第一講 英文摘要的作用和分類課件

LecturesonWritingMedicalPaperAbstractsinEnglish第一講英文摘要的作用和分類第一講英文摘要的作用和分類第一講英文摘要的作用和分類第一節(jié)英文摘要的作用讓讀者盡快了解論文的主要內(nèi)容，以補(bǔ)充論文題目信息的不足為科技情報(bào)文獻(xiàn)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建設(shè)和維護(hù)提供方便中文科技文章的英文摘要還可起到與外國(guó)同行進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)交流的作用第一講英文摘要的作用和分類第二節(jié)英文摘要的分類Abstract摘要原文獻(xiàn)的一個(gè)組成部分文摘獨(dú)立存在Abstract:

Informativeabstract報(bào)道性摘要或資料性摘要Indicativeabstract指示性摘要或通報(bào)性摘要

Informative-Indicativeabstract報(bào)道-指示性摘要指示性摘要：只通報(bào)論文主題，不介紹研究的材料、方法和結(jié)果。

報(bào)道性摘要：告訴讀者研究的總體情況，使他們了解研究的目的、材料、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論以及存在的問(wèn)題。第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

一、報(bào)道性摘要Informativeabstract

報(bào)道性摘要是指明一次文獻(xiàn)的主題范圍及內(nèi)容梗概的簡(jiǎn)明摘要，相當(dāng)于簡(jiǎn)介。字?jǐn)?shù):中文摘要一般不宜超過(guò)200-300字，外文摘要不宜超過(guò)250個(gè)實(shí)詞。

Non-structuredstructuredTypes:Full-structuredabstractSemi-structuredabstract第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Sample1Parenteral（不經(jīng)胃腸的，腸外的）

Nutrition-InducedGallbladderdisease:AReasonforEarlyCholecystectomy（膽囊切除術(shù)）報(bào)道性摘要：無(wú)論是非結(jié)構(gòu)式還是結(jié)構(gòu)式都應(yīng)包含以下四個(gè)基本要素：研究的目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論。1）非結(jié)構(gòu)式（Non-structured

）摘要：非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要傳統(tǒng)型摘要第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

Patientswhoreceivelong-termparenteralnutritionhaveanincreasedincidenceofbothcalculousandacalculouscholecystitis.InanattempttoestablishguidelinesforclinicalmanagementofpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,wehavereviewedtherecordsof35patientswhohaveundergonecholecytectomyforthisproblemsince1976attheUCLAMedicalCenter.Themeanageofthe23adultsand12childrenwhohadcholecystectomywas29.1years.Fortypercentofthesepatientsrequiredemergencycholecystecotmy.Theoveralloperativemorbiditywas54percent,andthehospitalmortalitywas11percent.Significantfactorscontributingtothishighrateofcomplicationsincludedadelayindiagnosis,especiallyintheyoungchildren,and全腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)(TPN)UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校第一講英文摘要的作用和分類increasedoperativedifficultyduetoextensiveadhesionsandintraoperativehemorrhage.Ouranalysissuggeststhatpatientsreceivinglong-termTPNshouldhaveaprogramofultrasoundsurveillanceforgallbladderformation,electivecholecystectomywhenstonesfirstappear,andconsiderationofcholecystectomyatthetimeoflaparotomyperformedforotherreasons.WhetherinducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailyTPN-stimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitsresultsoffuturestudies.剖腹術(shù)第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Patientswhoreceivelong-termparenteral（不經(jīng)胃腸的）nutritionhaveanincreasedincidenceofbothcalculousandacalculouscholecystitis.InanattempttoestablishguidelinesforclinicalmanagementofpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,wehavereviewedtherecordsof35patientswhohaveundergonecholecytectomyforthisproblemsince1976attheUCLAMedicalCenter.Themeanageofthe23adultsand12childrenwhohadcholecy-stectomywas29.1years.Fortypercentofthesepatientsrequiredemergencycholecystecotmy.Theoveralloperativemorbiditywas54percent,andthehospitalmortalitywas11percent.Significantfactorscontributingtothishighrateofcomplicationsincludedadelayindiagnosis,especiallyintheyoungchildren,and【研究背景】【目的】【對(duì)象和方法

】

【結(jié)果】

第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

increasedoperativedifficultyduetoextensiveadhesionsandintraoperativehemorrhage.Ouranalysissuggeststhatpatientsreceivinglong-termTPNshouldhaveaprogramofultrasoundsurveillanceforgallbladderformation,electivecholecystectomywhenstonesfirstappear,andconsiderationofcholecystectomyatthetimeoflaparotomyperformedforotherreasons.WhetherTPN-inducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailystimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitsresultsoffuturestudies.【結(jié)論】【前瞻性說(shuō)明】第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的主要缺點(diǎn)是：段落不明，不能一目了然地了解其研究目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論等。給編輯、審稿、閱讀及計(jì)算機(jī)處理帶來(lái)諸多不便。第一講英文摘要的作用和分類2）全結(jié)構(gòu)式（full-structured）摘要：

1974年4月，加拿大McMaster大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的DrRBrianHaynes首先提出建立臨床研究論文的結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。在DrEdwardJHuth創(chuàng)導(dǎo)下，美國(guó)《內(nèi)科學(xué)記事》（AnnalsofInternalMedicine）在國(guó)際上率先采用了全結(jié)構(gòu)式（full-structured）摘要。

Haynes所提出的全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要包含8個(gè)要素：

1.目的（Objective）：說(shuō)明論文要解決的問(wèn)題

2.設(shè)計(jì)（Design）：說(shuō)明研究的基本設(shè)計(jì)，包括研究性質(zhì)

3.地點(diǎn)（Setting）：說(shuō)明進(jìn)行研究的地點(diǎn)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)的等級(jí)

第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

4.對(duì)象（Patients,participantsorsubjects）：說(shuō)明參加并完成研究的病人或受試者的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量及挑選方法

5.處理（Interventions）：說(shuō)明確切的治療或處理方法

6.主要測(cè)定項(xiàng)目（Mainoutcomemeasures）：說(shuō)明為評(píng)定研究結(jié)果而進(jìn)行的主要測(cè)定項(xiàng)目

7.結(jié)果（Results）：說(shuō)明主要客觀結(jié)果

8.結(jié)論（Conclusion）：說(shuō)明主要結(jié)論，包括直接臨床應(yīng)用意義第一講英文摘要的作用和分類采用全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的著名醫(yī)學(xué)期刊：AnnalsofInternalMedicine《內(nèi)科學(xué)紀(jì)事》

TheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation《美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)雜志》

第一講英文摘要的作用和分類AppropriatenessCriteria（適宜性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）forCoronaryAngiography(血管造影術(shù))inAngina（心絞痛）:ReliabilityandValidityHarryHemingway,MBBChir;RuolingChen,MDCorneliaJunghans,PhD;AdamTimmis,MBBChir;SandraEldridge,PhD；NickBlack,MD;PaulShekelle,MD;andGeneFeder,MD

19August2008|Volume149Issue4|Pages221-231

（MedinaeDoctor）(PhilosophiaeDoctor)MedicinaeBaccalaureus,BaccalaureusChirurgiae(BachelorofMedicine,BachelorofSurgery)第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Background:

Evaluatedcriteriafortailoringthedecisiontoperformcoronaryangiographyinspecificclinicalscenariosarelacking.Objective:Todeterminethereliabilityandprognosticvalidityofpatient-specificappropriatenesscriteriaforcoronaryangiographyamongpatientswithsuspectedanginapectoris.Design:Prospectiveobservationalstudy.Twoindependentpanelsofcliniciansscored2400patient-specificindicationsforcoronaryangiographyasinappropriate,uncertain,orappropriate.Usingasimplecomputeralgorithm,patientswerematchedto1oftheseindications.Setting:6urbanambulatorycareclinicsintheUnitedKingdom.Patients:9356consecutivepatientswithrecent-onsetchestpaininwhomstableanginawassuspected.第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Measurements:Appropriatenessratingsandclinicaloutcomes(coronarydeathandacutecoronarysyndromeevents)overamedianof3yearsoffollow-up.Results:660coronarydeathsoracutecoronarysyndromeeventsoccurred.Agreementbetweenthe2panels(reliability)onappropriatenesscategorywasmoderate(weighted

=0.58;P

<0.001).Useofsubsequentangiographywasstronglyrelatedtoappropriatenesscategory(Pforlineartrend<0.001)accordingtoscoresfromeitherpanel.Amongpatientsjudgedasappropriatecandidatesforangiography,underusewascommon(57%accordingtopanelAand71.3%accordingtopanelB),andnotundergoingcoronaryangiographywasassociatedwithhighercoronaryeventratesthanwasundergoingtheprocedure.Thehazardratioafteradjustmentforage,sex,exerciseelectrocardiographyresult,andsecondarypreventionmedicationwassimilaraccordingtopanelA(2.78[95%CI,1.77to4.37])andpanelB(2.47[CI,1.72to3.55]).第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Limitation:Thestudywastoosmalltoassesstherelationshipofangiographywithcoronarydeathanddidnotassessthereasonswhypatientsdidnotreceiveangiography.Conclusion:Appropriatenessscoresofferprognosticallyvalidcriteriaforjudgingwhichspecificpatientsmightbenefitfromcoronaryangiography.Patient-specificappropriatenessscoreshelppinpointareaswherejudgmentsdivergeandareapromisingtoolformakingguidelinesmoreeffective.第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Sample2(TheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,JAMA)

Low-DosePhysiologicalGrowthHormoneinPatientsWithHIVandAbdominalFatAccumulationABSTRACTContext

Antiretroviraltherapycanbeassociatedwithvisceraladiposityandmetaboliccomplications,increasingcardiovascularrisk,andreducedgrowthhormone(GH)secretionmaybeacontributingfactor.Objective

Toinvestigatetheeffectsoflow-dosephysiologicalGHadministrationonbodycomposition,glucose,andcardiovascularparametersinpatientswithhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)havingabdominalfataccumulationandrelativeGHdeficiency.抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶病毒第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Design,Setting,andPatients

Arandomized,double-blind,placebo-controlledtrialof56patientswithHIV,abdominalfataccumulation,andreducedGHsecretion(peakGH<7.5ng/mL)conductedataUSacademicmedicalcenterbetweenNovember2003andOctober2007.

Intervention

PatientswererandomlyassignedtoreceiveeithersubcutaneousGHormatchingplacebotitratedtotheupperquartileofnormalinsulinlikegrowthfactor1(IGF-1)rangefor18months.Startingdosewas2μg/kg/dandincreasedtomaximumdoseof6μg/kg/d(averagedose,0.33mg/d).第一講英文摘要的作用和分類MainOutcomeMeasures

Changeinbodycompositionassessedbycomputedtomographicscananddual-energyx-rayabsorptiometry.Secondaryoutcomesincludedglucose,IGF-1,bloodpressure(BP),andlipids.TreatmenteffectwasthedifferenceinthechangebetweenGHandplacebogroups,usingallavailabledata.Results

Fifty-fivepatients(26withGHand29withplacebo)wereincludedinthesafetyanalysesand52patients(25withGHand27withplacebo)wereincludedintheefficacyanalyses.Visceraladiposetissuearea(treatmenteffect

）[last-value-carried-forwardanalysis{n

=

56},–19cm2;95%confidenceinterval{CI},–37to–0.3cm2],–19cm2;95%CI,–38to–0.5cm2;P

=

.049);trunkfat(–0.8kg;95%CI,–1.5to–0.04kg;P

=

.04);diastolicBP

(–7mmHg;95%CI,–11to–2mmHg;第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

P

=

.006);andtriglycerides(–7mg/dL,P

=

.002)improvedbut2-hourglucoselevelsonglucosetolerancetestingincreasedintheGHgroupvstheplacebogroup(treatmenteffect,22mg/dL;95%CI,6-37mg/dL;P

=

.009).TheIGF-1levelsincreased(treatmenteffect,129ng/mL;95%CI,95-164ng/mL;P

<

.001).AdverseeventswerenotincreasedforGHvsplacebo(23%;95%CI,9%-44%vs28%;95%CI,13%-47%;P

=

.70).Conclusions

InHIV-associatedabdominalfataccumulationandrelativeGHdeficiency,low-doseGHreceivedfor18monthsresultedinsignificantlyreducedvisceralfatandtruncalobesity,triglycerides,anddiastolicBP,but2-hourglucoselevelsonglucosetolerancetestingwereincreased.第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

與非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要相比，全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要觀點(diǎn)更明確（moreexplicitness），信息量更大（moreinformation），差錯(cuò)更少（fewererrors），同時(shí)也更符合計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建立和使用要求。但其缺點(diǎn)也是顯而易見(jiàn)的，即煩瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過(guò)長(zhǎng),而且不是所有研究都能按以上8個(gè)要素分類的。于是更多的雜志揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短，采用半結(jié)構(gòu)式（semi-structured）摘要（即：四要素摘要）。

第一講英文摘要的作用和分類TheSemi-StructuredAbstractIts4elements:objective/purpose/aimmethodsresultsconclusion第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Samples:

EffectsofOralAdministrationofTypeIICollagen白

onAdjuvantArthritisinRatsanditsMechanisms

口服II型膠原蛋白（CII）對(duì)大鼠佐劑性關(guān)節(jié)炎（AA）的治療作用及其機(jī)制

Objective:

Toinvestigatetheeffectsoforaladminis-trationoftypeIIcollagenonadjuvantarthritis(AA)inrateanditsmechanisms,andtocomparetheeffectsofCIIwiththoseoftheChinesetraditionalmedicineTripterygiumPolyglycosideadministeredsimilarly.

Methods:

ArthritiswasinducedinratsbyimmunizationusingFreund’scompleteadjuvant(FCA).AfterfeedingratseithersolubleCIIorTripterygiumPolyglycoside,changesinthedegreeofarticularswellingandarticularhistologicalfindingswereobservedinAArats.Somecorrelativeimmunologicalindexesweremeasured,includingdelayedtypehypersensitivity(DTH)reaction,anti-collagenand

第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

andanti-Mycobacteriumtuberculosis(MT)antibodyinserum,andlevelsofIFN-gammaandTNF-alphainarticularsteepinrats.

Results:

OraladministrationofCIIwasabletoalleviatebothdistinctlyarticularandgeneralsymptomsinAArats,suppresssynoviumhyperplasiaandinflammatorycellsinfiltrationinarthrosiscapsule.TheeffectsbroughtaboutbyCIIwerestrongerthanthosebyTripterygiumPolyglycoside.OraladministrationofCIIinhibitedanti-specificimmuneresponses,suchasDTHandanti-reactiontoCII.Inaddition,theexpressionofIFN-gammaandTNF-alphainjointswerelocallydownregulated.

Conclusion:

thetherapeuticeffectoforaladministrationofCIIisobviousonadjuvantarthritisinrats.ItsremedialmechanismsarelikelyrelatedtothedownregulationofbothIFN-gammaandTNF-alpha,andthesuppressionofcellimmunity.[ChinMedJ(Engl),2003,116(2):284-287]第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

Race/Ethnicity,Income,MajorRiskFactors,andCardiovascularDiseaseMortalityObjectives:

WeexploreddifferencesbetweenBlackandWhitemenforcardiovasculardisease(CVD)mortalityacrossmajorriskfactorlevels.Methods:

MajorCVDriskfactorsweremeasuredamong300647Whiteand20223Blackmenaged35to57yearswhowerescreenedfortheMultipleRiskFactorInterventionTrial(MRFIT).HazardratiosforCVDdeathsforBlackandWhitemenover25yearsoffollow-upwerecalculatedforsubgroupsstratifiedaccordingtoriskfactorlevels.Results:

CVDwasresponsiblefor2518deathsamongBlackmenand30772deathsamongWhitemen.Theage-adjustedBlack-to-WhiteCVDhazardratiowas1.35(95%confidenceinterval[CI]=1.29,1.40);therisk-andincome-adjustedratiowas1.05(95%CI=1.01,1.10).CVDmortalityratesweredramaticallylowerincasesoffavorableriskprofiles.However,fullyadjustedBlack-to-WhiteCVDhazardratioswithingroupsatlow,intermediate,high,andveryhighlevelsofoverallriskwere1.76,1.20,1.10,and0.94,respectively.Similargradientswereevidentforindividualriskfactors.Conclusions:

HigherCVDmortalityratesamongBlackmenwerelargelymediatedbyriskfactorsandincome.ThesedataunderscoretheneedforsustainedprimordialriskfactorpreventionamongBlackmen.第一講英文摘要的作用和分類四要素摘要（

thesemi-structuredabstract）中常用的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式：

1.Objective/Aim

直截了當(dāng)?shù)販?zhǔn)確說(shuō)明研究目的或所闡述的問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)常以不定式開(kāi)頭，即“To+動(dòng)詞原形”。

Toinvestigate…and…;Toassess…;Todeterminewhether…;Tostudy…;Toexamine…;Toevaluate…andcompare…;Toimprove…;

Toexplore…;Toclarify…;Toidentify…;Tolocalize..第一講英文摘要的作用和分類2.Methods

對(duì)研究的基本設(shè)計(jì)加以描述。包括診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、分組情況及隨訪時(shí)間；研究對(duì)象的數(shù)量及特征；觀察的主要變量及主要的研究方法；治療手段包括使用方法及作用時(shí)間等。若為臨床研究，需說(shuō)明是前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)比或回顧性分析。方法學(xué)研究要說(shuō)明新的或改進(jìn)的犯法、設(shè)備、材料，以及被研究的對(duì)象（動(dòng)物或人）。英語(yǔ)常需要用完整的被動(dòng)或主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)句子，動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。Arandomized,doubleblind,placebocontrolledtrial…Acasecontrolstudy…Aprospectiveclinicalstudywasperformed;;Weretrospectivelyanalyzed..;Westudied…前瞻性研究“

prospectivestudies”在學(xué)術(shù)文獻(xiàn)中指根據(jù)已知原因觀察其結(jié)果的研究稱為前瞻性研究.第一講英文摘要的作用和分類3.Results

為摘要的重點(diǎn)部分。提供研究所得的主要結(jié)果，列出重要數(shù)據(jù)。指出新方法與經(jīng)典方法比較而表現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并說(shuō)明其可信度及準(zhǔn)確性的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)程度。英語(yǔ)要用完整句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，研究所得數(shù)據(jù)如百分?jǐn)?shù)、血壓等數(shù)字采用臨床病例書(shū)寫(xiě)形式，不必用書(shū)面英語(yǔ)?！瓀as/were…;Wefound…;Therewas…第一講英文摘要的作用和分類4.Conclusion

把研究的主要結(jié)論性觀點(diǎn)，用一兩句話簡(jiǎn)明表達(dá)。結(jié)論應(yīng)該有直接依據(jù)，避免推測(cè)和過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)。英語(yǔ)用完整句子表達(dá)，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。最好直接寫(xiě)結(jié)論，也可用一些句型應(yīng)出結(jié)論。Thisstudyshowsthat…Thisstudyconfirmsthat…Thisstudysuggeststhat…Theseobservationssupport…Ourconclusionisthat…第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

由于要求不同或?yàn)榱斯?jié)省篇幅，有些期刊所要求的摘要與上述結(jié)構(gòu)有些出入，如NewEnglandJournalofMedicine采用背景Background)、方法(Methods)、結(jié)果（Results）、結(jié)論（Conclusions）

4個(gè)方面；TheLancet則采用背景(Background)、方法(Methods)、發(fā)現(xiàn)(Findings)、解釋(Interpretation)4個(gè)方面；而B(niǎo)iologyJournalsintheBMC-series的要求則更為簡(jiǎn)單，即：背景Background、結(jié)果Results、結(jié)論Conclusions三個(gè)方面。第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

FamilyPhysicians'UseofMedicalAbstractstoGuideDecisionMaking:StyleorSubstance?

AbstractBackground:

Manyphysiciansrelyontheabstractsofresearcharticlestoguidetheirclinicaldecisionmaking.Thisneedforexpediencyisonebasisformanyjournalstoreformattheirabstracts.

Methods:

Todeterminewhethertheformatofmedicalabstractsaffectsphysiciandecisionmaking,wesurveyedfamilyphysiciansinMichigan,Pennsylvania,andVirginia.AllparticipantsweremembersoftheAmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicians.Thesurveyincludedthreecasescenarios(cornealabrasion,fibromyalgia,andhyperlipidemia)followedbystructuredandopen-endedassessmentsofusualmanagement.Afterassessingtheirusualmanagementineachscenario,therespondentswereprovidedwithanabstractofavalidresearchpaper.Theformatofabstracts(unstructured,IMRAD[introduction,methods,results,anddiscussion],structured,and家庭醫(yī)師依賴醫(yī)學(xué)論文摘要指導(dǎo)自己的臨床決策：文體還是實(shí)質(zhì)？第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

POEM[patient-orientedevidencethatmatters])wererandomlyassigned.Afterreadingtheabstract,weassessedchangesinmanagementofthecasescenario.

Results:

Twohundredeighty-ninefamilyphysiciansrespondedtothesurvey.Atbaseline,187(65%)ofphysicianspatchedcornealabrasions.Afterreadingtheabstract,142(76%)wouldnolongeruseeyepatches.Twohundredforty-five(83%)ofphysiciansdidnotusethecombinationoffluoxetineandamitriptylineformanagingfibromyalgia.Afterreadingtheabstract,179(73%)wouldusecombinationtherapy.Twohundredthirty-four(84%)ofphysiciansused"statins"whenmanaginghyperlipidemia.Afterreadingtheabstract,211(90%)wouldcontinueusingstatins.Theformatofabstracthadnosignificanteffectonphysicians'decisionmaking.

Conclusions:

Whereastheformatofabstractinthisstudyhadnoeffectonphysiciandecisionmaking,havingvalidinformationavailableinthecontextofaclinicalscenarioappearedtoinfluencedecisions.第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

STAT1GenefromOliveFlounder,ParalichthysOlivaceus

Background

Signaltransducerandactivatoroftranscription1(STAT1)isacriticalcomponentofinterferon(IFN)-alpha/betaandIFN-gammasignaling.AlthoughsevenisoformsofSTATproteinshavebeenreportedfrommammals,limitedinformationisavailablefortheSTATgenesinfish.WeisolatedcomplementaryDNAwithhighhomologytomammalianSTAT1fromtheoliveflounder,Paralichthysolivaceus.

Results

ADNAfragmentcontainingtheconservedSH2domainwasamplifiedbyRT-PCRusingdegenerateprimersdesignedbasedonthehighlyconservedsequencesintheSH2domainsofthezebrafishandmammalianSTAT1.ThecompletecDNAsequencewasobtainedby5aand3aRACE.TheflounderSTAT1transcriptconsistedof2,909bpthatencodedapolypeptideof749aminoacids.TheoverallhomologybetweenflounderSTAT1andotherSTATswasveryhigh,withthe第一講英文摘要的作用和分類highestaminoacidsequenceidentitytosnakehead(89%).PhylogeneticanalysesrevealthatflounderSTAT1isinthesamemonophyleticgroupwithsnakeheadSTAT1.RT-PCRandinsituhybridizationrevealedthatSTAT1wasexpressedinalmostallexaminedorgansandtissues,withhighexpressioninthespleen,kidney,intestineandgill.TheaccumulationofSTAT1mRNAindifferentdevelopmentalstages,asdeterminedbyRT-PCR,increasedwithdevelopment.

Conclusion

RecentcloningofvariouscytokinegenesandtheSTAT1geneofoliveflounderheresuggestthatfishalsousethehighlyspecializedJAK-STATpathwayforcytokinesignaling.IdentificationofotherSTATgeneswillelucidateindetailthesignaltransductionsysteminthisfish.第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

與傳統(tǒng)摘要比較，結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要具有固定格式，其撰寫(xiě)格式與科學(xué)研究設(shè)計(jì)思維方法相一致，有助于作者理清思路，準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)，甚至可以促使作者在實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始時(shí)就明確各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，使各部分更趨嚴(yán)密、合理。也便于國(guó)際交流及轉(zhuǎn)載傳播等。第一講英文摘要的作用和分類二、指示性摘要指示性摘要是指明一次文獻(xiàn)的論題及取得的成果的性質(zhì)和水平的摘要，其目的是使讀者對(duì)該研究的主要內(nèi)容有一個(gè)輪廓的了解。其篇幅比報(bào)道性文摘短，一般在150個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞以內(nèi)。

第一講英文摘要的作用和分類

PharmacologicalActionsofUncariaAlkaloids鉤藤總堿

,Rhynchophylline鉤藤堿[

andIsorhynchophylline異鉤藤堿

ThepharmacologicalactionsofUncariaalkaloids,rhynchophyllineandisorhynchophyllineextractedfromUncariarhynchophyllaMiqJackswerereviewed.Thealkaloidsmainlyactedoncardiovascularsystemandcentralnervoussystemincludingthehypotension,brachycardia,antiarrhythmia,andprotectionofcerebralischemiaandsedation.Theactivemechanismswererelatedtoblockingofcalciumchannel,openingofpotassiumchannel,andregulatingofnervetransmittertransportandmetabolism,etc.[ActaPharmacolSin《中國(guó)藥理學(xué)報(bào)》,2003Feb,24(2):97-101]鉤藤總堿、鉤藤堿和異鉤藤堿的藥理作用第一講英文摘要的作用和分類三、報(bào)道-指示性摘要由于摘要篇幅的限制以及文獻(xiàn)風(fēng)格、類型和內(nèi)容方面的原因，常需要把摘要的主要方面寫(xiě)成報(bào)道性而將其次要的方面寫(xiě)成指示性。這樣就要把文摘寫(xiě)成既有報(bào)道性又有指示性，成為報(bào)道-指示摘要。第一講英文摘要的作用和分類Sample6KnowledgeofCardiovascularDiseaseinUniversityStudentsAbstractEvery32secondsanAmericandiefromCardiovascularDisease(CVD).ButmanyindividualsdonotknowtheriskfactorsforCVD.FivehundredstudentschosenatrandomcompletedaquestionnaireaboutCVDknowledge.Lessthan16%ofthemknewthetopthreecausesofdeath.OftheCVDriskfactors,diabetesandraceweretheleastknown,whilehighbloodcholesterol,highbloodpressure,obesity,inactivityandsmokingwerethemostoftenknownfactors.FamilyhistoryalongwithhighbloodpressureElevatedcholesterolandobesityweregivenasthemostcommonriskfactorsforCVD.OnthepersonalCVDriskfactorsquestions,mendidnotknowtheirfamily