2023屆高考英語(yǔ)傳統(tǒng)文化32個(gè)考點(diǎn)素材講義

高考英語(yǔ)傳統(tǒng)文化32個(gè)考點(diǎn)素材第一部分：中國(guó)節(jié)日SpringFestivaltheLanternFestivalTomb-SweepingDayDragonBoatFestivalMid-AutumnFestivalQiqiaoFestival

（theChineseValentine’sDay）第二部分:中國(guó)文化元素長(zhǎng)城（TheGreatWall）餃子（Dumplings）筷子（ChineseChopsticks）中國(guó)功夫（Chinesekungfu）漢字（Chinesecharacters）書(shū)法（calligraphy）秧歌舞（Yangko）針灸（Acupuncture）中國(guó)龍（ChineseDragon）中國(guó)印章（ChineseSeal）京?。–hineseBeijingOpera）中國(guó)成語(yǔ)（ChineseIdioms）絲綢（Silk）中國(guó)園林

ChineseClassicalGarden文房四寶（TheFourTreasuresoftheStudy）中國(guó)印章（ChineseSeal）天干地支（ChineseEra）中國(guó)畫(huà)（TheChinesepaitings）中西醫(yī)(ChineseMedicine)書(shū)法藝術(shù)（TheArtofCalligraphy

）放風(fēng)箏（Kite-flying）第三部分:中華習(xí)俗一．餐桌禮儀TableManners（1）二．餐桌禮儀TableManners（2）三.中國(guó)人崇尚的顏色China’sFavoriteColors四．喝茶TheTea-Drinking（1）五.喝茶TheTea-Drinking（2）六．?dāng)?shù)字的秘密TheSecretofNumbers

七．美食的色相TheColorofFood第一部分：中國(guó)節(jié)日一．春節(jié)SpringFestival

⑴Itfallsonthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonth.陰歷的正月初一是春節(jié)。⑵Peoplefollowmanynationalandlocalcustoms.人們延續(xù)很多傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗。⑶Wepastespringpoemswithluckwordsonthedoor.我們?cè)陂T(mén)上貼春聯(lián)。couplets對(duì)聯(lián)⑷Weeatdeliciousfoodwithsymbolicvalues，forexample,chickenforgoodluck.我們吃有象征意義的美味食品，比如雞肉。⑸Weexchangegreetingswithfriendsandrelatives.我們相互拜年問(wèn)候。⑹Peoplemaygivechildrenluckymoneyinredpaper.人們給小孩壓歲錢。二．元宵節(jié)theLanternFestival

⑴Itcomesonthe15th

ofthefirstlunarmonth.元宵節(jié)在農(nóng)歷的正月十五。⑵ItmarkstheendoftheSpringFestival.它標(biāo)志著春節(jié)的結(jié)束。⑶Onthatday,peopleeatsweetdumplingsforgoodluck.那一天，人們吃湯圓，以求吉祥如意。⑷Specialactivitiesincludethedisplayoflanternsandriddlesolving.有些特色的活動(dòng)，比如觀燈、猜燈謎。.三．清明

Tomb-SweepingDay⑴ItisalsocalledTomb-SweepingDay.ItcomesonApril4th

or5th

.清明節(jié)也叫“掃墓節(jié)”，實(shí)在4月4日或5日。⑵InChineseQingmingmeans“clearandbright”.在漢語(yǔ)中

“清明”是“clearandbright”的意思。⑶Itisadayforthelivingtoshowloveandrespecttodeadfrends,

relativesandancestors.那一天寄托了對(duì)死去的親朋好友和祖先的感情和尊敬。⑷Peoplewillsweepthetombs,lightincense,putmeats,vegetables,wineinfrontofthetomb.人們?cè)谀骨皰吣埂Ⅻc(diǎn)香燭、放上酒肉等。⑸Besides,peopleburnpapermoneyforthedeadtouseinafterlife.除此之外，人們燒紙錢，供他們?cè)谒篮笫褂谩Ｋ模宋绻?jié)DragonBoatFestival

⑴Itisonthefifthofthefifthlunarmonth.端午節(jié)在農(nóng)歷五月初五。⑵Ithonoursthefamousancientpoet,QuYuan.端午節(jié)是為了紀(jì)念古代詩(shī)人——屈原。⑶Peoplegathertowatchthecolorful“DragonBoatRaces”(龍舟比賽).人們聚在一起看龍舟比賽。⑷Peopleeatricedumpingsonthatday.人們?cè)谀且惶斐贼兆?。The

Dragon

Boat

Festival

is

one

of

three

major

Chinese

holidays,

along

with

the

Spring

and

Moon

Festivals.

Of

the

three,

it

is

possibly

the

oldest,

dating

back

to

the

Warring

States

Period

in

227

B.C.

The

festival

commemorates

Qu

Yuan,

a

minister

in

the

service

of

the

Chu

Emperor.

Despairing

over

corruption

at

court,

Qu

threw

himself

into

a

river.

Townspeople

jumped

into

their

boats

and

tried

in

vain

to

save

him.

Then,

hoping

to

distract

hungry

fish

from

his

body,

the

people

scattered

rice

on

the

water.端午節(jié)與春節(jié)和中秋節(jié)并列為中國(guó)三大節(jié)日。這三個(gè)節(jié)日中，它可能是最古老的一個(gè)，可以追溯到公元前227年的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代。這個(gè)節(jié)日是為了紀(jì)念楚國(guó)的大夫屈原，他因?yàn)閷?duì)朝廷的貪污腐敗感到絕望而投河自盡。鎮(zhèn)上的人紛紛沖上船去救他，卻沒(méi)有成功。后來(lái)大把米撒到水里，希望把饑餓的魚(yú)群從他的軀體邊引開(kāi)。Over

the

years,

the

story

of

Qu’s

demise

transformed

into

the

traditions

of

racing

dragon

boats

and

eating

zongzi

-akindofricewrappedinbambooleaves.多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐漸演變成賽龍舟和吃粽子(一種包在竹葉中的米食)的傳統(tǒng)。四．中秋節(jié)Mid-AutumnFestival⑴Itisonthe15th

oftheeighthlunarmonth.中秋節(jié)在農(nóng)歷的八月十五。⑵Peoplegazeat（觀賞）the“LadyintheMoon”(嫦娥),eatmooncakesforfamilyreunionandhappiness.人們?cè)谀且惶旒胰藞F(tuán)圓，一起賞月、吃月餅。中秋節(jié)起源⑴Folkloreabouttheoriginofthefestivalgolikethis:Inremoteantiquity,thereweretensunsrisinginthesky,whichscorchedallcropsanddrovepeopleintodirepoverty.AheronamedHouYiwasmuchworriedaboutthis,heascendedtothetopoftheKunlunMountainand,directinghissuperhumanstrengthtofullextent,drewhisextraordinarybowandshotdowntheninesuperfluoussunsoneafteranother.Healsoorderedthelastsuntoriseandsetaccordingtotime.Forthisreason,hewaspespectedandlovedbythepeopleandlotsofpeopleofidealsandintegritycametohimtolearnmartialartsfromhim.ApersonnamedPengMenglurkedinthem.相傳，遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)候天上有10個(gè)太陽(yáng)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，曬得莊稼枯死，民不聊生，一個(gè)名叫后羿的英雄，力大無(wú)窮，他同情受苦的百姓，登上昆侖山頂，運(yùn)足神力，拉開(kāi)神弓，一氣射下9個(gè)太陽(yáng)，并嚴(yán)令最后一個(gè)太陽(yáng)按時(shí)起落，為民造福。后羿因此受到了百姓的尊敬和愛(ài)戴，不少志士慕名前來(lái)投師學(xué)藝，心術(shù)不正的蓬蒙也混了進(jìn)來(lái)。⑵HouYihadabeautifullandkindheartedwifenamedChangE.onedayinhiswaytotheKunlunMountaintocallonfriends,heranupontheEmpressofHeavenWangmuwhowaspassingby.EmpressWangmupresentedtohimaparcelofelixir,bytakingwhich,itwassaid,onewouldascendimmediatelytoheavenandbecomeacelestialbeing.HouYi,however,hatedtopartwithhiswife.SohegavetheelixirtoChangEtotreasurerorthetimebeing.ChangEhidparcelinatreasureboxatherdressingtablewhen,unexpectedly,itwasseenbyPengMeng.后羿有一個(gè)美麗的妻子叫

“嫦娥”，一天后羿到昆侖山訪友求道，巧遇由此經(jīng)過(guò)的王母娘娘，便向王母娘娘求得一包一死藥。所說(shuō)，服下此藥，即刻升天成仙。然而，后羿舍不得撇下妻子，只好暫時(shí)把不死藥交給嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥將藥藏進(jìn)梳妝臺(tái)的百寶匣里，不料被小人蓬蒙看見(jiàn)了。⑶OnedaywhenHouYiledhisdisciplestogohunting,PengMeng,swordinhand,rushedintotheinnerchamberandforcedChangEtohandovertheelixir,AwarethatshewasunabletldefeatPengMeng,ChangEmabeapromptdecisionatthatcriticalmoment.Sheturnedroundtoopenhertreasurebox,tookuptheelixirandswalloweditinonegulp.Assoonassheswallowedtheelixirherbodyfloatedofftheground,dashedoutofthewindowandflewtowardsheaven.PengMengescaped.一天，后羿眾徒外出狩獵，蓬蒙手持寶劍闖入內(nèi)宅后院，威逼嫦娥交出不死藥。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的對(duì)手，危急之時(shí)她當(dāng)機(jī)立斷，轉(zhuǎn)身打開(kāi)百寶匣，拿出不死藥一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下藥，身子立刻飄離地面、沖出窗口，向天上飛去。蓬蒙便借機(jī)逃走了。⑷WhenHouYireturnedhomeatdark,heknewfromthemaidservantswhathadhappenedOvercomewithgrief,HouYilookedupintothenightskyandcalledoutthenameorhisbelovedwifewhen,tohissurprise,hefoundthatthemoonwasespeciallyclearandbightandnoittherewasaswayingshadowthatwasexactlylikehiswife.Hetreidhisbesttochaseafterthemoon.Butasheran,themoonretreated;ashewithdrew,themooncameback.Hecouldnotgettothemoonatall.傍晚，率眾徒回到家，侍女們哭訴了白天發(fā)生的事。后羿氣得捶胸頓足，悲痛欲絕，仰望著夜空呼喚愛(ài)妻的名字，這時(shí)他驚奇發(fā)現(xiàn)，今天的月亮格外皎潔明亮，而且有個(gè)晃動(dòng)的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去，可是他追三步，月亮退三步。他退三步，月亮進(jìn)三步，無(wú)論怎樣也追不到跟前。⑸Thinkingofhiswifedaynight,HouYithenhadanincensetablearrangedinthebackgardenthatChangEloved.PutingonthetablesweetmeatsandfreshfruitsChangEenjoyedmost,HouYiheldatadistanceamemorialceremonyforChangEwhowassentimentallyattachedtohiminthepalaceofthemoon.WhenpeopleheardofthestorythatChangEhadturnedintoacelestialbeing,theyarrangedtheincensetableinthemoonlightoneafteranotherandprayedkindheartedChangEforgoodforturneandpeace.Fromthenonthecustomofworshipingthemoonspreadamongthepeople.后羿無(wú)可奈何，又思念妻子，只好派人到嫦娥喜愛(ài)的后花園里，擺上香案，放上她平時(shí)最愛(ài)吃的蜜食鮮果，遙祭在月宮里眷戀著自己的嫦娥。百姓們聞知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后，紛紛在月下擺設(shè)香案，向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。⑹Peopleindifferentplacesfollowvariouscustoms,butallshowtheirloveandlongingforabetterlife.中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗很多，形式也各不相同，但都寄托著人們對(duì)生活無(wú)限的熱愛(ài)和對(duì)美好生活的向往。五．七夕節(jié)QiqiaoFestival

（theChineseValentine’sDay）⑴ThegranddaughteroftheGoddessofHeavenvisitedtheearth.HernamewasZhinu,theweavinggirl.王母娘娘的外孫女下凡來(lái)到人間。她的名字叫織女。⑵WhileshewasonearthshemetherherdboyNiulangandtheyfellinlove.Theygotmarriedsecretly,andtheywereveryhappy.在人間，她見(jiàn)到了牛郎，并且相愛(ài)。秘密結(jié)婚后，他們快樂(lè)的生活在一起。⑶WhentheGoddessofHeavenknewthathergranddaughterwasmarriedtoahuman,shebecameveryangryandmadetheweavinggirlreturntoheaven.Niulangtriedtofollowher,buttheriverofstars,theMilkWay,stoppedhim.當(dāng)王母娘娘知道她的孫女嫁給了一個(gè)凡人，非常生氣。她讓織女返回天庭，牛郎緊跟不舍，但是卻被銀河擋住了。⑷FindingthatZhinuwasheart-broken,hergrandmotherfinallydecidedtoletthecouplecrosstheMilkWaytomeetonceayear.看到織女傷心欲絕，王母娘娘最后決定讓這對(duì)夫妻每年跨過(guò)銀河相會(huì)一次。⑸Magpiesmakeabridgeoftheirwingstothecouplecancrosstherivertomeetontheseventhdayoftheseventhlunarmonth.農(nóng)歷的七月初七，這對(duì)夫妻在鵲橋上相會(huì)。⑹PeopleinChinahopethattheweatherwillbefineonthatday,becauseifitisraining,itmeansthatZhinuisweepingandthecouplewon’tbeabletomeet.人們希望那天的天氣好，因?yàn)槿绻掠?，意味著織女在流淚，他們沒(méi)能相會(huì)。第二部分

中國(guó)文化元素一.

長(zhǎng)城（TheGreatWall）TheGreatWallisoneofthewondersoftheworldthatcreatedbyhumanbeings!IfyoucometoChinawithoutclimbingtheGreatWall,it'sjustlikegoingPariswithoutvisitingtheEiffelTower;orgoingtoEgyptwithoutvisitingthePyramids!Menoftensay,"HewhodoestnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman."Infact,itbeganasindependentwallsfordifferentstateswhenitwasfirstbuilt,anddidnotbecomethe"GreatWall"untiltheQinDynasty.However,thewallweseetoday,startingfromShanhaiguanPassintheeasttoJiayunguanPassinthewest,wasmostlybuiltduringtheMingDynasty.長(zhǎng)城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，就想到了巴黎沒(méi)有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒(méi)有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說(shuō)：“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢?！睂?shí)際上，長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國(guó)后才將其連城長(zhǎng)城。然而，今天我們看到的長(zhǎng)城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。二.

餃子（Dumplings）DumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople’sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaint---ZhangZhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There’sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings”.DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)食品。

相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括：

1）

搟皮、2）

備餡、3）

包餡水煮三個(gè)步驟。其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親待客、逢年過(guò)節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。

三.

筷子（ChineseChopsticks）TheChinesewayofeatingwithchopsticksisuniqueintheworld.Therecordedhistoryofchopsticksstartedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.ChopstickswerenamedzhuinancientChinese.Theylookdeceptivelysimpletouse,butpossessmulti-variousfunctions,suchasclamping,turningover,liftingup,raking,stirring,scooping,poking,tearing,andsoon.ChopsticksweretakenasanauspiciousmascotbyordinarypeopleinancientChina.Forexample,thepartialtoneofchopsticksisoftenusedbypeopleasametaphoratweddingstoindicateablessingorbenedictionforthecoupletohaveababysoon.Unlikeusingaknifeandforkorone’sownhands,apairofchopsticksalsoimpliesthemeaningof“Harmonyiswhatmatters”.ChopsticksarehighlypraisedbyWesternersasahallmarkofancientorientalcivilization.

中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年?？曜庸艜r(shí)稱為箸，它看似簡(jiǎn)單，但卻同時(shí)具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的

方式不同，成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊(yùn)。西方人贊譽(yù)筷子是古老的東方文明。四.

中國(guó)功夫（Chinesekungfu）Chinesekungfu,orChinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.Itisa

traditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenceincombatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekingfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony”and“cultivatingqi”(otherwiseknownasnourishingone’sspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmulti-varioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainstheancientgreatthinkers’ponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsinwieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbare-handedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandwillboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,two-edgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongsandsoon.中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目，承載著豐富的中國(guó)民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō)，同時(shí)兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵?jì)、內(nèi)外兼修，蘊(yùn)含著先哲們對(duì)生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等?！就卣埂竣臗hineseKungFuismagnificentandprofoundbutit’sunfortunatethatalotofithasnotbeenpasseddown.⑵Taijiquancanmakeyoufeelatpeace.Inadditiontoemphasizingmatchingthemovementswithyourbreathing,itisgoodforyourhealthtoo.⑶Theprimaryreasonforpracticingkungfuisforhealthreasons.Defenseisofsecondaryimportanceandhurtingothersisabolutelyunacceptable.⑴中國(guó)功夫博大精深，可惜有很多已經(jīng)失傳了。⑵太極拳可以使人心境平和，加上它注重呼吸配合動(dòng)作，對(duì)身體也有好處。⑶練武的主要目的在于鍛煉身體，其次是防身，至于用來(lái)傷人是萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可以的。ThereismuchmoretoKungFuthanJackieChanorBruceLee.KungFuisanartform,andalso,verygoodforyou.功夫并不只是指成龍或李小龍，它是一種藝術(shù)形式，而且對(duì)你很有好處。ManystylesofKungFuarebasedontheideasofnature.Ancientboxingmastersoftendevelopedtheirfightingtechniquesbyobservingtheworldaroundthem.Animals,birds,andinsectsprovidedthebasisformanysystemsofKungFudevelopedinthepast.很多功夫招式來(lái)源于對(duì)自然界的想象。古代拳術(shù)大師常常通過(guò)觀察他們周圍的世界改進(jìn)拳術(shù)技法。動(dòng)物、鳥(niǎo)類和昆蟲(chóng)為過(guò)去很多功夫的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展提供了基礎(chǔ)。ManyofthehardformsofKungFucamefromaBuddhistMonasterycalled“Shaolin”.AnIndianpriestnamedTamocametolivetherenearly1500yearsagou.Accordingtolegend,Tamoarrivedatthemonasterywherehefoundthemonksinpoorphysicalcondition.Becausetheycouldn’tstayawakeduringmeditation,Tamointroducedaseriesof18exercisedesignedtofeedbothbodyandmind.Thesemovementsaresaidtohavemergedwithself-defensetacticsstudiedintheShaolinTemple.很多硬功夫都出自叫“少林”的佛教寺廟。大約1500年前，有個(gè)叫達(dá)摩的印度僧人來(lái)到這里。傳說(shuō)他來(lái)到寺廟，發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的和尚身體狀況很不好。因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谧U時(shí)候不能保持清醒，達(dá)摩就傳授給他們一套十八手拳法，目的是鍛煉他們的身心。據(jù)說(shuō)這些動(dòng)作融合了他在少林寺研究的防身術(shù)。IsuggestasoftformofKungFu,calledTaiQi.ItcomesfromTaoismandit’sverygoodforyourhealth.Throughitstraining,youcangetinnerpeaceandasenseofphysicalandemotionalwellbeing.It’softencalledChineseYoga:theartandscienceofmeditationthroughmovement.我建議你學(xué)習(xí)一種溫和的功夫，叫太極拳。它源于道教，對(duì)你的健康非常有好處。通過(guò)這種訓(xùn)練，你能達(dá)到內(nèi)心的平和，以及身體和情緒上的安寧舒適。它經(jīng)常被人們稱作中國(guó)瑜伽：通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)達(dá)到沉思冥想的一種藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。五.

漢字（Chinesecharacters）Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsonbonesandtortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare“---“(thehorizontalstroke)“│”(theverticalstroke),“／”(theleft-fallingstroke),“＼”(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙”(theturningstroke).

漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫(huà)，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨(dú)特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國(guó)古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書(shū)、楷書(shū)、草書(shū)、行書(shū)等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方“，

源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫(huà)，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。六.

秧歌舞（Yangko）YangkoisoneoftraditionfolkdanceofHaninChina.Itisusuallyperformedinnorthernprovinces.Thedancersusuallywearcolorfulandlightcostumes,andtheperformanceispowerfulandrapid.DuringsomefestivalssuchasSpringFestival,LanteinFestival,ifpeoplehearthesoundofdrumandgong,nomatterhowcoldtheweatheris,theywillcometostreetandappreciatetheYangko.Recentyears,theoldpeopleincityofeast-northernofChinaorganizedtheteamofYangkobythemselves,theteamerskeeptheirhealthbydancingYangkothewholeyear.秧歌舞是中國(guó)漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動(dòng)作有力迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽(tīng)到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來(lái)，中國(guó)東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì)，隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌舞來(lái)保持健康，同事他們也樂(lè)在其中。七.

針灸（Acupuncture）AcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels”theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupunctureistodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebody’syinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy”.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepatient’sbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatient’sacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtraditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.”針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來(lái)達(dá)到陰陽(yáng)歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ?，以達(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中國(guó)的“新四大國(guó)粹”。八.

中國(guó)龍（ChineseDragon）DragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000years.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orloong)afetishthatcombinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwithcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.

對(duì)龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚(yú)、蛇、馬、牛等動(dòng)物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。

中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。在中國(guó)人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開(kāi)拓變化的寓意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神。

九.

中國(guó)印章（ChineseSeal）Asealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynastieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptandsoon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybecomingoneofChina’suniqueartworks.

印章就是圖章。中國(guó)歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時(shí)稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色

鈐蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書(shū)畫(huà)題識(shí)，逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。

十.

京?。–hineseBeijingOpera）Praisedas“OrientalOpera”,BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts---song,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).京劇被譽(yù)為“東方歌劇”，

是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀(jì)末，京劇形成并成為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過(guò)程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫(huà)人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當(dāng)。

【拓展】BeijingOpera京?、臖eijingOperaofChinaisanationaltreasurewithahistoryof200years.⑵Facialmasksareanimportantwaytoportrayacharacter.⑶Eachrole,accordingtotheirsex,ageanddisposition,ischaracterizedbydifferentdesignsoffacialmake-up(facialmask).⑷InPekingOpera,femalrolesare“Dan”.Malerolesare“Sheng”.Andclownsare”Chou”.⑸Present-daydesignersarealsoborrowingfromtheBeijingOperafortheirwork.⑴京劇是中國(guó)的國(guó)粹，迄今已經(jīng)有200多年的歷史。⑵臉譜是塑造人物形象的重要手段。⑶每個(gè)角色都會(huì)按照他們的性格、年齡、個(gè)性，在臉上畫(huà)不同的臉譜。⑷在京劇中，女性的角色被稱作“旦”，男性的角色被稱作“生”，小丑被稱作“丑”。⑸當(dāng)代服裝設(shè)計(jì)師也從京劇服裝中吸取靈感。十一.

中國(guó)成語(yǔ)（ChineseIdioms）Chineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successcomeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextratedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.

中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)?！俺烧Z(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語(yǔ)是比詞大而語(yǔ)法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語(yǔ)言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要從民間諺語(yǔ)、古代文學(xué)作品、詩(shī)歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

十二.

絲綢（Silk）Chinaisthehomeofsilk.Mulberryplanting,sericulture,silkreelingandthickeningareallgreatinventionsoftheancientChinese.AsearlyastheShangandZhouDynasties(1600BC-256BC),theChinesepeople’ssilk-weavingtechniqueshadreachedanextremelyhighlevel.DuringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-25AD),ZhangQian,anoutstandingdiplomat,travelledaroundcentralAsiaandconnectedChinawiththePersianGulfandtheMediterranean,openingupaneweraofSino-foreigntrade,exchangeandcommunication.Fromthenon,China’ssilkbecamewellknownforitsextraordinaryquality,exquisitedesignandcolor,andabundantcultureconnotations.Hitherto,ChinesesilkhasbeenacceptedasasymbolofChinesecultureandtheemissaryoforientalcivilization.

中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國(guó)古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時(shí)期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已發(fā)展到相當(dāng)高的水平。西漢時(shí)張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)，開(kāi)辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國(guó)的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國(guó)文化的象征。東方文明的使者。十三.中國(guó)園林

ChineseClassicalGardenTheChineseclassicalgardenisaprecioustreasureofourancientChinesearchitecture.Itisakindofenvironmentart,whichsystematicallycombinesartificialmountainsandrivers,plantsandbuildingswiththenaturallandscape.TheconstructionstandardofaChineseclassicalgardenis“artificialasitis,thegardenmustlookingeniousandnatural.”WhenyougosightseeinginaChineseclassicalgarden,youshouldbeabletoappreciateitsartisticconceptwhich“makesuseofthenaturallandscapetocreatetherealfunofmountainsandriversforviewers.”O(jiān)ftheworld’sthreemajorgardensystems,theChineseclassicalgardenishailedasoneoftheoriginsoftheworld’sgardenduetoitslonghistoryandabundantconnotations.

中國(guó)園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機(jī)結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開(kāi)”。游賞中國(guó)古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國(guó)園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽(yù)為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

十四.文房四寶（TheFourTreasuresoftheStudy）Thewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstone,andpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy.”ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC---206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD---1279AD),the“FourTreasureoftheStudy”particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhejiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuan

paper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhaoqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,theFourTreasuresoftheStudy”havewrittinthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.筆墨紙硯是中國(guó)古代文人書(shū)房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書(shū)寫(xiě)繪畫(huà)在中國(guó)可追溯到五千年前。秦時(shí)已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡(jiǎn)牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺(tái)則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展。

“文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯。可以說(shuō)文房四寶書(shū)寫(xiě)了整個(gè)中華文明。十六.

天干地支（ChineseEra）TheChineseeraisthesymbolthattheChinesecalendarusesforrecordingandnamingyears.ThetenHeavenlyStemsare:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,gui.ThetwelveEarthlyBranchesare:zi.chou,yin,mou,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Afterobservingthelunarmonth,theancientsfoundthatthemoonalwayswazesandwanesroughly12timesayear,andtwolunarmonthsaccountforabout60days,sotheorderofthetenHeavenlyStemsandtheorderofthetwelveEarthlyBranchesareproperlymatchedinturn.Intermsofrecordingdate,60yearsisconsideredtobeafulltimecycle.TheChineseerachronologywasfirstinventedinancienttimesandisstillinusenow.

天干地支是中國(guó)歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測(cè)朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，而兩個(gè)朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個(gè)輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。十七．中國(guó)畫(huà)（TheChinesepaitings）⑴It’sinterestingthatChinesepaintingscanbecreatedonthespot.真有意思：中國(guó)畫(huà)是可以現(xiàn)場(chǎng)表演的。⑵TheChinesedopaintingswithbrushes,dippingtheirbrushesininkorpaintandthenskillfullywieldingthem.中國(guó)人繪畫(huà)采用毛筆蘸墨汁或顏色，靈巧的揮灑在紙上。⑶Paintersproduceonthepaperpictureswithlinesanddots——someheavy,andsomelight,andsomedeep,andsomepale.畫(huà)家用深、淺、濃、淡的點(diǎn)和線構(gòu)成一幅圖畫(huà)。十八.中西醫(yī)(ChineseMedicine)⑴UsuallyaChinesemedicinepractitionerapproachestheillnessfromabroaderperspective,emphasizingitsentiretyanddialecticalimplications.中醫(yī)通常從宏觀角度認(rèn)識(shí)問(wèn)題，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體性和辯證施治。⑵AWesterndoctordealsdirectlywithsymptoms.Forinstance,ifsomeonehasasorethroat,aWesterndoctorwilltreatitasathroatproblem,whileaChinesedoctormaylinkittothedisorderofthepatient’sstomach.西醫(yī)則從微觀入手。比如一個(gè)人咽喉痛，西醫(yī)診斷為咽炎，中醫(yī)則有可能判斷為脾胃失衡的癥狀。⑶AChinesedoctorexamineshispatientbyusingmethodlikeobserving,smelling,askingandfeeling.HisWesterncounterpartreliesonsymtomsorevidencelikebodytemperatureandlabtests.中醫(yī)通過(guò)望聞問(wèn)切來(lái)診?。晃麽t(yī)注重癥狀，重證據(jù)。⑷Forpeoplewithterminaldiseases,Chinesemedicinemaybetheirlastresort.Chinesemedicinecannotonlyalleviatepain,butalsoofferstheoptionofadifferenttreatment.對(duì)于那些身患絕癥的人來(lái)說(shuō)，中醫(yī)也許是他們最后的希望，它可以緩解病痛，為患者提供另一種治療方案。十九．書(shū)法藝術(shù)（TheArtofCalligraphy

）⑴Over2000yearsago,EmperorQinShihuang,thefirstEmperorinChinesehistory,establishedtheofficialChinesewritingcharacters.兩千多年前，中國(guó)的第一個(gè)皇帝秦始皇統(tǒng)一了中國(guó)的文字。⑵Calligraphyalsohaditspracticalvaluesbecauseitwasagoodwaytomakefriendsandwasmorepresentableasagiftratherthanjewelryormoney.書(shū)法還有著實(shí)際的效用，比如結(jié)交朋友。比起珠寶或金錢，送人一幅書(shū)法作品就來(lái)得高雅、體面。⑶Manypeoplepracticecalligraphyasawaytoraisetheircultureaccomplishment.Olderpeopleusecalligraphywritingasamethodtokeepfit.很多人研習(xí)書(shū)法