新高考英語二輪復習題型歸納與變式演練專題14 說明文體類閱讀理解（原卷版）

專題14說明文體類閱讀理解（原卷版）所謂說明文，就是指研究自然科學與技術的文章。說明文是對事物或事理進行客觀說明的一種文體，它以說明為主要表達方式，通過解說事物或闡明事理，達到教人以知識的目的，在結構上往往采用總分、遞進等方式按一定的順序（如時間、空間、從現象到本質）進行說明。說明文的特點是客觀、簡練、語言準確、明了，文章很少表達作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質、構造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點等。一、解題策略 1.考情分析最近五年，說明文的出現變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學科的前沿問題；高科技領域的科研成果；人們比較關心的社會問題；人文方面的經典。由于閱讀理解題的設置采用漸進式，即由簡到難的方式，因此說明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點之一是考查學生對詞匯和句式的掌握。說明文的詞匯和句式的運用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點來幫助理解語篇，例如，同位語、下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標點符號（如破折號、冒號都有表示解釋和說明）等。 2.得分要點高考閱讀理解中，說明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設問主要圍繞以下四方面：細節(jié)事實題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測詞義題。其中，說明文主要以細節(jié)事實、主旨大意和猜測詞義三方面問題為主。一、詞義猜測類題型閱讀理解題中常要求學生猜測某些單詞或短語的意思。歷年英語高考題中均有此類題目，有的文章盡管沒有專門設題，但由于文章中常常出現生詞，因此，詞義的猜測還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過上下文去理解或根據構詞法去猜測。判斷一個單詞的意思不但離不開句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根據上下文提供的線索加以猜測。運用構詞法,語境等推測關鍵詞義，可以根據以下幾種方法猜測：（一）內在邏輯關系根據內在邏輯關系推測詞義是指運用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系，然后根據邏輯關系推斷生詞詞義。1.通過同義詞和反義詞的關系猜詞通過同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay，即使我們不認識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.這是高三冊第八單元閱讀第五段的句子：Theword＂secure＂inparagraph5lineisclosestinmeaningto_________.A.freefromanxietyB.anxiousC.nervousD.happy根據上下文和同義詞，可以選出答案A。二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬于＂行星＂這一義域.通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉折關系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據notatall...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。2.根據因果關系猜測詞義通過因果關系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系，然后才能猜詞。有時文章借助關聯詞（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn’thisfault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯），可猜出blame的詞義是＂責備＂。3.通過定義或釋義關系來推測詞義例如：Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時期，即drought，由此可見drought意思為＂久旱＂，＂旱災＂。而adryperiod和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折號等來表示。4.通過句法功能來推測詞義例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。5.通過描述猜詞描述即作者為幫助讀者更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內在特征的描寫。例如ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類.后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。（二）外部相關因素外部相關因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知識，有時僅靠分析篇章內在邏輯關系無法猜出詞義。這時，就需要運用生活經驗和普通常識確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。（三）構詞法在閱讀文章時，我們總會遇上一些新詞匯，有時很難根據上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時，如掌握了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構詞法知識，這些問題便不難解決了。1.根據前綴猜測詞義例如：Hefellintoaditchandlaythere，semi-conscious，forafewminutes.根據詞根conscious（清醒的，有意識的），結合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.詞根lit-erate意為＂有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的＂，前綴il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一竅不通，不知道的＂。2.根據后綴猜測詞義例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后綴cide表示＂殺者，殺滅劑＂，結合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲），不難猜出insecticide意為＂殺蟲劑＂。Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.后綴let表示＂小的＂，詞根drop指＂滴，滴狀物＂。將兩個意思結合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義＂小滴，微滴＂。3.根據復合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如：Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或許是一個生詞，但是分析該詞結構后，就能推測出其含義。它是由high（高的，強的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂以強光照射，使突出＂的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運動—斗牛。二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測試學生對文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標題或副標題文章的標題是一篇文章的題眼，通過閱讀標題或副標題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結構，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據其篇章特點我們可以通過仔細閱讀短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時，要求學生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學生綜觀全文，對段落的內容要融會貫通，對文章透徹理解后歸納總結。主題句的特點是：1.相對于其他句子，它表達的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結構簡單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的思想的?？傊?，為提高閱讀理解能力，在閱讀時應抓中心思想,作者意圖及關鍵詞語，運用聯想,比較,歸納,推測等方法，得出最佳結論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測，把自己的觀點強加進去，與文章的觀點混為一談。經過長時間有計劃,有目的的系統(tǒng)訓練，使學生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機地統(tǒng)一起來，以提高學生閱讀英語和運用英語進行交際的能力，為繼續(xù)學習和運用英語切實打好基礎.閱讀是一種綜合性很強的語言實際活動。我們只有進行大量的課內外閱讀，掌握一定的閱讀技巧，正確運用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力。 3.常用解題方法定位對照法：先閱讀題干，然后根據問題的要求，按照題目順序依次有針對性地結合題干中的關鍵詞到文中定位，閱讀相關部分并快速尋找有效信息。再將原文和選項進行比較。當問題與原文材料相同的時候，對號入座；如果問題與原文不同．則可以同義替換、歸納事實等。

選項分析法：根據題干中的關鍵詞，找準相關句、段的內容。再仔細對照，排除于文章內容不一致的錯誤信息，從而確定選項。3.中心精確捕捉法：根據議論文特點對文章中心段或句進行精準分析。 4.兩種解題步驟方式一：1.讀開頭段，把握中心（中心明確）；2.解“主旨題”以及“主旨相關題”；3.解“細節(jié)題”（先定段，后定句）。方式二1.讀開頭段，把握中心（中心不明確）；2.解“細節(jié)題”（先定段，后定句）；3.解“主旨題”以及“主旨相關題”。【注意事項】1.不必通讀全文，不必千方百計理解文章所有語句；2.必須首先讀好開頭與結尾段，快速準確找出文章中心主旨；3.注意并充分利用文章中所給出的中文提示詞。二、高考真題一、2022年高考真題2022年6月新高考1卷A篇GradingPoliciesforIntroductiontoLiteratureGradingScale90-100,A;80-89,B;70-79,C;60-69,D;Below60,E.Essays(60%)Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse:Essay1=10%;Essay2=15%;Essay3=15%;Essay4=20%.GroupAssignments(30%)Studentswillworkingroupstocompletefourassignments(作業(yè))duringthecourse.AlltheassignmentswillbesubmittedbytheassigneddatethroughBlackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem.DailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTests/GroupWork/Homework(10%)Classactivitieswillvaryfromdaytoday,butstudentsmustbereadytocompleteshortin-classwritingsortestsdrawndirectlyfromassignedreadingsornotesfromthepreviousclass'lecture/discussion,soitisimportanttotakecarefulnotesduringclass.Additionally,fromtimetotimeIwillassigngroupworktobecompletedinclassorshortassignmentstobecompletedathome,bothofwhichwillbegraded.LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.Dailyassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetazero.Shortwritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.21.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A.Atextbook. B.Anexampaper. C.Acourseplan. D.Anacademicarticle.22.Howmanypartsisastudent’sfinalgrademadeupof?A.Two. B.Three. C.Four. D.Five.23.Whatwillhappenifyousubmitanessayoneweekaftertheduedate?A.Youwillreceiveazero. B.Youwilllosealettergrade.C.Youwillbegivenatest. D.Youwillhavetorewriteit.2022年6月新高考1卷B篇Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.2022年6月新高考1卷C篇Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills. B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory. D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve. B.Oppose. C.Begin. D.Evaluate.31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived. B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.Itishighlyprofitable. D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.2022年6月新高考1卷D篇Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結構),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution. C.Itsquantity. D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth. B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured. D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults. B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods. D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.2022年6月全國甲卷B篇Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions. B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround. D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor. B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole. D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee. B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys. D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters2022年6月全國甲卷C篇AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Trychallengingthings. B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories. D.Sticktoapromise.29.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?A.Lovelypenguins. B.Beautifulscenery.C.Adiscountfare. D.Afriend’sinvitation.30.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?A.Itcouldbeahomeforher. B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.C.Itshouldbewellpreserved. D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.2022年6月全國乙卷C篇Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎設施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.28.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines. B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones. D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.29.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety. B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair. D.Constructionofinfrastructure.30.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A.Toprovideearlywarning. B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.CToearnprofitsforthecrews. D.Toacceleratetransportation.31.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDrones B.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFace D.HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways2022年6月全國乙卷D篇TheGovernment’ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖).Itisbelievedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake￡520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate￡240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers(制造商)sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.Howeversomehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities(設施)andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.2022年6月北京卷C篇“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(營養(yǎng)不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateanargument B.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopic D.predicttheending29.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified. C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.30.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance. B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists. D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.2022年6月浙江卷B篇Allaroundtheworld,therearesmallchangestakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygroundsandonallkindsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandcities,tinyforestsbarelythesizeoftenniscourtsareappearing,makingagreatplaceforbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhomaynotnormallyhaveeasyaccesstonature.ThisistheTinyForestmovement,whichaimstoprovethatthebestthingsinlifereallydocomeinsmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneeredasaconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawaki,aJapanesebotanist.Ashewentontosharehisconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingtheTinyForestprojectintheUK,explainsthattheprocessbeginsbyidentifyingareasinwhichatinyforestcouldhavethebiggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennot