初三英語語法專題講座之三名詞

初三英語語法專題講座之三名詞（EnglishgrammarlecturethreeNOUN）Thispaperiscontributedbydaijiguang2008DOCdocumentsmayexperiencepoorbrowsingontheWAPside.ItisrecommendedthatyouselectTXTfirstordownloadthesourcefiletothelocalmachine.ThreeofEnglishlecturesinjuniormiddleschool:nounFirst,reviewthemainpoints.Inthepreviousproject,wereviewedtheusageofthearticleReviewthenouns,wewillreviewthenounsfromthefollowingaspects:1.countablenouns;2.uncountablenouns;3.caseofnouns;4.modifiernounnounnoun;5.6.sentencetwopoints,strategiesandskillsreview1.countablenounsisthatpeopleunderstandthebasicvocabularyusedthingsthespecificname,itismainlyusedtoindicateapersonorthing,alsocanbeusedtorefertoabstractconceptssuchasbook(Book),teacher(teacher),snow(snow),Beijing(Beijing),home(home)andsoon.Dividedintocommonnounsandpropernouns,nounsrefertoaclassofordinarypeoplethatthingsmatter,thesenounsgenerallydonotspecificallyrefertoonespecificthing,commonnounintocountablenounsanduncountablenouns,weseenowisacountablenoun.InEnglishcanuse1,3digitalcalculationofthewordisacountablenoun,countable2.IsusuallyanounBodynouns,suchasaboy(aboy),afamily(acollectivenoun,countablefamily)musthaveaheadortailinthesentence,theheadisa,one,anorapossessivepronoun;thetailisplural,thatistosay,acountablenouninasentencewithouttousethesingularplural.Wefirstreviewtherulesofthepluralformchanges.Specialnote:inthefollowinggeneralrulesatthesametime,therearesomeexceptions:(1)to-for-feattheendoftermdirect-scommonare:Belief-beliefs-griefs-proofbeliefgriefproofssadevidencechief-chiefs-Roof-gulfsBaychiefGulfroofsroofHandkerchiefhastwokindsofpluralforms:handkerchiefsandhandkerchieves.(2)onthepartofplural-oattheendofthetwoforms,whichcanbecombinedwith-scanalsoadd-es.cargo-cargos/cargoesvolcano-volcanos/volcanoesmottovolcanogoods-mottos/mottoes-zeros/zeroes0proverbszero(3)directplus-s.asendinginaconsonant+-ynounpluralforms:Marys,Henrysetal.(4)someoftheletters.Whentheneedtoadd-'s.tothispointisusuallyveryrare,shouldpayspecialattentiontoit.E.g.Therearethreea'sintheword"banana".TherearethreeA.intheinawordbananaOneIrregularForeignPluralsTwoThepluralformsofcountablenounshavenorules.Theirregularpluralformsaremainlyasfollows:Englishpluralspecialinmanynounshaveapluralformisveryspecial,thereareseveralsituationsasfollows:(1)thecollectivenoun:collectivenounscannotusespecificdigitalmodification,collectivenounsbelow,cannotusea,one,twoandothermodifications,onlyinitsprethesaid"all......"ThepolicetheFrench.Specialnote:"Chinese"expression:aChinesetwoChineseaJapanesetwoJapanese(policereferstoallpolice(French)theEnglishthereferstoalltheFrench)SwissEnglish(referstoallSwiss(British)referstoallSwiss)AnAustralian-twoAustraliansaFrenchmantwoFrenchmenI'mChinese.canbesaidtoalsocansayI'maChinese.I'mEnglish.orI'mancanbesaidtoEnglishboy.butcannotsaythatthewordssimilartoI'manEnglish.inthemiddlestageofwhatwelearnisthatEnglishandFrench.expressioninsomecollectivenounscanbemodifiedbychangingthespecificfiguresapoliceman.ApolicetwoBritishgirltwopolicewomentwoFrenchboystwofemalepolice兩個英國女孩（2）復合名詞兩個法國男孩一位女教師女教師長大成人成人女教師一個英國人，英國人英國男子路人甲路人過路人三一個姐夫姐夫內兄，內弟，小叔，大伯注意：注意：男人，女人作定語修飾復數(shù)時，需變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式。而女孩，男孩作定語修飾復數(shù)時則不變。兩個男醫(yī)生兩位男醫(yī)生三女生三名女學生（3）同時具有兩種復數(shù)形式：有的名詞當具有不同的含義時，其相應的復數(shù)形式也不相同。①一分錢一分錢有兩種復數(shù)形式，當作”便士”的價值講時復數(shù)為便士，當作”便士”的個數(shù)講時復數(shù)為便士。②作品表示工廠時，無單復數(shù)變化，但表示”著作”時單數(shù)為工作，復數(shù)為作品。魯迅化工廠③魚魚指”魚”的條數(shù)時，其復數(shù)形式為魚工作，作”魚”的種類講時復數(shù)為魚。指餐桌上的”魚肉”時為不可數(shù)名詞。兩魚④人作”人們”講時是集體名詞，作”民族”講時其復數(shù)形式為人民。兩人兩個人兩國人民兩個民族兩條魚兩種不同的魚兩種魚一部魯迅的作品一家化工廠兩魯迅作品的兩個化工廠兩部魯迅的作品兩便士兩便士四便士四個便士兩家化工廠人和人的區(qū)別：的區(qū)別：人本身是集體名詞，作復數(shù)用。”一個人”的表達法為：人，一不可以說一人?！比齻€人”可表達為三人或三人，前者常指群體，后者常指個體。另外人作”民族”講時是可數(shù)名詞。（4）只有復數(shù)形式，沒有單數(shù)形式：有些詞只有復數(shù)形式，但不能被具體數(shù)字修飾。褲子衣服褲子衣服短褲短褲貨物商品眼鏡眼鏡襪子短襪注意：這類名詞不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾。如不能說兩條褲子，但可以說許多褲子，注意：兩條褲子等。2。不可數(shù)名詞四英語中不可數(shù)名詞的形式比較復雜，在不同的語境下，有些不可數(shù)名詞表示不同的概念，從而表現(xiàn)出可數(shù)與不可數(shù)的區(qū)別。（1）常見的不可數(shù)名詞：不可數(shù)名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式，沒有復數(shù)形式。專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞在一般情況下為不可數(shù)名詞。如：專有名詞：英國廣播公司英國廣播公司物質名詞：牛奶牛奶抽象名詞：有趣的樂事氣汽油善良善良MarkTwain馬可吐溫西湖輕光風風進步進步西湖幸福幸福注意：注意：因為漢語的數(shù)是用量詞來表達的，而英語中常用名詞的復數(shù)形式來表達數(shù)，故只憑漢語中對某一名詞數(shù)的概念無法判斷此詞在英語中是否可數(shù)。如漢語中表達”一則消息”，而英語中需要用新聞表示，而不是新聞。①有些不可數(shù)的物質名詞有復數(shù)形式，但表達不同意義。茶茶-茶-茶-茶一杯茶兩兩杯茶不同種類的茶啤酒啤酒咖啡咖啡食品食品啤酒一杯啤酒-兩瓶啤酒兩杯啤酒咖啡一杯咖啡食品各種各樣的食品水果各種各樣的水果玻璃一個玻璃杯眼鏡眼鏡，玻璃杯水果水果玻璃玻璃—②有些物質名詞的復數(shù)形有特殊的含義。下雨大量的雨水，多場雨水域大片水域下雪大量的雪，雪堆，多場雪樹林樹林風多場風金沙沙堆，沙丘專有名詞：專有名詞：專有名詞一般視為不可數(shù)名詞，有時也可用作可數(shù)名詞，前面可用/，也可有復數(shù)形式。我多么想成為一個ThomasEdison。我是多么想成為一個托馬斯愛迪生式的人物?。∫粋€迪克要求見你。一個叫狄克的人要求見你。抽象名詞：抽象名詞表示具體事物時，變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞，前面可用/，也可有復數(shù)形式，抽象名詞：表示”某種人或事”。常見的這類名詞有：可惜遺憾的人或事物快樂令人感到高興的人或事破壞驚喜失敗的人或事令人感到驚訝的人或事五死亡死者成功安慰成功的人或事令人感到安慰的人或事?lián)牧钊烁械綗赖娜嘶蚴旅烂廊嘶蛎利惖氖挛锪w慕令人羨慕的人或事麻煩令人感到麻煩的人或事歡樂令人高興的人或事物羞恥令人感到可恥的人或事物不知道令人感到疑惑的人或事物沖擊令人感到吃驚的人或事后悔令人感到遺憾的人或事危險令人感到危險的人或事榮譽令人感到榮耀的人或事瑪麗是我們班的光榮。瑪麗是我們全班的驕傲。你給了我們所有的驚喜。常用必背：常用必背：常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：你把我們大家嚇了一跳。③不可數(shù)名詞如果一定要表示單數(shù)或復數(shù)形式時，要借助于可數(shù)名詞，構成的結構。一杯茶，一塊面包，一袋大米，一塊音樂新聞的一塊布一塊肉一個忠告一點面包一杯茶一塊面包一袋子米一段樂曲一則新聞一塊布一塊肉一條建議一點面包片六兩杯茶，四片面包，兩公斤大米，一支粉筆，一張紙，一塊工作，一片面包。兩杯茶四塊面包兩公斤米一支粉筆一張紙一份工作一塊面包一件日用品日常用品這時詞的變化，全在前面的可數(shù)名詞上?！鬟@時詞的變化，全在前面的可數(shù)名詞上。④可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞和短語：一點有一些多一些很多一些小幾乎沒有一點有一點很多一個很好的協(xié)議很多任何一些（用于否定句和疑問句）一些糖一點水大量很多大量的，充足的足夠的時間足夠的時間如：一些糖一點水⑤注意不可數(shù)名詞在句子中謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：有（是）杯里有一些牛奶。3。名詞的格名詞的格分為主格，賓格和所有格名詞的主格和賓格相同，一般就是名詞本身。名詞的所有格是表示名詞的所屬關系的形式，名詞所有格的構成有的所有格，對所有格和雙重所有格三種形式。(1):'s'spossessivepossessiveformisthemostcommonlyusedformofanounallrelationshipsinEnglish.'s'sasampleDick'shobbyDicksoundslikePhilip'spart-timejobPhilip'spart-timejobinvoicedconsonantsorvowelsafterreading[z]Mary'swishesBob'sbackpackBobMarie'swishtoreadthebus'senharmonicbackpackthemirrorbusintheMarx'sadviceonhowtomirror,studyEnglishMarxforadviceonhowtolearnEnglishifthenounhasto-sortomaintaintheoriginalwordpronunciationinvariantpluralword-esattheendofthetail,anddirectlyinthepluralpluralnounsfollowedbyanapostrophe'notfor-sattheendofthefinalphaseofchildren'stimechildrenpronunciationthetimenoundirectlyinspecialusagefollowedby's'smen'sclotheswiththepossessiveformofmen'sclothingmyParents'hope,myparents'hope,these,factories',workers,theworkersinthesefactoriesUnderthegeneralsituation,thenouninvoicelessconsonantsreadafter[s]plussuffix'sSevenTwoormorepeoplesharethesamething,onlychangethelastnounsuffix,asifalltheirendingsareallnouns,JohnandSusan'sfatherchanges.JohnandSusan'sfather(twocommonfather)PleasecomparetheJohn'sandSusan'sfathers.:(twoindividualsofdifferentNorthKorea'sJapan'sandfather),America'sproblems,NorthKorea,JapanandAmerica'sproblemsthattime,distance,country,location,naturalphenomena,personificationandotherinanimatenounsallhave'slatticerepresentationoftime:twodays'triptwotoday'snewspapertenminutes'daytriptodriveintoday'snewspapertenminutesDistance:twohours'walksaidthetwohourjourneyonfoot:China'sweatherChinesesaidNationalWeatherlocation:thecity'sparkssaidthecityparksaid:theearth'sairsaidthenaturalphenomenon:theworld'speopleaSouthKorea'sproblemsSouthKorea'sproblemBeijing'sstreetsBeijingStreetmoonlightcatemotionTheearth'satmospherethemoon'slighttheworldpeoplethecat'sfeelingSometimes,inordertoavoidduplication,ifoneistoopossessivemodifierhasbeenmentionedabove,ortwonounpossessivemodifiedthesamewordscanoftenomitthesecondnounpossessive.It'snotJane'smistakebutJack's(mistake).ThisisnotJenny'sfault,butthefaultofJackWhose.HandwritingisbetterMike's(handwriting)orAlice's(handwriting)?Whosehandwritingismorebeautiful,MikeorAlice?Saidtheshops,hospitals,schools,residentialandpublicbuildings,thenounitmodifiesallnounsoftendonotappear.Atthelatticetailor's(shop)atthetailor'sshopatthedoctor's(Office)inthehospitalofatTom's(home)inTom'sat(shop)thebarber'satthebutcher'sinthebarbershop(shop)inattheGreens'(home)butcherinthegreen.I'mplanningtogotomyuncle's(home)thissummervacation.thissummerIplantogotomyuncle'shome.GoodsarecheapbutgoodatJohnson's(shop).TheJohnsonstoremerchandiseischeapandgood.'s.elseandelsecontainingcommonlyusedinindefinitepronouns,interrogativepronounsandinterrogativeadverb,"saidanothertheother."theThee-dictionaryisgenitiveformelse's.notmine.It'ssomeoneelse's.theelectronicdictionaryisnotmine,others.Eight這是誰的書？（誰的=的人）這本書是另外什么人的呢？常用必背：常用必背：英語中可用的或”表示的節(jié)日：兒童節(jié)婦女節(jié)父親節(jié)兒童節(jié)婦女節(jié)父親節(jié)教師節(jié)母親節(jié)新年教師節(jié)母親節(jié)新年（2）對所有格：“名詞+名詞便構成了所有格這種所有格有以下幾種用法”的。用于無生命的東西北京是中國的首都。北京是中國的首都。美國人的問題就是稅收。美國人的問題就是稅收。用于名詞化的詞窮人的生活是這個國家最大的問題。窮苦人的生活是這個國家最大的問題。注意：注意：有生命的名詞的所有格和的所有格有時可以互換。女孩的名字，女孩的名字這個女孩的名字（3）雙重所有格：把的所有格和的所有格結合在一起表示所有關系的結構就構成了名詞的雙重所有格。主要有如下兩種用法：特定人的不特定的所有關系雙重所有格帶有的所有格的名詞必須是一個明確限定的指人的名詞，對前面的名詞必須不確指同時。我父親的幾個朋友我父親的一個堂弟我的幾個朋友她/他/他們/我們的一個朋友表哥她的一個朋友/他/他們的/我們的表達特殊的情感有時雙重所有格所修飾的名詞與指示代詞或形容詞連用時，往往帶有贊賞，厭惡，不滿等感情色彩。你的車確實很漂亮。你的那輛車確實很好?？粗@張照片，一個漂亮的女孩的?？纯茨菑埉媹D片，就是那張漂亮小姑娘的畫。用法比較：用法比較：一幅杰克的照片，杰克的區(qū)別和九前者指杰克所擁有的一張照片（照片上可能有他本人）；后者指為杰克拍的一張照片。我的父親與我父親的一個朋友的朋友的區(qū)別前者強調是我爸爸多個朋友中的一個；后者強調是朋友關系，不是其他關系。這種用法在初中階段可以不記用的較少，重點記前一種用法。4。名詞的修飾語（1）只修飾可數(shù)名詞的修飾語在英語中只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞或短語主要有：幾很少幾個，幾乎沒有幾個有幾個許多很多幾許多有幾個很多若干大量的一批有許多大量的（大/大）數(shù)如：幾個玩具幾個玩具，幾輛車幾輛汽車，許多學生很多學生，許多問題若干問題。（2）只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語：只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或短語主要有：小很少，幾乎沒有很多很多如：小知識大量浪費一點一點有一些有一點多一些幾乎沒有多少知識大量的廢物。（3）既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語常見的有：充足的一些一些很多很多足夠的足夠的很多最很多大多數(shù)的很多如：一些糖一些糖，一些問題一些問題；足夠的油足夠的石油，足夠的工作足夠的工作。5。Propernounsspecificnames,places,things,institutions,andfestivalssuchasthemonthtermknownaspropernouns.GreenGreen(Surname)ChicagoBullstheInternetInternetMacaoChicagobullsMacaoMonicaMonica(female)DecemberoftheYangtzeRiverinDecemberTheChangjiangRivertheWTOWTOChristmasDayTenTheUniversityofLondonUniversityofLondonChristmasThanksgivingDayspecialtipsforThanksgiving:specialtips:Mother'sDayMother'sDayThefirstletterofapropernounmustbecapitalized,butthefunctionalwordssuchasarticle,prepositionandsoon(a/an/the/in/for...)thefirstletterisgenerallynotcapitalized.Suchas:theUnitedNationsthePeople'sRepublicofUNChinaPeople'sRepublicofChina.Whenallcapitalletters,articles,prepositionscanbecapitalized,suchas:THEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELANDinUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.The6.sentenceNOUNnouncanbeusedassubject,inthesentenceobject,objectcomplement,subjectcomplement,tableLanguage,appositive,appellation,adverbial,attributive.Wisdomusuallygrowsoutof/failure.wisdomusuallyincreasesinfailure.Confidenceisthecoreofonemakingsuccess.confidenceisthekeytosuccess.AstheobjectoftheverbChildrendemandloveinthecourseoftheirgrowth.childrenintheprocessofgrowingupIlikeEnglishsongsinneedoflove.Butmybrotherdoesn't.EnglishIlovesongs,butmybrotherdoesn'tlove.AstheobjectoftheprepositionSomeareaftermoneysomeare,afterpower,butallareafterhappiness.isthepursuitofmoney,somepeoplethepursuitofpower,butallthepeoplethepursuitofhappiness.Thecellphoneistakinganimportantpartinmodernlife.mobilephoneinmodernlife.ItplaysanimportantroleastheobjectcomplementWearemakingourschoolabeautifulgarden.IWearemakingourschoolabeautifulgarden.WeallfindBethagoodliar.wefoundthatBesswasagoodliar.TrafficisabigproblemHeavyinmostcities.trafficcongestionisabigprobleminmostofthecity.Happinessisthetruevalueoflife.happinessisthetruevalueofC.Theseseatsare.Forusstudents,butthosearefortheteachers.,theseseatsareforusstudents,whoisateacher.AlbertEinsteinisafamousscientist,ascientistwhoisrespectedbythewholeworld.Einsteinisafamousscientist,respectedbythepeopleallovertheworldscientists.ElevenAstheWillyoupleasestepsaidthiswayMr,Smith?Thiswayplease,Mr.Smith.Monica,won'tyoucomein?Monica,whydon'tyoucomein?Weusuallydon'thaveclasseswasonSundays.onSunday,weusuallydon'thaveclasses.Wewalkedthreemilesbeforewelostourway.wewalkedthreemileslost.InthesouthofChinaforthere,growmanybananatrees.intheSouthChinatheregrowmanybananatrees.Sorry,Iamachemistryteacher,notanEnglishteacher.I'msorry,Iamachemistryteacher,notanEnglishteacher.Inthree,thetypicalcasesof1.Howmanywerelostinonthefire!.A.lifeB.livesC.lifesProblemsolvingskills:thisquestionexaminesthesingularandpluralproblemsofnouns.Accordingtotheverbwereintheproblem,itshouldbeusedinthepluralformofnouns,ThenounlifebelongstoF,Feattheendoftheterm,F,Feveands,thelivesread[laivz].answer:B2.Wewillhaveaholiday,WhataboutgoingtoWestLakeA.twodayB.two-dayC.two-days?D.twoday's.Problemsolvingskills:ThisC.compoundnounattributiveattributivenouncompound,arenotusuallyusedintheplural,withahyphenintermediate.Ofcourseifnothyphenatedcanalsousethepossessiveform,thepropositionoftrapsintheDoption,theoptionDtwoday'stwodays',ifyoucanchoose,studentswemustpayattentiontothepossessivesymbolposition.Answer:Bhavetodothisevening.3.IA.aofworksB.many.LotworkC.alotofworkD.someworksProblemsolvingskills:thewordofthisquestionexaminestheuseofwork,workwhenthe"work"whenspeakingisanuncountablenoun(ofcourseasitisaboutworkwiths),sotheAoptioncannotbeselected;theBoptionmanycannotbemodifieduncountable,alsocannotusetheDoptionwithwork;s,wecannotchoose,canonlyusetheCoption.Alotofcanbemodifiedwithcountablenounscanalsouncountablenouns,theChinese"Ihavealotofworktodothisevening.Answer:CTwelveSpecialexercisesofnouns1.Mybrotherhurthisyesterday.Hecan'twalknow.A.armB.legC.handD.eye2.Howmanyarethereintheinternationalvillage?A.ChineseB.RussianC.American3.Whichofthefollowingsignsmeans"Youmustn'tstopyourcarhere."?4.Myschoolisn'tfarfromhere.It'sonlyminute'swalk.A.fifteenminutesB.fifteenminutes'C.fifteen5.-Oh,thereisn'tenoughforusinthelift.-Nohurry.Let'swaitforthenext.A.floorD.placeC.roomB.ground6.-Iwanttogotodifferentplaces,butIdon'tknowthe.-Amapishelpful,Ithink.A.priceC.timeB.wayD.ticket7.Which,sign,can,you,probably,see,beside,a,deep,river?8.LaoSheistheofTeaHouse(teahouse).A.doctorB.actorThirteenC.scientistD.writer9.AtthefootofthehillyoucouldD.soundhearnothingbuttheoftherunningwater.A.shoutC.voiceB.noise10.-What'syourfavoriteseason?-A.JulyC.SpringB.MorningD.Wednesday11.Thefollowingfourbooksareaboutstories.A.sportsB.children'sC.animalD.love12.-WherecanwegointothetradecenterHaven'tyouseenthesign?Overthere?A.OPENC.EXIT13.-How'sJoy's-Herskirtismoreskirt?BeautifulthanA.herandKateB.her.Sister'ssisterandKateC.hersisterandKate'sD.hersister'sandKate'sFourteenB.CLOSEDD.ENTRANCE14.-Wouldyoulikesomedrinks,boys?-Yes,please.A.someorangesC.somecakesB.twoboxesofchocolatesD.twoofbottlesorange15.-Whatdoyouhaveforbreakfast?-Ioftenhaveor.A.breads,noodlesC.breads,noodleB.bread,noodlesD.bread,面條16-我想讀點東西。-好的。這里有一些。a.cdsc.photosb.pencilsd.books17.mrs。布萊克是一個朋友。MaryB.Mary的母親D.Mary的母親A.Mary的母親C.mother18、布瑞恩真好，我遇到麻煩時他常常給我一個。a.replyc.handb.seatd.reason19-你好，我可以和蒂娜通話嗎？-對不起，你錯了。c.number家庭d.telephone20、那家商店有三個店員。a.womenb.woman，鞋，鞋十五c.woman，鞋答案：D.女人，鞋1。B由后句”他現(xiàn)在不能走路”，可推知前句意思是”我弟弟昨天傷著腿了”，所以選B2，一個此題考查不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)形式。俄羅斯（俄國人）復數(shù)為俄羅斯、美國（美國人）復數(shù)形式