新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)考點一遍過專題03-名詞（原卷版）

考點03名詞（原卷版）【命題趨勢】近幾年高考完形填空和語法填空中中對名詞的考查一直是重點，且考查范圍較廣。其命題趨勢仍將是：在不同語言環(huán)境中去識別詞義，進(jìn)行詞義辨析，是高考考查的重點。因此，考生不僅要弄清詞義，而且也要把握好語言環(huán)境，在單項填空、完形填空中這類試題會繼續(xù)出現(xiàn)。建議考生在復(fù)習(xí)中注意名詞的變形和基本用法?！局匾枷颉恳弧⒚~的數(shù)；二、名詞作定語；三、名詞所有格；考向一名詞的數(shù)【典例】【2021全國新高考Ⅰ卷語法填空】Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe______(human)are.【名詞的數(shù)提分秘籍】名詞分為可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。1．可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)(1)可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)一般都是直接加-s；詞尾若是s，x，ch，sh，在詞尾加-esdesk→desks；dish→dishesstomach的復(fù)數(shù)形式是stomachs(2)以”輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，要變y為i再加-esstudy→studies(3)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f或fe為-vesleaf→leaves(4)以字母o結(jié)尾的名詞，多數(shù)加-spiano→pianos(5)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形sheep；deer(6)單、復(fù)數(shù)都要加s的名詞works(工廠)；means(方法)有一些例外情況：(1)巧記以o結(jié)尾加-es的名詞：黑人英雄吃西紅柿和馬鈴薯。(即Negro，hero，tomato和potato四個詞)(2)巧記以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞在變復(fù)數(shù)時直接加-s：海灣(gulf)里的首領(lǐng)(chief)只相信(belief)放在屋頂(roof)保險箱(safe)里的證據(jù)(proof)。2．不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如果需要表示量，通常要用“a＋表量的概念的名詞＋of＋名詞”來表示，其中的表量的概念的名詞可以根據(jù)需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式apieceofpaper一張紙；severalpiecesofinformation幾條信息。通常情況下，抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞都是不可數(shù)名詞，如comfort，luck，rain，energy等。3．一些不可數(shù)名詞也有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但詞義不同語意語意brains智力times時代manners禮貌hairs幾根頭發(fā)goods貨物sands沙灘，沙漠a(chǎn)rms武器waters水域，領(lǐng)海snows積雪fruits水果glasses眼鏡papers論文；試卷；報紙greens青菜customs海關(guān)pains努力woods樹林4.抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞具體化(1)英語中有一類名詞在表示泛指意義時，它是一種概念，是不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)它們被賦予了具體的含義后，可看作可數(shù)名詞，一般與不定冠詞連用，含有”一個(件、次)……的人或事”。如：beauty(美，美貌)→abeauty(一個美人或一件美物)danger(危險)→adanger(一件危險的事或一個危險的人)failure(失敗)→afailure(一件失敗的事或一個失敗的人)honour(光榮)→anhonour(一個帶來榮譽的人或一件帶來榮譽的事)must(必須)→amust(一件必要的事或物)worry(擔(dān)心)→aworry(一件令人擔(dān)心的事或一個令人擔(dān)憂的人)pity(遺憾)→apity(一件可惜的事)service(服務(wù))→aservice(一個服務(wù)機構(gòu))smoke(煙)→asmoke(一縷煙)surprise(驚奇)→asurprise(一件令人吃驚的事)pleasure(樂趣)→apleasure(一件有趣的事)experience(經(jīng)驗)→anexperience(一次經(jīng)歷)(2)物質(zhì)名詞在表示構(gòu)成物體的基本要素時，是不可數(shù)名詞，但一旦表示具體物品，就變成了可數(shù)名詞。如：coffee(咖啡)→acoffee(一杯咖啡)sand(沙子)→asand(一片沙灘)iron(鐵)→aniron(一個熨斗)water(水)→awater(一片水域)抽象名詞有時還可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：comfort(安慰)→comforts(舒適的設(shè)施)；joy(樂趣)→joys(樂事)；difficulty(困難)→difficulties(困難，難做的事)。還有的用在某些固定短語中，如：havealook(看一下)；afew，alittle(一些)；allofasudden(突然)；makeastudyof…(對……進(jìn)行研究)；inahurry(匆忙)等。5．有些可數(shù)名詞抽象為“某一概念”時，便轉(zhuǎn)化為不可數(shù)名詞aroom(房間)→room(空間)；aword(話，詞)→word(消息)；aspace(空地)→space(宇宙,空間);gotoschool/church/bed/college，etc(去上學(xué)/做禮拜/上床睡覺/上大學(xué)等)。6．有些詞只用作不可數(shù)名詞Fun,advice,news,information,furniture，equipment，baggage/luggage，bread,homework，housework，juice，weather，progress，practice等。7．常見復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)looker-on→lookers-on旁觀者；passer-by→passers-by過路人；father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父；comrade-in-arms→comrades-in-arms戰(zhàn)友；go-between→go-betweens中間人；grown-up→grown-ups成年人；store-keeper→store-keepers店主；tooth-brush→tooth-brushes牙刷。8．英語中集合名詞的”數(shù)”有三種情況(1)“形單義復(fù)”的名詞：這類集合名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：cattle牛；police警察；people人們(作民族、種族講時復(fù)數(shù)為peoples)；youth青年人(youths指青年們)。(2)“形單義單”的名詞：這類集合名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：baggage/luggage行李；clothing衣服；furniture家具；machinery機械；man/mankind人類。(3)有些集合名詞作整體看時，當(dāng)單數(shù)用，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；作其“成員”解時，當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用，且形式不變，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：family家；government政府；group組；team隊；class班級；audience聽眾?？枷蚨~作定語【典例】【2021浙江卷6月語法填空】In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir______（marry）ceremonyin1842.【名詞作定語提分秘籍】1．名詞作定語時，幾乎總是用單數(shù)形式(即使在意義上是復(fù)數(shù))。如：radioprograms電臺節(jié)目。2．man/woman作定語修飾名詞時，隨名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化一起變化。如：amandoctor一名男大夫；twomendoctors兩名男大夫。但girl與boy作定語仍用單數(shù)形式，如manyboystudents許多男學(xué)生。3．還有少數(shù)名詞作定語時，形式不變。如：aclothesshop一個服裝店；asportsman一位運動員；acustomsofficer一位海關(guān)官員；agoodstrain一列貨車；asalesmanager一個營銷經(jīng)理；asavingsoffice一個儲蓄所?？枷蛉~所有格【典例】【2021浙江卷語法填空】Itiscalculatedbydividinga______(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared,andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.【名詞作定語提分秘籍】英語名詞的所有格構(gòu)成如下：構(gòu)成情況舉例單數(shù)名詞后加“’s”aboy’sseat，thestudent’sbag以-s結(jié)尾的人名只加“’”Charles’home詞尾為-s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后只加“’”thegirls’names，Teachers’Day表示時間、距離、機構(gòu)、團體、地名以及可擬人化的名詞后加“’s”today’snewspaper，anhour’swork，China’sindustry數(shù)量詞(a，two，some，no...)＋名詞＋of＋名詞所有格somefriendsofmyfather’s名詞＋of＋名詞所有格(往往含有感情色彩)thelectureofMr.Yang’s注意：無生命的名詞(能擬人化的名詞除外)可用of表示所屬關(guān)系。如：thewindowsoftheclassroom，thetopofthemountain。所修飾的名詞為“診所、住宅或其他處所”時，被修飾的名詞常省略。如：atthedoctor’s(clinic)在診所；tomyuncle’s(house)到我叔叔家；inthemanager’s(office)在經(jīng)理辦公室；atthebarber’s/tailor’s(shop)在理發(fā)店/裁縫鋪。另外，表示并列的名詞“共有某物”時，只在最后一個名詞后加“‘s”；如果表示“各自所有”，則在每個名詞后加’s。如：LucyandMary’sdesk露西和瑪麗共用的課桌；Lucy’sandMary’sdesks露西和瑪麗各自的課桌。1.【2021全國乙卷語法填空】KomodoNationalPark,officiallyrecognizedin1980,ispopularforecotourismbecauseofitsuniquebiodiversity.______(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(遠(yuǎn)足)andaccommodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.2.【2021全國乙卷語法填空】Minimizetheimpactof______(visit)theplace.3.【2021全國乙卷語法填空】Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecomeeducatedabouttheareas-bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe______(develop)ofthelocalareas.4.【2021全國甲卷語法填空】Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand______(watchtower)tofakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdailyroutines.5.【2020全國卷Ⅰ語法填空】Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular______(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(環(huán)形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.6.【2020全國卷Ⅱ語法填空】ChineseNewYearisa______(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.7.【2020全國卷Ⅲ語法填空】Filledwith______(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.8.【2020新高考全國卷Ⅰ語法填空】Historical.______（accurate）isimportantbutsoisentertainment.9.【2020浙江卷7月語法填空】Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththe______（season）,plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,makinguseofannualfloodstoirrigate（灌溉）theirfields.10.【2020浙江卷7月語法填空】ForJapan,the______(number)aremorestriking—22in1950,46todayand53in2050.11.【2019全國卷Ⅰ語法填空】InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa______(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.12.【2019全國卷Ⅲ語法填空】Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting______（compete）towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.13.【2019浙江卷6月語法填空】OtherAmericanstudiesshowedno______(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.14.【2018全國卷Ⅰ語法填空】Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014whichshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall______(cause).15.【2018全國卷Ⅱ語法填空】Thisswitchhasdecreased______(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.16.【2018全國卷Ⅲ語法填空】MynameisMireyaMayor.I’ma______(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.17.【2018浙江卷6月語法填空】MakingChinese______(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.18.【2018浙江卷6月語法填空】Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein______(weigh)problems.19.【2018浙江卷11月語法填空】Onestudyshowedthat______(woman)whodrankalotofcoffee,likeeightormorecupsperday,whiletheywerepregnantweremorelikelytohavechildrenwithbirthdefects.20.【2017全國卷Ⅰ語法填空】Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity（醫(yī)學(xué)界）asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside______(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.21.【2017全國卷Ⅱ語法填空】Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible______(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.22.【2017全國卷Ⅱ語法填空】Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe______(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.23.【2017全國卷Ⅲ語法填空】______24.【2017全國卷Ⅲ語法填空】______25.【2017浙江卷11月語法填空】Youwouldn'tthinkthatafew______(month)ofexerciseinyourteenswouldbeenoughfortherestofyourlife,andthat'salsotrueforbuildingyourvocabulary--youhavetokeepatitdaily,andprettysoonyouwillfindthatyouhaveanexcellentvocabulary.26.【2017浙江卷語法填空】LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall______(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.1.【遼寧省朝陽市建平縣2021屆高三9月聯(lián)考】Thoughmakingentrancefeescompulsorywillmakemuseumslessaccessibletosome,manymuseumsdohavecertaindaysoftheweekwhen______(admit)isfree.2.【重慶市第八中學(xué)2021屆高三二診】Whenworkingwithanamountof______(number),anabacusispracticallyfaster,sinceithasabetter“keyboard”thantheWesterncalculators.3.【重慶市第八中學(xué)2021屆高三二診】Anyway,thesmallabacushasmadeanoutstandingcontributioninthefieldsofhumanintellectualdevelopment,justasthecomputerdoesintoday’s______(social).4.【遼寧省沈陽市2021屆高三教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測】Asyouwalkthroughthequicksand,sometimesyoucanhearloudnoisesfrombeneathyour______(foot).5.【遼寧百校聯(lián)盟2021屆高三質(zhì)監(jiān)】Accordingto44.______(official),thestationisoperatedbyasmartbrain",ahigh-techsystemthatusesbigdata,cloudcomputing,artificialintelligenceandtheInternetofthingstoprovidevariousservicesforvisitorswhileguaranteeingthesmoothoperationofthestationandreducingtheenergy45.______(consume)oftheentirebuilding.6.【湖南師范大學(xué)附中2021屆高三模擬】SpanishsportnewspaperMarcanotedthatWuhasansweredthosewhodoubtedhismovetotheclubandthat“hisquick______(adapt)toLaLiga(西甲)hassurprisedmanypeople”.7.【湖南省永州市2021屆高三二?！縄tisalsoimportanttonotethatthegreatest______(amaze)ofthejourneyisChang'e5'slunarlandingsite-referredtoastheOceanofStorms-onthenearsideofthemoon,wherenoprobes(探測器)havepaidavisitbefore.8.【湖南省永州市2021屆高三二?！縄t'sgeologicallyyoungerthanthesampling______(area)oftheUSandtheformerSovietmissions,sothenewsamplewillhelpfillinanimportantpieceofthepuzzleoftheMoon’shistory.9.【湖北省武漢市2021屆高三質(zhì)量檢測】About80%ofChinesecharactersarecomposedofsmaller______(part),whicharecombinedinmanydifferentwaystoformtensofthousandsofhanzi.10.【湖北省九師聯(lián)盟2021屆高三質(zhì)量檢測】Finally,heaskedtheprincesstomakea______(choose):eithermarrytheRainbowPrince,settledownandgiveupdancing,orbeputintoprisonforlifeattheNorthPoleoftheearth.11.【湖北省九師聯(lián)盟2021屆高三質(zhì)量檢測】Tothisday,wecanstillcatchherdancinginthenorthernhemisphereandsee______(star)falling.12.【湖北省八市2021屆高三聯(lián)考】Shanghaicultureisamazing,andthecityisfilledwithsmartpeople,dynamicinteractions,a______(willing)tomoveandanappetiteforbeingmodernwhileembracingdiversityandcreatingabusinessfriendlyenvironment.13.【湖北省2021屆高三聯(lián)考】Thereturncapsuleof______(China)Chang’e5probetoucheddownonitspresetlandingsiteinSiziwangbanneroftheInnerMongoliaautonomousregionat1:59amonThursday,bringingbackthecountry’sfirstsamplescollectedfromthemoon,accordingtotheChinaNationalSpaceAdministration(CNSA).14.【湖北省2021屆高三聯(lián)考】Itmarkedthesuccessful______(conclude)ofChina’scurrentthree-steplunarexplorationprogramoforbitingandlanding,andbringingbacksamples,whichbeganin2004.15.【河北省張家口市2021屆高三一?！緿erlinNeweywasindisbelief.“Idon'tknowwhattosay,exceptthankyou,”saidNeweyasheheldback______(tear)ofjoy.16.【河北省張家口市2021屆高三一?！俊癐'mgladtohelphim,”saidValdez.“Wejustneedtotreatpeoplewith______(kind)andrespect.Hestoleourhearts.”17.【河北省保定市2021屆高三模擬】AsChina’s“motherriver”,thepeaceandecologicalenvironmentoftheYellowRiverissignificanttothesustainable______(develop)ofChinesenation.18.【廣東湛江一中2021屆高三模擬】Their______(able)tolearniscompromised,andtheymayhavedifficultydevelopingsocialskills.19.【廣東實驗中學(xué)2021屆高三模擬】Itisthekeytimeforspringagricultural______(activity).20.【廣東省深圳市2021屆高三調(diào)研】Gan’scompanyhasbeenagreatsuccessandGanhasreceivedlotsofawardsforher______(achieve).21.【廣東省六校2021屆高三聯(lián)考】AndreaDunnattheCooperResearchInstituteinDallas,Texasfoundpatientswhodiddaily35-minutewalksperweekexperienceda47%______(reduce)intheirdepressionlevels.22.【廣東省六校2021屆高三聯(lián)考】Fearsofaninactivelifestyleandpilingonthepoundsareforcingmanytofindnovel______(way)tomovethebodyandstretchtheirmuscles.23.【廣州2021屆高三一?！縏oday______(visit)canobserveateaceremonythatmightbeenoughtochangeeventhemostpassionatecoffeedrinker.24.【廣東省佛山市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢】Butinthepast,theywerecanceledthree______(time)—onceduringWorldWarIandtwiceduringWorldWarII.25.【廣東省佛山市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢】CanadianPrimeMinisterJustinTrudeaucalledthe______(decide)"heartbreaking"forathletes,coachesandfans,butheagreedthat“thiswastherightcall”.26.【福建省廈門市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢】Soinmanyofthesecultures,youshouldtakecareofwhatkindofeyecontactyouinitiatewiththosewhoareyour______(superior)orinauthorityoveryou,sothatyouarenotthoughttobedisrespectfulorrude.27.【福建省龍巖市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢】InAug2019,Liangwonthegoldmedalatthe45thWorldSkillsCompetitioninElectronicsinKazan,Russia,whichisthebiggestvocationaleducationandskillsexcellenceeventintheworld,organizedeverysecondyearbytheWorldSkillsInternationalwithanaimtoshowtheskillsandpromotecareerof______(young).28.【福建省福州一中2021屆高三模擬】Moreover,toachievebetterresults,theresearcherssuggest______(limit)yourselftogentlejoggingratherthanfast-paceandtiringdistancerunning.29.【福建省福州一中2021屆高三模擬】Theyfoundthatthe41.______(benefit)ofjoggingaremaximizedwhendoneatanaverageorevenslowpace,andjustoneortwohoursofjoggingaweekcanbeenoughforyoutogainsuccess,regardlessofyourageor43.______(healthy)condition.30.【福建省福州市2021屆高三一?！縏heoxisconsideredasymbolofdiligenceand______(sincere).31.【重慶市育才中學(xué)2021屆高三模擬】Butthereisaway—takingsmall______(step)andlearningnewwaysofthinking,littlebylittle.32.【重慶市南開中學(xué)2021屆高三模擬】Whenhefoundthetinycrowsontheground,hewenttohelp.Despitethesquawksofalarmfromthe______(adult),Dahlquistmanagedtoscoopupthechicksandputthembackinthenest.33.【重慶市巴蜀中學(xué)2021屆高三模擬】InChina,______（construct）hasbegunofthecountry’sfirstsolarhighway,inwhichsolarpanelsareplacedunderneathtransparentconcrete.34.【重慶市巴蜀中學(xué)2021屆高三模擬】Thesolarhighwayisa2kmstretch（一段）ofroad______（lie）ontheJinanCityExpressway,andit’sdividedintothreelayers.35.【重慶市巴蜀中學(xué)2021屆高三模擬】Thesee-throughconcreteprotectsasetofsolarpanelsoftwo______size）.36.【山東省青島市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢】TaiChiprovidesthementalrelaxationandphysical______(fit).37.【山東省菏澤市2021屆高三模擬】Quaedvlieg-Mihailovicis,whoheadstheheritagegroupEuropaNostra,notedthe______（important）ofsuchrespect.38.【遼寧省遼陽市2021屆高三模擬】In1956,WestVirginianativeMarianMcQuadewastryingtoplanacelebrationfortheelderly______(member)ofhercommunity.39.【遼寧省遼西地區(qū)2021屆高三大聯(lián)考】Anotherbenefitofcyclingisthatyoumaybemorecreativeandfullofenergyonceyougettowork,whichwillimproveyour______(perform).40.【遼寧省葫蘆島市2021屆高三模擬】Itrunson______(battery)andisprogramedtoreturntowhereitstartedfromwhenitspassengergetsoff.41.【江蘇省如皋市2021屆高三調(diào)研】Accordingtothestudy,theaccidentsofforeignobjectsinchildrenisgenerallyattributedto______(curious).42.【江蘇省如皋市2021屆高三調(diào)研】Thisiswhymanytoyscontain______(warn)aboutsmallparts.43.【江蘇省南通市通州區(qū)2021屆高三質(zhì)量監(jiān)測】Asaresult,itprovidesaterrificfull-bodyworkout,improvingcoordination,flexibility,balanceandmuscle______（strong).44.【江蘇省海安高級中學(xué)2021屆高三五調(diào)】KatariaLaughterClubsarepoppingupinresponsetopeople’sneedtohandle______(press).45.【江蘇省常州高級中學(xué)2021屆高三調(diào)研】ThroughWesterncolorandChinesepaintingtechniques,DenghasbeenlookingforacrossingbetweenEasternandWesternart______(style).46.【湖南省長沙市一中2021屆高三三調(diào)】Don'tdothisinanobviouswaybecausethisisannoying，butdoitwithouthisawarenessofyour______(intend)．47.【湖南省長沙市一中2021屆高三三調(diào)】Occupyhimwith______(activity)andappointments.48.【湖北省宜昌市2021屆高三聯(lián)考】DespitetheCOVID-19pandemic,Beijing2022reportedthat______(construct)ofcompetitionvenues(場館)remainedontracktobecompletedbytheendofthisyear.49.【湖北省宜昌市2021屆高三聯(lián)考】Asglobaltravelrestrictionsarelikelytoremainforthecomingmonths,Beijing2022organizershavedecidedtocancelaseriesoftest______(event).50.【湖北省孝感高中2021屆高三模擬】Manycompetitorsspendbigmoneytogettheir______(hand)ontop-performingbirds.51.【湖北省孝感高級中學(xué)2021屆高三調(diào)研】Butofallthe______(challenge),makinggoodfriendsmi