萬學海文考研英語語法及長難句基礎課程

考研十訓[引]一訓曰：汝不可因惰而隨心所睡；二訓曰：汝不可移志而半途而廢；三訓曰：汝不可隨性而泡哥追妹；四訓曰：汝不可因苦而哭天抹淚；五訓曰：汝不可因悶而夜夜買醉；六訓曰：汝不可求閑而叫囂疲憊；七訓曰：汝不可進步而自我陶醉；八訓曰：汝不可沒座而遲到早退；九訓曰：汝不可因懼而錯過機會；十訓曰：汝不可考上便吹噓不累！萬學海文考研英語2012基礎課程【語法及長難句】主講：付博20XX年3月9日HYPERLINKQ1、長難句在何處是考點？HYPERLINKQ2、是什么把句子變長了？HYPERLINKQ3、是什么把句子變難了？HYPERLINKQ4、考研中長難句的難度？Q1、長難句在何處是考點？閱讀中：劃分結構、宏觀理解翻譯中：劃分結構、推斷詞義寫作中*：利用結構、合理填充完形中*：利用結構、去粗取精【范例】Man’syouthisawonderfulthing,itissofullofanguishandmiracle,andhenevercomestoknowitasitis,untilithasgoneawayfromhimforever.【范例】P-135Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousabouttheCauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.1.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch【范例】P-135Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.【范例】Cheatinginexaminationscomeslessthroughthepressurefromthesetestsandmorefromstudent’sdishonesty.Thedeteriorationofenvironmentcomeslessthroughthefragilityofnatureitselfandmorefromofaggressivehumandestruction.【范例】However,suchstatisticscannotconveytheeffectsofobesity,betheymoderateorserious,7thequalityoflifeandtheimpactofprematuredeathsassociatedwithobesity.7.A.in B.with C.for D.onHYPERLINK【返回總目錄】Q2、是什么把句子變長了？并列句復合句比較結構簡單句S+VS+V+OS+LV+SCS+V+O1+O2S+V+O+OC并列句：A：基本形式Sentence1,sentence2,…,sentencen,andsentencen+1.【范例】2001-71Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.B:其他形式表示并列：neither/norWhatIsaidistrue,normustweforgetaboutit.表示對比：whileIlikeswimmingwhilemygirlfriendthinksitsuicide.表示轉折：but/yetNETEMisboring,yetitisasocialladderwehavetoclimb.表示因果：for/soHepaidthesweat,sohegotthesweet.表示選擇：or/either...or/neither...norYoushouldbebrave,orshewouldmarrythat“Mr.Brave”.C：難點解析【范例】P-135…Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.…59. Theword“it”(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace【范例】P-135Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.(如果)這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥?！痉独縋-135Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.一般地說，當所要測定的特征能很精確地界定時，測試最為有效；而當所要測定或預測的東西不能明確地界定時，測試的效果則最差。（二）復合句：A：基本形式主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句定語從句狀語從句【范例】Whathesaidiswhatheisdoing.【范例】News,massage,conclusion,assertion,assumption,suggestion,implication,…Igotthenewsthatourteamhadwon.IgotthenewsthatIhadbeenlongingfor.【范例】ThefirstplacethatIwillshowyouaroundisBigWildGoosePogoda,onthetopfloorofwhichyoucanappreciatethebeautifulsceneryofthecity.Tothenorthofthetowerlocatesasquarefullofhistoricaltopicswhereyoucanindulgeinthousandsofpoems.【范例】P-136Forexample,withsmallclasses,teacherscanidentifyandremedyincipientproblemsamongstudentsatriskforlowachievement.Effortsrequiredtolifttheseweightsseemsconsiderable.Theneedtoloveandtobelovedseemsuniversal.Maybethisisonetraitthatseparateshumanbeingsfromotheranimals.Studentsbraveenoughtoattemptthecoursedeservetosucceed.【范例】P-137ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當時一些國家的政府得出結論：政府要向科研機構提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預見的?！痉独縋-137Whentheworkiswelldone，aclimateofaccident-freeoperationisestablishedwheretimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.B：難點解析【范例】P-136Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace–allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing–areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Whatdoes“which”referto?A.ways B.contributionC.productivity D.economy【并列句、復合句綜合訓練】【范例】1992-75Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.（三）比較結構：HYPERLINK【返回總目錄】Q3、是什么把句子變難了？抽象表達被動語態(tài)邏輯問題語序問題特殊成分抽象表達【范例】P136But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.1999text3【范例】2009-Text4Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.被動語態(tài)【范例】Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwithscientists’processes,andtheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.邏輯問題關于否定部分否定Idon’tknowanythingabouther.（一無所知）Idon’tknoweverythingabouther.（并不全知道）Noneoftheanswersareright.（都不正確）Alltheanswersarenotright.(并非都正確)Idon’tknowanyofthem.（全不認識）Idon’tknowallofthem.（并非都認識）Not+all,both,every,always,以及entirely,altogether,completely,quite和allthetimeNotallmencanbemasters.Idon'twantboththebooks.我不是兩本書都要。Both(the)windowsarenotopen.兩扇窗子并不都開著。Noteverybookiseducative.Everybookisnoteducative.不是每本書都有教育意義的。Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.這花并不是隨處可見的。Heisnotalwayssosad.他并不是一直都這樣悲傷。Thebusinessmanisnottobeentirelytrusted.不可以完全信任商人。Hefeltnotaltogethersatisfied.他并不完全滿意。Idon'tagreecompletely.我并不完全同意。Afoolishmandoesn'tmakeamistakeallthetime.笨人未必老是犯錯誤。Hedidnotspeakclearlyandcorrectly.他講得清楚但不正確。Thisfilmisnotinterestingandinstructive.Thisfilmisnotinterestingorinstructive.Thisfilmisnotinterestingbutinstructive.Thehouseisnotbigandcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbig,butcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbigorcomfortable.Not…any…,no,none,neither,noone,never,not(never)…atall等用于完全否定Nomencanbemasters.Iwantneitherofthebooks.Neitherofwindowsareopen.Thisflowerisseennowhere.Heisneversosadatall.Thebusinessmanisnevertobetrustedatall.Idon'tagreecompletelyatall.Hedidnotspeakclearlyorcorrectly.否定轉移：否定主語，但否定詞not在形式上往往否定謂語Everyonecannotenjoythepopmusic否定表語和賓語Theclothdoesn`tfellsoftIdon`tlikebothofthebooks.否定狀語HehasnotcometothedecisionquicklyIdidnotdoitformyself.Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhavetheaccesstomoreinformationthanchildrenofthepast.今天的孩子不會因為比過去的孩子更多的接觸了信息就會自然地變得更加成熟雙重否定Cannot…too/cannever…too/canhardly…too/cannot+over~~Youcannotbetoocautiouswhendriving.Thisideacannotbeoveremphasized。Not+否定意義的詞Makingamessisnotuncommonforayoungmanfromhome.Althoughheisyoungforawriter,heisnotunknown否定詞+形容詞或副詞的比較級=最高級NowherecanIexpecttofindabettergirlthanmywife.Nothingismorepreciousthanthehealth.Thereisnothingmorenaturalthanachild`sbeliefinhisparents.關于比較as…as…notso…as…notsomuch…as…notsomuchas…asmuch…as…Heisasoldasme.Peoplearenotsogenuineastheyusedtobe.Heisnotsomuchadoctorasateacher.Idon`tsomuchasknowhisname.XisasmuchBasA.Confidenceisasmuchasourceofdangerasofdanger.AisasmuchXasB.他大舅他二舅都是他舅，高桌子低板凳都是木頭。Apauperhasasmucharighttolearnasaking.Tomarrytwowomenisasmuchabadthingastobesingle.Thedrunkardisasmuchadangertosocietyasalunaticatlarge.Hetaerismisasmuchasocialinstitutionasanyother.It`sasmuchaquestionasanythingelse.Knowbetterthan…Bewiserthan….Iamwiserthantobelievewhathesaid.Childreniswiserthantobelievestoriesfromadults.易混比較總結Nomorethan=onlyNotmorethan=lessthan,atmostNolessthan=asmuchas,justas Notlessthan=morethan,atleastNomore…than=neither…nor… Notmore…than=less…thanNot…anymorethan…=nomore…than… Notless…=more…thanNoless…than=both…and【范例】Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.語序問題A．完全倒裝：Overthebridgemarchedthesoldiers.Oneverytopofhilllivesahermit.Thencametheordertodesertthecity.Nowisthehourwhentheysaygoodbye.【范例】P138-B1Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.B．部分倒裝否定副詞作狀語置于句首時，助動詞，情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前，謂語部分位置不變Hardlyhadhegotoutofthecourtwhenreportersraisedalotofquestonstohim.Only+狀語置于句首，部分倒裝Onlyafterhehadspokenouttheworddidherealizehahadmadeabigmistake.C.虛擬倒裝Weretheytoceaseadvertising,priceswouldbesignificantlyreduced.D．強調倒裝Soabsurdwashismannerthateveryonestaredathim.【范例】P139-E2Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguageformthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.【范例】P138-A4ImplicitwithinTyler’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,sharedandpatternedbehaviors.E．平衡倒裝【范例】P138-A1-4Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvulgarizeactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologies,whichenablethestorage,anddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreeterspeedtomorelocationsthanhe’severbeenpossiblebefore.Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.ImplicitwithinTyler’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,sharedandpatternedbehaviors.【范例】P138-C1IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems.【范例】P136-性質主語2Forafamilyoffour,forexample,itismoreconvenientaswellascheapertositcomfortablyathome,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,thantogooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere.特殊成分主格結構A．常見基本結構Herearethefirstvolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.Shecameintotheroom,earredwithcold.Heputonhissocks,wrongsideout.Hecameoutofthelibrary,largebookunderarm.B．帶with的獨立主格結構Withthehardworktobedone,wehavetoprepareforit.Withtheguideleadingus,wegottothevillage.Hestoodthere,withhishandraised.Withthedooropen,helefttheclassroom.Withtheglovesoff,sheleftcold.C．獨立主格的省略Generallyspeaking,Strictlyspeaking,Talkingof,Speakingof,Judgingfrom,Takingallthingsintoconsideration,Considering…Otherthingsbeingequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.Takingallthingsintoconsideration,wecandrawaconclusionthatthistheoryshouldbeputintopractice.HYPERLINK【返回總目錄】Q4、考研中長難句的難度？Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.譯文：這種性別比例能在最大程度上增加個體所能擁有的后代數量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復制的數量，所以這種性別比例得到認可。難句類型：倒裝、省略Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.難句類型：復雜修飾、省略、抽象詞譯文：哈代的缺陷緣于兩個方面，一方面，他顯然無法控制好那結不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動的穿梭往來；另一方面他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機活力和風險性強的創(chuàng)作沖動。AssheputitinTheCommonReader.“ItissafetosaythatnotasinglelawhasbeenframedoronestonesetuponanotherbecauseofanythingChaucersaidorwrote;andyet,aswereadhim,weareabsorbingmoralityateverypore.”譯文：正如她在《普通讀者》中所說，“我們完全可以說，喬叟所說或者所寫的東西并沒有給人們形成任何的定規(guī)，也沒有強加給人們什么樣的規(guī)則；然而，隨著不斷深入到他的作品中去，我們一點一點逐漸接受了其中全部的道德教誨。疑難單詞1.frame[freim]n.框,結構,骨架v.構成,設計,陷害2.absorb[?b's?:b]v.吸收,吸引...的注意,使全神貫注3.morality[m?'r?liti]n.道德,美德4.pore[p?:,p??]n.毛孔,小孔v.熟讀,熟視,細想AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’