.CanwenowworktogethertoprotectArcticecosystems,keepthenorthernpeace,andallowtheseaicetoreturn?25.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.wildlifereliesonseaiceforfoodandwater.B.TheArcticwouldbeice-freein30years.C.Seaiceslowsdowntheglobalwarming.D.ThemeltingofseaicereleasesCO2.26.TheAntarcticismentionedinthepassageinorderto________.A.remindreadersofthepastoftheAntarcticB.proposeafeasibleapproachfortheArcticC.stresstheimportanceofpreservingseaiceD.recallhowtheAntarcticTreatycameintobeing27.Theword“moratorium”(in