2023屆高考英語傳統(tǒng)文化32個考點素材講義

高考英語傳統(tǒng)文化32個考點素材第一部分：中國節(jié)日SpringFestivaltheLanternFestivalTomb-SweepingDayDragonBoatFestivalMid-AutumnFestivalQiqiaoFestival

（theChineseValentine’sDay）第二部分:中國文化元素長城（TheGreatWall）餃子（Dumplings）筷子（ChineseChopsticks）中國功夫（Chinesekungfu）漢字（Chinesecharacters）書法（calligraphy）秧歌舞（Yangko）針灸（Acupuncture）中國龍（ChineseDragon）中國印章（ChineseSeal）京劇（ChineseBeijingOpera）中國成語（ChineseIdioms）絲綢（Silk）中國園林

ChineseClassicalGarden文房四寶（TheFourTreasuresoftheStudy）中國印章（ChineseSeal）天干地支（ChineseEra）中國畫（TheChinesepaitings）中西醫(yī)(ChineseMedicine)書法藝術（TheArtofCalligraphy

）放風箏（Kite-flying）第三部分:中華習俗一．餐桌禮儀TableManners（1）二．餐桌禮儀TableManners（2）三.中國人崇尚的顏色China’sFavoriteColors四．喝茶TheTea-Drinking（1）五.喝茶TheTea-Drinking（2）六．數字的秘密TheSecretofNumbers

七．美食的色相TheColorofFood第一部分：中國節(jié)日一．春節(jié)SpringFestival

⑴Itfallsonthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonth.陰歷的正月初一是春節(jié)。⑵Peoplefollowmanynationalandlocalcustoms.人們延續(xù)很多傳統(tǒng)習俗。⑶Wepastespringpoemswithluckwordsonthedoor.我們在門上貼春聯(lián)。couplets對聯(lián)⑷Weeatdeliciousfoodwithsymbolicvalues，forexample,chickenforgoodluck.我們吃有象征意義的美味食品，比如雞肉。⑸Weexchangegreetingswithfriendsandrelatives.我們相互拜年問候。⑹Peoplemaygivechildrenluckymoneyinredpaper.人們給小孩壓歲錢。二．元宵節(jié)theLanternFestival

⑴Itcomesonthe15th

ofthefirstlunarmonth.元宵節(jié)在農歷的正月十五。⑵ItmarkstheendoftheSpringFestival.它標志著春節(jié)的結束。⑶Onthatday,peopleeatsweetdumplingsforgoodluck.那一天，人們吃湯圓，以求吉祥如意。⑷Specialactivitiesincludethedisplayoflanternsandriddlesolving.有些特色的活動，比如觀燈、猜燈謎。.三．清明

Tomb-SweepingDay⑴ItisalsocalledTomb-SweepingDay.ItcomesonApril4th

or5th

.清明節(jié)也叫“掃墓節(jié)”，實在4月4日或5日。⑵InChineseQingmingmeans“clearandbright”.在漢語中

“清明”是“clearandbright”的意思。⑶Itisadayforthelivingtoshowloveandrespecttodeadfrends,

relativesandancestors.那一天寄托了對死去的親朋好友和祖先的感情和尊敬。⑷Peoplewillsweepthetombs,lightincense,putmeats,vegetables,wineinfrontofthetomb.人們在墓前掃墓、點香燭、放上酒肉等。⑸Besides,peopleburnpapermoneyforthedeadtouseinafterlife.除此之外，人們燒紙錢，供他們在死后使用。四．端午節(jié)DragonBoatFestival

⑴Itisonthefifthofthefifthlunarmonth.端午節(jié)在農歷五月初五。⑵Ithonoursthefamousancientpoet,QuYuan.端午節(jié)是為了紀念古代詩人——屈原。⑶Peoplegathertowatchthecolorful“DragonBoatRaces”(龍舟比賽).人們聚在一起看龍舟比賽。⑷Peopleeatricedumpingsonthatday.人們在那一天吃粽子。The

Dragon

Boat

Festival

is

one

of

three

major

Chinese

holidays,

along

with

the

Spring

and

Moon

Festivals.

Of

the

three,

it

is

possibly

the

oldest,

dating

back

to

the

Warring

States

Period

in

227

B.C.

The

festival

commemorates

Qu

Yuan,

a

minister

in

the

service

of

the

Chu

Emperor.

Despairing

over

corruption

at

court,

Qu

threw

himself

into

a

river.

Townspeople

jumped

into

their

boats

and

tried

in

vain

to

save

him.

Then,

hoping

to

distract

hungry

fish

from

his

body,

the

people

scattered

rice

on

the

water.端午節(jié)與春節(jié)和中秋節(jié)并列為中國三大節(jié)日。這三個節(jié)日中，它可能是最古老的一個，可以追溯到公元前227年的戰(zhàn)國時代。這個節(jié)日是為了紀念楚國的大夫屈原，他因為對朝廷的貪污腐敗感到絕望而投河自盡。鎮(zhèn)上的人紛紛沖上船去救他，卻沒有成功。后來大把米撒到水里，希望把饑餓的魚群從他的軀體邊引開。Over

the

years,

the

story

of

Qu’s

demise

transformed

into

the

traditions

of

racing

dragon

boats

and

eating

zongzi

-akindofricewrappedinbambooleaves.多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐漸演變成賽龍舟和吃粽子(一種包在竹葉中的米食)的傳統(tǒng)。四．中秋節(jié)Mid-AutumnFestival⑴Itisonthe15th

oftheeighthlunarmonth.中秋節(jié)在農歷的八月十五。⑵Peoplegazeat（觀賞）the“LadyintheMoon”(嫦娥),eatmooncakesforfamilyreunionandhappiness.人們在那一天家人團圓，一起賞月、吃月餅。中秋節(jié)起源⑴Folkloreabouttheoriginofthefestivalgolikethis:Inremoteantiquity,thereweretensunsrisinginthesky,whichscorchedallcropsanddrovepeopleintodirepoverty.AheronamedHouYiwasmuchworriedaboutthis,heascendedtothetopoftheKunlunMountainand,directinghissuperhumanstrengthtofullextent,drewhisextraordinarybowandshotdowntheninesuperfluoussunsoneafteranother.Healsoorderedthelastsuntoriseandsetaccordingtotime.Forthisreason,hewaspespectedandlovedbythepeopleandlotsofpeopleofidealsandintegritycametohimtolearnmartialartsfromhim.ApersonnamedPengMenglurkedinthem.相傳，遠古時候天上有10個太陽同時出現，曬得莊稼枯死，民不聊生，一個名叫后羿的英雄，力大無窮，他同情受苦的百姓，登上昆侖山頂，運足神力，拉開神弓，一氣射下9個太陽，并嚴令最后一個太陽按時起落，為民造福。后羿因此受到了百姓的尊敬和愛戴，不少志士慕名前來投師學藝，心術不正的蓬蒙也混了進來。⑵HouYihadabeautifullandkindheartedwifenamedChangE.onedayinhiswaytotheKunlunMountaintocallonfriends,heranupontheEmpressofHeavenWangmuwhowaspassingby.EmpressWangmupresentedtohimaparcelofelixir,bytakingwhich,itwassaid,onewouldascendimmediatelytoheavenandbecomeacelestialbeing.HouYi,however,hatedtopartwithhiswife.SohegavetheelixirtoChangEtotreasurerorthetimebeing.ChangEhidparcelinatreasureboxatherdressingtablewhen,unexpectedly,itwasseenbyPengMeng.后羿有一個美麗的妻子叫

“嫦娥”，一天后羿到昆侖山訪友求道，巧遇由此經過的王母娘娘，便向王母娘娘求得一包一死藥。所說，服下此藥，即刻升天成仙。然而，后羿舍不得撇下妻子，只好暫時把不死藥交給嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥將藥藏進梳妝臺的百寶匣里，不料被小人蓬蒙看見了。⑶OnedaywhenHouYiledhisdisciplestogohunting,PengMeng,swordinhand,rushedintotheinnerchamberandforcedChangEtohandovertheelixir,AwarethatshewasunabletldefeatPengMeng,ChangEmabeapromptdecisionatthatcriticalmoment.Sheturnedroundtoopenhertreasurebox,tookuptheelixirandswalloweditinonegulp.Assoonassheswallowedtheelixirherbodyfloatedofftheground,dashedoutofthewindowandflewtowardsheaven.PengMengescaped.一天，后羿眾徒外出狩獵，蓬蒙手持寶劍闖入內宅后院，威逼嫦娥交出不死藥。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的對手，危急之時她當機立斷，轉身打開百寶匣，拿出不死藥一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下藥，身子立刻飄離地面、沖出窗口，向天上飛去。蓬蒙便借機逃走了。⑷WhenHouYireturnedhomeatdark,heknewfromthemaidservantswhathadhappenedOvercomewithgrief,HouYilookedupintothenightskyandcalledoutthenameorhisbelovedwifewhen,tohissurprise,hefoundthatthemoonwasespeciallyclearandbightandnoittherewasaswayingshadowthatwasexactlylikehiswife.Hetreidhisbesttochaseafterthemoon.Butasheran,themoonretreated;ashewithdrew,themooncameback.Hecouldnotgettothemoonatall.傍晚，率眾徒回到家，侍女們哭訴了白天發(fā)生的事。后羿氣得捶胸頓足，悲痛欲絕，仰望著夜空呼喚愛妻的名字，這時他驚奇發(fā)現，今天的月亮格外皎潔明亮，而且有個晃動的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去，可是他追三步，月亮退三步。他退三步，月亮進三步，無論怎樣也追不到跟前。⑸Thinkingofhiswifedaynight,HouYithenhadanincensetablearrangedinthebackgardenthatChangEloved.PutingonthetablesweetmeatsandfreshfruitsChangEenjoyedmost,HouYiheldatadistanceamemorialceremonyforChangEwhowassentimentallyattachedtohiminthepalaceofthemoon.WhenpeopleheardofthestorythatChangEhadturnedintoacelestialbeing,theyarrangedtheincensetableinthemoonlightoneafteranotherandprayedkindheartedChangEforgoodforturneandpeace.Fromthenonthecustomofworshipingthemoonspreadamongthepeople.后羿無可奈何，又思念妻子，只好派人到嫦娥喜愛的后花園里，擺上香案，放上她平時最愛吃的蜜食鮮果，遙祭在月宮里眷戀著自己的嫦娥。百姓們聞知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后，紛紛在月下擺設香案，向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。⑹Peopleindifferentplacesfollowvariouscustoms,butallshowtheirloveandlongingforabetterlife.中秋節(jié)的習俗很多，形式也各不相同，但都寄托著人們對生活無限的熱愛和對美好生活的向往。五．七夕節(jié)QiqiaoFestival

（theChineseValentine’sDay）⑴ThegranddaughteroftheGoddessofHeavenvisitedtheearth.HernamewasZhinu,theweavinggirl.王母娘娘的外孫女下凡來到人間。她的名字叫織女。⑵WhileshewasonearthshemetherherdboyNiulangandtheyfellinlove.Theygotmarriedsecretly,andtheywereveryhappy.在人間，她見到了牛郎，并且相愛。秘密結婚后，他們快樂的生活在一起。⑶WhentheGoddessofHeavenknewthathergranddaughterwasmarriedtoahuman,shebecameveryangryandmadetheweavinggirlreturntoheaven.Niulangtriedtofollowher,buttheriverofstars,theMilkWay,stoppedhim.當王母娘娘知道她的孫女嫁給了一個凡人，非常生氣。她讓織女返回天庭，牛郎緊跟不舍，但是卻被銀河擋住了。⑷FindingthatZhinuwasheart-broken,hergrandmotherfinallydecidedtoletthecouplecrosstheMilkWaytomeetonceayear.看到織女傷心欲絕，王母娘娘最后決定讓這對夫妻每年跨過銀河相會一次。⑸Magpiesmakeabridgeoftheirwingstothecouplecancrosstherivertomeetontheseventhdayoftheseventhlunarmonth.農歷的七月初七，這對夫妻在鵲橋上相會。⑹PeopleinChinahopethattheweatherwillbefineonthatday,becauseifitisraining,itmeansthatZhinuisweepingandthecouplewon’tbeabletomeet.人們希望那天的天氣好，因為如果下雨，意味著織女在流淚，他們沒能相會。第二部分

中國文化元素一.

長城（TheGreatWall）TheGreatWallisoneofthewondersoftheworldthatcreatedbyhumanbeings!IfyoucometoChinawithoutclimbingtheGreatWall,it'sjustlikegoingPariswithoutvisitingtheEiffelTower;orgoingtoEgyptwithoutvisitingthePyramids!Menoftensay,"HewhodoestnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman."Infact,itbeganasindependentwallsfordifferentstateswhenitwasfirstbuilt,anddidnotbecomethe"GreatWall"untiltheQinDynasty.However,thewallweseetoday,startingfromShanhaiguanPassintheeasttoJiayunguanPassinthewest,wasmostlybuiltduringtheMingDynasty.長城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就想到了巴黎沒有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢?！睂嶋H上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國后才將其連城長城。然而，今天我們看到的長城——東起山海關，西至嘉峪關——大部分都是在明代修建的。二.

餃子（Dumplings）DumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople’sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaint---ZhangZhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There’sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings”.DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.餃子是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統(tǒng)食品。

相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括：

1）

搟皮、2）

備餡、3）

包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。中國人接親待客、逢年過節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習俗，寓意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來說，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內容。

三.

筷子（ChineseChopsticks）TheChinesewayofeatingwithchopsticksisuniqueintheworld.Therecordedhistoryofchopsticksstartedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.ChopstickswerenamedzhuinancientChinese.Theylookdeceptivelysimpletouse,butpossessmulti-variousfunctions,suchasclamping,turningover,liftingup,raking,stirring,scooping,poking,tearing,andsoon.ChopsticksweretakenasanauspiciousmascotbyordinarypeopleinancientChina.Forexample,thepartialtoneofchopsticksisoftenusedbypeopleasametaphoratweddingstoindicateablessingorbenedictionforthecoupletohaveababysoon.Unlikeusingaknifeandforkorone’sownhands,apairofchopsticksalsoimpliesthemeaningof“Harmonyiswhatmatters”.ChopsticksarehighlypraisedbyWesternersasahallmarkofancientorientalcivilization.

中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子古時稱為箸，它看似簡單，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的

方式不同，成雙結對的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊。西方人贊譽筷子是古老的東方文明。四.

中國功夫（Chinesekungfu）Chinesekungfu,orChinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.Itisa

traditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenceincombatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekingfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony”and“cultivatingqi”(otherwiseknownasnourishingone’sspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmulti-varioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainstheancientgreatthinkers’ponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsinwieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbare-handedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandwillboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,two-edgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongsandsoon.中國功夫即中國武術，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統(tǒng)體育項目，承載著豐富的中國民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國武術源遠流長、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛柔并濟、內外兼修，蘊含著先哲們對生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。【拓展】⑴ChineseKungFuismagnificentandprofoundbutit’sunfortunatethatalotofithasnotbeenpasseddown.⑵Taijiquancanmakeyoufeelatpeace.Inadditiontoemphasizingmatchingthemovementswithyourbreathing,itisgoodforyourhealthtoo.⑶Theprimaryreasonforpracticingkungfuisforhealthreasons.Defenseisofsecondaryimportanceandhurtingothersisabolutelyunacceptable.⑴中國功夫博大精深，可惜有很多已經失傳了。⑵太極拳可以使人心境平和，加上它注重呼吸配合動作，對身體也有好處。⑶練武的主要目的在于鍛煉身體，其次是防身，至于用來傷人是萬萬不可以的。ThereismuchmoretoKungFuthanJackieChanorBruceLee.KungFuisanartform,andalso,verygoodforyou.功夫并不只是指成龍或李小龍，它是一種藝術形式，而且對你很有好處。ManystylesofKungFuarebasedontheideasofnature.Ancientboxingmastersoftendevelopedtheirfightingtechniquesbyobservingtheworldaroundthem.Animals,birds,andinsectsprovidedthebasisformanysystemsofKungFudevelopedinthepast.很多功夫招式來源于對自然界的想象。古代拳術大師常常通過觀察他們周圍的世界改進拳術技法。動物、鳥類和昆蟲為過去很多功夫的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展提供了基礎。ManyofthehardformsofKungFucamefromaBuddhistMonasterycalled“Shaolin”.AnIndianpriestnamedTamocametolivetherenearly1500yearsagou.Accordingtolegend,Tamoarrivedatthemonasterywherehefoundthemonksinpoorphysicalcondition.Becausetheycouldn’tstayawakeduringmeditation,Tamointroducedaseriesof18exercisedesignedtofeedbothbodyandmind.Thesemovementsaresaidtohavemergedwithself-defensetacticsstudiedintheShaolinTemple.很多硬功夫都出自叫“少林”的佛教寺廟。大約1500年前，有個叫達摩的印度僧人來到這里。傳說他來到寺廟，發(fā)現那里的和尚身體狀況很不好。因為他們在坐禪時候不能保持清醒，達摩就傳授給他們一套十八手拳法，目的是鍛煉他們的身心。據說這些動作融合了他在少林寺研究的防身術。IsuggestasoftformofKungFu,calledTaiQi.ItcomesfromTaoismandit’sverygoodforyourhealth.Throughitstraining,youcangetinnerpeaceandasenseofphysicalandemotionalwellbeing.It’softencalledChineseYoga:theartandscienceofmeditationthroughmovement.我建議你學習一種溫和的功夫，叫太極拳。它源于道教，對你的健康非常有好處。通過這種訓練，你能達到內心的平和，以及身體和情緒上的安寧舒適。它經常被人們稱作中國瑜伽：通過運動達到沉思冥想的一種藝術和科學。五.

漢字（Chinesecharacters）Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsonbonesandtortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare“---“(thehorizontalstroke)“│”(theverticalstroke),“／”(theleft-fallingstroke),“＼”(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙”(theturningstroke).

漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經過不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨特文字?，F存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認為是現代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結構“外圓內方“，

源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。六.

秧歌舞（Yangko）YangkoisoneoftraditionfolkdanceofHaninChina.Itisusuallyperformedinnorthernprovinces.Thedancersusuallywearcolorfulandlightcostumes,andtheperformanceispowerfulandrapid.DuringsomefestivalssuchasSpringFestival,LanteinFestival,ifpeoplehearthesoundofdrumandgong,nomatterhowcoldtheweatheris,theywillcometostreetandappreciatetheYangko.Recentyears,theoldpeopleincityofeast-northernofChinaorganizedtheteamofYangkobythemselves,theteamerskeeptheirhealthbydancingYangkothewholeyear.秧歌舞是中國漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動作有力迅速。在農歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康，同事他們也樂在其中。七.

針灸（Acupuncture）AcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels”theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupunctureistodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebody’syinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy”.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepatient’sbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatient’sacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtraditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.”針灸是中醫(yī)學的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經絡理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經絡、調和氣血，來達到陰陽歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調和之目的。其特點是“內病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫熱刺激燒灼病人的穴位，以達到刺激經絡。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨特的優(yōu)勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽為中國的“新四大國粹”。八.

中國龍（ChineseDragon）DragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000years.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orloong)afetishthatcombinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwithcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.

對龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。

中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團結凝聚的精神。

九.

中國印章（ChineseSeal）Asealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynastieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptandsoon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybecomingoneofChina’suniqueartworks.

印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國時代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色

鈐蓋，除日常應用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有的藝術形式之一。

十.

京?。–hineseBeijingOpera）Praisedas“OrientalOpera”,BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts---song,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).京劇被譽為“東方歌劇”，

是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀末，京劇形成并成為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當。

【拓展】BeijingOpera京劇⑴BeijingOperaofChinaisanationaltreasurewithahistoryof200years.⑵Facialmasksareanimportantwaytoportrayacharacter.⑶Eachrole,accordingtotheirsex,ageanddisposition,ischaracterizedbydifferentdesignsoffacialmake-up(facialmask).⑷InPekingOpera,femalrolesare“Dan”.Malerolesare“Sheng”.Andclownsare”Chou”.⑸Present-daydesignersarealsoborrowingfromtheBeijingOperafortheirwork.⑴京劇是中國的國粹，迄今已經有200多年的歷史。⑵臉譜是塑造人物形象的重要手段。⑶每個角色都會按照他們的性格、年齡、個性，在臉上畫不同的臉譜。⑷在京劇中，女性的角色被稱作“旦”，男性的角色被稱作“生”，小丑被稱作“丑”。⑸當代服裝設計師也從京劇服裝中吸取靈感。十一.

中國成語（ChineseIdioms）Chineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successcomeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextratedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.

中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語。“成語”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當于詞的語言單位。絕大多數的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發(fā)。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

十二.

絲綢（Silk）Chinaisthehomeofsilk.Mulberryplanting,sericulture,silkreelingandthickeningareallgreatinventionsoftheancientChinese.AsearlyastheShangandZhouDynasties(1600BC-256BC),theChinesepeople’ssilk-weavingtechniqueshadreachedanextremelyhighlevel.DuringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-25AD),ZhangQian,anoutstandingdiplomat,travelledaroundcentralAsiaandconnectedChinawiththePersianGulfandtheMediterranean,openingupaneweraofSino-foreigntrade,exchangeandcommunication.Fromthenon,China’ssilkbecamewellknownforitsextraordinaryquality,exquisitedesignandcolor,andabundantcultureconnotations.Hitherto,ChinesesilkhasbeenacceptedasasymbolofChinesecultureandtheemissaryoforientalcivilization.

中國是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時期絲綢的生產技術就已發(fā)展到相當高的水平。西漢時張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來，開辟了中外交流貿易的新紀元。從此中國的絲綢以其卓越的品質、精美的花色和豐富的文化內涵聞名于世，成為中國文化的象征。東方文明的使者。十三.中國園林

ChineseClassicalGardenTheChineseclassicalgardenisaprecioustreasureofourancientChinesearchitecture.Itisakindofenvironmentart,whichsystematicallycombinesartificialmountainsandrivers,plantsandbuildingswiththenaturallandscape.TheconstructionstandardofaChineseclassicalgardenis“artificialasitis,thegardenmustlookingeniousandnatural.”WhenyougosightseeinginaChineseclassicalgarden,youshouldbeabletoappreciateitsartisticconceptwhich“makesuseofthenaturallandscapetocreatetherealfunofmountainsandriversforviewers.”O(jiān)ftheworld’sthreemajorgardensystems,theChineseclassicalgardenishailedasoneoftheoriginsoftheworld’sgardenduetoitslonghistoryandabundantconnotations.

中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結合的環(huán)境藝術，是我國古代建筑藝術的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開”。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國園林歷史悠久、內涵豐富，被譽為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

十四.文房四寶（TheFourTreasuresoftheStudy）Thewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstone,andpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy.”ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC---206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD---1279AD),the“FourTreasureoftheStudy”particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhejiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuan

paper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhaoqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,theFourTreasuresoftheStudy”havewrittinthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房當中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追溯到五千年前。秦時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展。

“文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。十六.

天干地支（ChineseEra）TheChineseeraisthesymbolthattheChinesecalendarusesforrecordingandnamingyears.ThetenHeavenlyStemsare:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,gui.ThetwelveEarthlyBranchesare:zi.chou,yin,mou,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Afterobservingthelunarmonth,theancientsfoundthatthemoonalwayswazesandwanesroughly12timesayear,andtwolunarmonthsaccountforabout60days,sotheorderofthetenHeavenlyStemsandtheorderofthetwelveEarthlyBranchesareproperlymatchedinturn.Intermsofrecordingdate,60yearsisconsideredtobeafulltimecycle.TheChineseerachronologywasfirstinventedinancienttimesandisstillinusenow.

天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測朔望月，發(fā)現月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數，而兩個朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個輪回。干支紀年法從古沿用至今。十七．中國畫（TheChinesepaitings）⑴It’sinterestingthatChinesepaintingscanbecreatedonthespot.真有意思：中國畫是可以現場表演的。⑵TheChinesedopaintingswithbrushes,dippingtheirbrushesininkorpaintandthenskillfullywieldingthem.中國人繪畫采用毛筆蘸墨汁或顏色，靈巧的揮灑在紙上。⑶Paintersproduceonthepaperpictureswithlinesanddots——someheavy,andsomelight,andsomedeep,andsomepale.畫家用深、淺、濃、淡的點和線構成一幅圖畫。十八.中西醫(yī)(ChineseMedicine)⑴UsuallyaChinesemedicinepractitionerapproachestheillnessfromabroaderperspective,emphasizingitsentiretyanddialecticalimplications.中醫(yī)通常從宏觀角度認識問題，強調整體性和辯證施治。⑵AWesterndoctordealsdirectlywithsymptoms.Forinstance,ifsomeonehasasorethroat,aWesterndoctorwilltreatitasathroatproblem,whileaChinesedoctormaylinkittothedisorderofthepatient’sstomach.西醫(yī)則從微觀入手。比如一個人咽喉痛，西醫(yī)診斷為咽炎，中醫(yī)則有可能判斷為脾胃失衡的癥狀。⑶AChinesedoctorexamineshispatientbyusingmethodlikeobserving,smelling,askingandfeeling.HisWesterncounterpartreliesonsymtomsorevidencelikebodytemperatureandlabtests.中醫(yī)通過望聞問切來診??；西醫(yī)注重癥狀，重證據。⑷Forpeoplewithterminaldiseases,Chinesemedicinemaybetheirlastresort.Chinesemedicinecannotonlyalleviatepain,butalsoofferstheoptionofadifferenttreatment.對于那些身患絕癥的人來說，中醫(yī)也許是他們最后的希望，它可以緩解病痛，為患者提供另一種治療方案。十九．書法藝術（TheArtofCalligraphy

）⑴Over2000yearsago,EmperorQinShihuang,thefirstEmperorinChinesehistory,establishedtheofficialChinesewritingcharacters.兩千多年前，中國的第一個皇帝秦始皇統(tǒng)一了中國的文字。⑵Calligraphyalsohaditspracticalvaluesbecauseitwasagoodwaytomakefriendsandwasmorepresentableasagiftratherthanjewelryormoney.書法還有著實際的效用，比如結交朋友。比起珠寶或金錢，送人一幅書法作品就來得高雅、體面。⑶Manypeoplepracticecalligraphyasawaytoraisetheircultureaccomplishment.Olderpeopleusecalligraphywritingasamethodtokeepfit.很多人研習書法