新高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)講練測專題15：閱讀理解微技能之長難句分析（原題版）

?專題15高考閱讀理解中的長難句分析考點精考點精講【考情鏈接】高考閱讀文章均選自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其閱讀C篇除了生詞量大、篇幅長、信息量大以外．就是文中句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，攙雜了大量的長難句，對長難句的理解會直接影響我們的閱讀成績。那么如何破解閱讀理解中的長難句？長難句構(gòu)成特征如下：EQ\o\ac(

,●)帶有較多成分的簡單句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有多個從句的復(fù)合句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有插入成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有省略成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有倒裝句、強調(diào)句【要點梳理】破解長難句方法找謂語，定主語一般情況下，一個謂語形式的動詞對應(yīng)其動作的發(fā)出者（主語），我們可以根據(jù)謂語動詞的意義來確定其主語。而且，如果一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞，則該句可以是并列句或復(fù)合句（并列謂語動詞的情況除外）。如Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.【簡析】此句中的謂語形式的動詞及其對應(yīng)的主語有：wasopposed--he;ordered--he;(should)notbeusedfederal--funds;hadproposednoone;asked--he(asked前面有and,說明asked與前面某個謂語動詞并列，根據(jù)邏輯意義asked應(yīng)與ordered并列)。這一句的主干為“heordered...asked”,“Declaringthat...”作狀語。句意：他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的蓄牧繁殖技術(shù)來克隆人類，并下令不準聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗——盡管還沒有人建議這么做——他還請一個普林斯頓大學(xué)校長HaroldShapiro為首的獨立專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議。提主干，去枝葉（從句等）一般情況下，一個句子中的主句所表達的信息為主要信息，從句所表達的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂，主次不分。如：First

put

forward

by

the

French

mathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury，thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds，includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem，andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

able

to

study

at

theEco-labPolytechnique.【簡析】本句夾雜分詞短語、動名詞及兩個定語從句?！癋irstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFormatinthe17thcentury”為過去分詞短語作狀語;“including...”為介詞短語作狀語;“whomade...andwhohadto...”為兩個并列的定語從句，修飾aFrenchwomanscientist。所以句子的主干為thetheoremhadbaffled

andbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds此為主要信息。句意：這個定理，先是由十七世紀法國數(shù)學(xué)家PierredeFormat提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難，其中包括一個法國女科學(xué)家，她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大的進展。為了能夠在Eco-labPolytechnique理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)她曾女扮男裝。尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨邏輯一些長句其實是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句。而這些并列句或復(fù)合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來連接。如果我們找準這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，就能夠分辨出句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長句就容易對付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對英語中的常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriage

was

inserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecould

sleeponthesofa.【簡析】“whereas”提示前后對比;notunusual=usual;not...until...直到……才……。句意：一個女人最親密的女性朋友最可能是第一個告訴她離開一次失敗的婚姻的人;而聽見一個男人說，直到他的朋友一天晚上問他是否可以睡在他家的沙發(fā)上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，這是很平常的事?？创钆?，防隔離有時一個長句或難句是由一個或多個搭配構(gòu)成，而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目，則對句意的理解就會發(fā)生偏差。如：Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts，tosomedegree，theirmainsellingpointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.【簡析】其實本句是一個“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”句型“make+賓語+賓補”，即“使……成為……”，只不過賓語和賓補被“tosomedegree”隔開而已。句意：一些公司把生產(chǎn)的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產(chǎn)品，從某種程度上說，當作他們的賣點，并在廣告中強調(diào)這一點。關(guān)鍵詞，抓線索有時某些句子句意模糊，讀者理不清頭緒，這時讀者只能依靠關(guān)鍵詞來抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意?？傊?，在碰到長句和難句時，要根據(jù)實際情況靈活運用上述方法，在平時閱讀過程中要加強對長句和難句的句法分析訓(xùn)練。有時要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood，meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,which

shows

thefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.【簡析】本句夾雜多種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而且包含對比。句子的主干為“Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefoods，meatinparticular”;“dependingon...”為分詞短語作狀語;“whetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked”作dependingon的賓語;“which”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句指代上述內(nèi)容“thefact”后為其同位語，即同位語從句說明fact的具體內(nèi)容。句意：我們甚至對某些食物用不同的單詞表達，特別是肉類，這取決于它是長在田野時，還是在家里準備煮著吃，這就表明一個事實，即薩克森農(nóng)民在農(nóng)田干活，而上層階級的諾曼人在大口地吃。_____真題演練真題演練原文IwatchedwithgreatsympathyaselderlyItalianstriedtoholdaconversationinItalianwithpeoplewhodidnotspeakthelanguage.（2022浙江高考卷閱讀A篇第二段)【簡析】【譯文】原文Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.（2022浙江高考卷閱讀B篇第四段)【簡析】：【譯文】：原文Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.（2022浙江高考卷閱讀C篇第三段)【簡析】：【譯文】：原文PASSinvolvesweeklysessionswhereyouworkingroupstotacklespeciallypreparedproblemsets,basedaroundaunitofstudyyou’reenrolledin.（2022北京高考卷閱讀A篇)【譯文】：原文Lookingback,Inowseethatthiswouldbethefirstinaseriesoftimelyopportunitiesthatmyoldselfwouldhaveletpass,butthatthisnewandmoreconfidentAliceenthusiasticallyseized.（2022北京高考卷閱讀B篇)【譯文】：原文Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.（2022北京高考卷閱讀C篇)【譯文】：原文Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”（2022北京高考卷閱讀D篇)【譯文】原文OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athird

concedethatit’snotreallynecessaryandthey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.（2021全國乙卷閱讀B篇)【譯文】原文Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.（2021全國乙卷閱讀D篇)【譯文】2022年新高考卷I1.Classactivitieswillvaryfromdaytoday,butstudentsmustbereadytocompleteshortin-classwritingsortestsdrawndirectlyfromassignedreadingsornotes（fromthepreviousclass'lecture/discussion,）介詞短語作定語soitisimportanttotakecarefulnotesduringclass.結(jié)果狀語從句，it作形式主語，totake…是真正的主語。2.Additionally,fromtimetotimeIwillassigngroupwork（tobecompletedinclass）orshortassignments（tobecompletedathome）,此處為不定式作后置定語表示將來的被動。（bothofwhichwillbegraded.）。此處為定語從句3.Anessay（notsubmittedinclass）（過去分詞作后置定語）ontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.原文AGradingPoliciesforIntroductiontoLiteratureGradingScale90-100,A;80-89,B;70-79,C;60-69,D;Below60,E.Essays(60%)Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse:Essay1=10%;Essay2=15%;Essay3=15%;Essay4=20%.GroupAssignments(30%)Studentswillworkingroupstocompletefourassignments(作業(yè))duringthecourse.AlltheassignmentswillbesubmittedbytheassigneddatethroughBlackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem.DailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTests/GroupWork/Homework(10%)Classactivitieswillvaryfromdaytoday,butstudentsmustbereadytocompleteshortin-classwritingsortestsdrawndirectlyfromassignedreadingsornotesfromthepreviousclass'lecture/discussion,soitisimportanttotakecarefulnotesduringclass.Additionally,fromtimetotimeIwillassigngroupworktobecompletedinclassorshortassignmentstobecompletedathome,bothofwhichwillbegraded.LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.Dailyassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetazero.Shortwritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.B1.Producingfood（thatnooneeats）此處為定語從句wastesthewater,fuel,andotherresources（usedtogrowit.）此處為過去分詞作后置定語。2.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingor（whether…or…并列兩個方式狀語）byaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedish（youwon’teat）此處為定語從句,”Curtinsays.原文Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.C1.Theelderlyresidents(居民)（incarehomesinLondon）介詞短語作定語arebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.此處是目的狀語。2.Amongthose（takingpartintheproject）現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語is80-year-oldRuthXavier.原文Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing.Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”D1.Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshows（thatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsounds）此處為賓語從句（thatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.）此處為定語從句修飾sounds.2.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnoted(thatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocieties(thatatesofterfoods.)第一處that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，第二處引導(dǎo)定語從句。3.Theydiscovered（thattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),）此處為賓語從句makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,（現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語）whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.（此處為定語從句）原文Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.2022年新高考卷IIB1.Wejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.（介詞短語作定語）2.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedtheboywithatabletcomputer（介詞短語作狀語）whichwasloadedwithcolorfulpictures(定語從句)thatcomealive(定語從句)whenyoupokethem.（時間狀語）BWejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.Manyyoungpeopledon’tevenrealizeit’snew.Forthem,it’sjustnormal.ThishithomeformeasIwassittingwithmy2-year-oldgrandsononasofaovertheSpringFestivalholiday.Ihadbroughtachildren’sbooktoread.Ithadsimplewordsandcolorfulpictures—aperfectmatchforhisage.Picturethis:mygrandsonsittingonmylapasIholdthebookinfrontsohecanseethepictures.AsIread,hereachesoutandpokes(戳)thepagewithhisfinger.What’supwiththat?Hejustlikesthepictures,Ithought.ThenIturnedthepageandcontinued.Hepokedthepageevenharder.Inearlydroppedthebook.Iwasconfused:Istheresomethingwrongwiththiskid?ThenIrealizedwhatwashappening.Hewasactuallyastrangertobooks.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedtheboywithatabletcomputerwhichwasloadedwithcolorfulpicturesthatcomealivewhenyoupokethem.Hethoughtmystorybookwaslikethat.Sorry,kid.Thisbookisnotpartofyourhigh-techworld.It’sanoutdated,lifelessthing.Anantique,likeyourgrandfather.Well,Imaybeold,butI’mnothopelesslychallenged,digitallyspeaking.Ieditvideoandproduceaudio.Iusemobilepayment.I’veevenbuiltwebsites.There’sonenotablegapinmynew-mediaexperience,however:I’vespentlittletimeinfrontofacamera,sinceIhaveafacemadeforradio.Butthatdidn’tstopChinaDailyfromaskingmelastweektoshareapersonalstoryforavideoprojectabouttheintegrationofBeijing,TianjinandHebeiprovince.Anyway,grandpaisnowaninternetstar—twominutesoffame!Ipromisenottoletitgotomyhead.ButIwillmakesuremy2-year-oldgrandsonseesitonhistablet.C1.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelse（賓語從句）thatisnotallowed（定語從句）underNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws.2."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,（定語從句修飾books）”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.（定語從句）原文Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."D1.Asweage（狀語從句）,evenifwe’rehealthy,（狀語從句）theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.（as…as…像…一樣）2.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64（形容詞短語作定語）whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.（定語從句）3.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.（不定式作目的狀語）原文Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(無氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.2021年新高考卷IB1.Hesaidhebecamejustasnervousasthoseplayinginstrumentsonstage.（分詞短語作定語修飾those）2.Silentonstagecommunicationiskey,andeachpianisthastheirownstyleof“nodding”toindicateapageturnwhichtheyneedtopractisewiththeirpageturner.（定語從句）原文Byday,RobertTittertonisalawyer.InhisspareonstagebesidepianistMariaRaspopova—notasamusicianbutasherpageturner.“I’mnotatrainedmusician,butI’velearnttoreadmusicsoIcanhelpMariainherperformance.”MrTittertonischairmanoftheOmegaEnsemblebuthasbeenthegroup’sofficialpageturnerforthepastfouryears.Hisjobistositbesidethepianistandturnthepagesofthescoresothemusiciandoesn’thavetobreaktheflowofsoundbydoingitthemselves.Hesaidhebecamejustasnervousasthoseplayinginstrumentsonstage.“Alotofskillsareneededforthejob.Youhavetomakesureyoudon’tturntwopagesatonceandmakesureyoufindtherepeatsinthemusicwhenyouhavetogobacktotherightspot.”MrTittertonexplained.Beingapageturnerrequiresplentyofpractice.Somepiecesofmusiccangofor40minutesandrequireupto50pageturns,includingbackturnsforrepeatpassages.Silentonstagecommunicationiskey,andeachpianisthastheirownstyleof“nodding”toindicateapageturnwhichtheyneedtopractisewiththeirpageturner.Butlikeallperformances,therearemomentswhenthingsgowrong.“Iwasturningthepagetogetreadyforthenextpage,butthedraftwindfromtheturncausedthesparepagestofalloffthestand,”MrTittertonsaid,“LuckilyIwasabletocatchthemandputthemback.”Mostpageturnersarepianostudentsorup-and-comingconcertpianists,althoughMsRaspopovahasonceaskedherhusbandtohelpheroutonstage.“Myhusbandistheworstpageturner,”shelaughed.“He’sinterestedinthemusic,feelingeverynote,andIhavetosay:‘Turn,turn!’“RobertisthebestpageturnerI’vehadinmyentirelife.”C1.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecades（定語從句）todecimatealargepartoftheseresources.（ittakes…todosth做某事花費某人…）2.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.(分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語)3.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem（不定式作目的狀語）—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.（作fact的同位語從句）原文WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.D1.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,（定語從句）suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”2.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceas(describe…as…把…描述為)aspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.（定語從句修飾skills）3.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligence（介詞短語作定語）runfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,（what引導(dǎo)賓語從句）theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.4.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.（形容詞短語作定語）原文Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebee