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學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)一---句式句型陳述句,_表示結(jié)果的三種結(jié)構(gòu)_。making,killing,injuring型。makes/killed/injured型。whichmakes/killed型。倒裝句完全倒裝:將整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)移至主語(yǔ)前面(介詞短語(yǔ),時(shí)間副詞,地點(diǎn)副詞等等置于句首)。1,Therebe句型及其變體eg:Therecomesthebus。2,某些副詞在句首且句子主語(yǔ)是名詞地點(diǎn)副詞,there,here等等。eg:Herearemyrepliestoyourquestions。Herecomesthebus。Theregoesthebell。時(shí)間副詞,then,now等等eg:Thencametotimetopart。Nowcomesyourturn.。方位副詞,in,out,up,down,away,off,back等等。eg:IncomesMr.smith.Outwentthechildren.Awayranthefrightenedtiger.Downflewtheeagletoseizethechicken..3,介詞短語(yǔ)放在句首(充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))eg:Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.4,作表語(yǔ)的adj,過(guò)去分詞,現(xiàn)在分詞在句首eg:Happyishewhohasasoundmindinasoundbody.(快了屬于這樣的人,有健康的體魄和強(qiáng)有力的頭腦。)Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungpeople.部分倒裝:將助動(dòng)詞,系動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面。only、onlywhen、onlyif等等。eg:OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizeit.Onlybyworkinghardcanmemakeit.(makeit“做成功”的意思)否定,半否定詞位于句首。3,____,so/nither/nor。4,so/such……that型。eg:Suchacleverboyishethat……5,虛擬語(yǔ)句的變形IfsbshouldV=ShouldsbVIfsbweretoV=weresbtoV6,幾個(gè)特別句型Ifitwerenotfor=WereitnotforIfithadnotbeenfor=HadnotbeenforNot……nutill,+倒裝句adj+a+n(名詞)+倒裝eg:Howcleveraboyheis。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句adj/adv/n+as/though+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)型(盡管……)注意:句首名詞不帶冠詞。Eg:Scientistasheis,heremainsmodest.Nomatterhow/However+adv/adj+S+V型Eg:Howeverdifficultcomputescienceis,Iwilltrymybest.祈使句(下劃線(xiàn)為??贾R(shí)點(diǎn))1,V(原型)開(kāi)頭,willyou?2,祈使句……,or/andyouwill……3,祈使句的回答肯定回答:Yes,Iwill.否定回答:No,Iwillnot.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句基本結(jié)構(gòu):Itis+___+that型強(qiáng)調(diào)句疑問(wèn)句:Isit+___+that型What/why/where+beitthat……型Itisnotuntil……that……型注意:強(qiáng)調(diào)句的完整性(從句必有引導(dǎo)詞,狀語(yǔ)要有介詞連接)。以下是幾個(gè)例子:Eg:ItisinthisclassroomthatwehadtheMid-autumnparty.Itisbecausehisfatherwasindangerthathewasveryworried.Whatisitthatmakesyousounhappy.ItwasnotuntilImadesomanymistakesthatIrealizehewasright.★特別提醒一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換句式IdidnotrealizehewasrightuntilImadesomanymistakes.→NotuntilImadesomanymistakesdidIrealizehewasright.→ItwasnotuntilImadesomanymistakesthatIrealizehewasright.Howcome……?=Howitcomeabout?(何以如此?為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的事情呢?)Sowhat?那又怎么樣?Whatif……?倘若又……?Wheretherebe……,therebe…….(eg:Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.)Thereasonwhy……isthat……Sweetspring,fullofsweetdaysandroses.美妙的春天,充滿(mǎn)了美好的日子和芳香的玫瑰。Atruefriendissomeonewhoreachesforyourhandandtouchesyourheart.真正的朋友是一個(gè)可以援助并感動(dòng)你的心扉的人。Losenotachancetowakenlove.別失去喚醒愛(ài)的良機(jī)。Letthemorelovingonebeme.讓我成為更有愛(ài)心的人。It’seasytobetolerantifyoudonotcare.如果你不在乎,便很容易寬容。知識(shí)點(diǎn)二:——冠詞定冠詞(The)簡(jiǎn)記口訣世界獨(dú)一二次現(xiàn),序詞形容高級(jí)前,富人傷員按天算,方位樂(lè)器影劇院,群島湖山江湖號(hào),普專(zhuān)名復(fù)合姓氏前,雙知年代擊中臉,特指事物及習(xí)慣。解釋?zhuān)?1\*GB3①世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的東西,eg:Themoon,Theearth.。=2\*GB3②在文章中第二次出現(xiàn)。=3\*GB3③序數(shù)詞,形容詞的最高級(jí)前面用定冠詞,eg:Thefirst,themodest。=4\*GB3④富人(therich),傷員(thewounded)這類(lèi)由形容詞變?yōu)槊~用定冠詞,表示計(jì)量,度量的這類(lèi)詞用定冠詞,eg:bytheday。=5\*GB3⑤表示方位的詞,theup,theback,theeastside。樂(lè)器前面用定冠詞,eg:thepiano。影劇院等公共場(chǎng)所也用定冠詞。=6\*GB3⑥群島,湖泊,山(不是峰,峰不加定冠詞,eg:thehuangshan(黃山),MountQomolangma(珠穆朗瑪峰)),“號(hào)”是指一些艦艇的命名,例如:泰坦尼克號(hào),TheTitanic。=7\*GB3⑦由普通名詞轉(zhuǎn)為專(zhuān)有名詞,姓氏前面用定冠詞。=8\*GB3⑧“雙知”是指雙方都知道的;年代,inthe1990s;“擊中臉”這類(lèi)表達(dá),hitsbbytheaim,hitsbonthenose,hitsbinthechest,hitonthehead等等。=9\*GB3⑨特指事物,一些習(xí)慣用定冠詞。不定冠詞(a)由抽象名詞變?yōu)榫唧w名詞,adanger(一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的人),amust(一個(gè)必要手段),asuccess(一個(gè)成功的人)。在一些比較級(jí)前面,abettervoice,amoreinterestesbook,amuchbetteranswer。在最高級(jí)前,請(qǐng)分清范圍問(wèn)題。沒(méi)有范圍限制用“a”,有范圍限制用“the”,例如:amostinterestingbook(一本非常有趣的書(shū)),themostinterestingbook(最有趣的書(shū)),可以看出前者是沒(méi)有范圍的,后者是在所有中比較的,有范圍。表達(dá)再一個(gè),又一個(gè)用a,例如:吃完一個(gè)土豆,還要一個(gè)asecondpotato。再回答一個(gè)問(wèn)題asecondquestion。表示在眾多的之一,eg:aredone紅色中的一個(gè),但theredone表示唯一的,相當(dāng)于特指。注意:在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中要好好區(qū)別定冠詞和不定冠詞用法細(xì)節(jié),還有積累一些常見(jiàn)的特殊用法。知識(shí)點(diǎn)三——代詞It/they/them的用法:代指上文說(shuō)到的名詞。2,some的用法:用于肯定句。不確定指代,eg:someMr.wangcalledinwhileyouwentout.Something重要人物,大人物(含貶義)。Nobody什么都不是(含貶義)。Nothing==notanything什么都不是。用于有“建議,提議”之意的句中,eg:Wouldyoulikesomemoresugar?用于期待得到肯定回答,eg:Wouldyoupleaselendmesomemoney.2,any的用法:用于否定句,疑問(wèn)句,翻譯為“一些”。用于肯定句,翻譯為“任意的,任何的?!?,every的用法:任意的,任何的。Eg:WhileIagreewithsomething,Idon’tagreewitheverything.4,一些常見(jiàn)的引申詞Everything一切Somethingmorethan不僅僅Nothinglessthan不僅僅Nothingbut僅僅Anythingbut絕非,絕不是Nothingmorethan僅僅Nothingisimpossible==anythingispossible。5,one/ones的用法:one指代上面所指其中的一個(gè)或者一類(lèi)。Ones指代上面說(shuō)到的幾個(gè)。6,全部否定neither,none。部分否定eachboth,all,every。Eg:Bothhisparentsarenotworkers.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.7,that的代詞用法:用于平行比較結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg:Shewantstokeepherhairaslongasthatofhersister’s.ThequnlityofthecarmadeinGermanyisbetterthanthatofthosemadeinJapan.8,another/other的用法:Another又一個(gè),再一個(gè);另外的,額外的。Theother兩者之一。Others別人。Theother’+復(fù)數(shù)名詞==theothers。Everyotherday每隔一天。Eg:Heistallerthanalltheotherstudents.Thestudentcantakeadayoffeveryotherweek.一個(gè)常識(shí):everytowweeks==afortnight十四天。9,none與noone的用法:Noone后面不接of,指代人。None后面可接of,可以指代人,指代物。Eg:Noneisintheclassroom.Noneofthestudent.★一個(gè)特別的固定回答:—Howmanystudentsintheclassroom?—None.—Whoisintheclassroom?—Noone.知識(shí)點(diǎn)四——形容詞,副詞一、記住幾組詞義變化Hard→hardlywide→widelyMost→mostlyhigh→highlyDeep→deeplynear→nearlyjust→justly比較級(jí)倍數(shù)表達(dá)比較級(jí)+thanAs……as結(jié)構(gòu)The+名詞(size/length等等)+of==beofa+名詞AandBareofa+名詞(color/size)。補(bǔ)充:在這里的“a”意為“同一個(gè)”。2,差值比較(記住這個(gè)例子)Iam10cmtallerthanyou.Iamtallerthanyouby10cm.3,The+比較級(jí)+S+V,the+比較級(jí)+S+V。比較級(jí)and比較級(jí)4,從表達(dá)情感看Not+比較級(jí)+than只是單純的比較No+比較級(jí)+than強(qiáng)調(diào)少,反面。不能修飾比較級(jí)的詞:very,so,too,as,quite,fairly,more,less,most等等。可修是比較級(jí)的詞:程度方面:far,much,even,still,rather數(shù)量方面:many,much,alot,agreatdeal,alittle,afew(可數(shù))。排序口訣縣官大腹便便,喜新厭舊,好色誤國(guó),貪財(cái)圖名。解釋?zhuān)骸翱h”是指一些數(shù)詞,冠詞,指示代詞等限制性詞?!肮佟笨傮w描寫(xiě)詞?!按蟆笔侵复笮。L(zhǎng)短,高低的詞語(yǔ)?!案贡惚恪北硎拘螤畹脑~?!靶拢f”指年齡。“色”是指顏色。“國(guó)”指國(guó)籍,產(chǎn)地?!柏?cái)”指材料?!懊敝该~。提醒:記住順序,不要記錯(cuò)了!1,adj/adv+enough+n。表示還要,又一個(gè):數(shù)詞+more+n==another+數(shù)詞+n。感官動(dòng)詞,系動(dòng)詞不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),用形容詞作表語(yǔ)Eg:Touchingsoft,thesilksellswell.還有smellgood,tastedelicious,lookfine。V+賓語(yǔ)+adj表狀態(tài)Washyourhandsclean.Cookfooddelicious.Returnedhometired.Openthedoorwide.Shutthedoortight==thedoorwastightlyclosed.動(dòng)詞的副詞形式不表示動(dòng)作,只表示特征,本質(zhì)。ThepenwritessmoothlyTheclothwasheseasilyGlassbreakseasily.知識(shí)點(diǎn)五——狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)when—表示瞬間,一般過(guò)去while—表示一個(gè)過(guò)程在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去進(jìn)行as—同步的while還有“趁著……”之意,eg:strikeironwhile(itis)hot。before“才……”,“寧愿……”,注意與when,that,since區(qū)別。Itwillnotbelongbefore(就)weleaveschool.Itwas3yearsbefore(才)thepolicecaughtthethief.Itis10yearssinceIwasasingle.Itwasin1998thattheywenttoBeijing.Itwas5:00inthemorningwhenthethiefbroke.3,“一……就”的表達(dá)Immediately,instantly,directory,assoonas,once,themoment,theminute,thesecond,hardly……when……,nosooner……then等等。狀語(yǔ)從句中的事態(tài)變更用一般現(xiàn)在式表示一般將來(lái)用現(xiàn)在完成式表示將來(lái)完成用一般過(guò)去式表示過(guò)去將來(lái)狀語(yǔ)從句的省略將從句中的和主句相同的主語(yǔ)去掉,相應(yīng)的be動(dòng)詞去掉。When(weare)watchingamatch,wemayaswillkeepquiet.原因狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)Because,since,as,seeingthat,consideringthat,giventhat,nowthat既然,when既然。Whydidtheymakeaholeintheinsidewallwhentheycouldeasilymakethesamemeintheoutsidewall?Whyareyoulookingforanewjobwhenyouhavesuchagoodone?條件狀語(yǔ)從句就……而言:Aslongas,solongas,sofaras只有……才:onlyif……倘若……:ifonly……Incase萬(wàn)一……,forfearthat/lestthat以免,以防……記住兩組詞:Provided/providingsuppose/supposingOnconditionthat條件是……讓步狀語(yǔ)從句N(xiāo)omatterhow(however)+adv/adj+S+VAdj/adv/n+as/though+S+V,evenso,盡管如此eventhough盡管……陳述句,轉(zhuǎn)折,though。eg:Therehappenedaserioustrafficaccidenthere,noonedied,though。Whether……or……無(wú)論……還是……eg:Whetherhecomesornot,wewillsetoffontime。知識(shí)點(diǎn)六——定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、名詞性從句比較一、定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞作為主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)用which,that(注:可以省略)先行詞作為狀語(yǔ)用when,where(可以用“介詞+which”代替)。狀語(yǔ)從句,沒(méi)有先行詞,沒(méi)有介詞,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)用when,地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)用where,沒(méi)有代換結(jié)構(gòu)。名詞性從句(主、賓(介賓,動(dòng)賓)、表、同)下面通過(guò)幾個(gè)例子來(lái)分析一下它們之間的區(qū)別:1,Wewillbuildthefactorywherethereusedtobeapool.顯然是一個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,故用“where”。2,Wewillbuildthefactoryinaplacewhich/thatusedtobeapool.由于“aplace”是先行詞,故判斷為定語(yǔ)從句,再看從句部分缺主語(yǔ),故用which或that。3,Wewillbuildthefactoryinaplacewhere/inwhichthereusedtobeapool.由于“aplace”是先行詞,故判斷為定語(yǔ)從句,再看從句部分先行詞作為狀語(yǔ),故用where,也可以用inwhich代替。4,Wewillhaveapartywhenitiswarmandfine.沒(méi)有先行詞,它是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,故用when。5,Wewillhaveapartyonwhatweallthinkapleaseday.首先沒(méi)有先行詞,故不是定語(yǔ)從句,再看,“weallthink”缺少賓語(yǔ),加之前面的介詞on可知,本句位名詞性從句中的賓語(yǔ)從句,故用what。6,WewillhaveapartyonAprilthe4th,whenwewillallbefree.“Aprilthe4th”為先行詞,故為定語(yǔ)從句,“onAprilthe4th”為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),故用when,可以用onwhich代替。7,WewillhaveapartyonAprilthe4th,whichwearelookingforwardto.“Aprilthe4th”作為先行詞,“onAprilthe4th”為“l(fā)ookingforwardto”的賓語(yǔ),加之前面有逗號(hào)可知為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,故用which,但不能用that代替。由此可知,先判斷是否有先行詞,判斷先行詞是關(guān)鍵,判斷先行詞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:看后面所描述的是否為先行詞的內(nèi)容。二、theway作為狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用inwhich或that,作為主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用which。Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhetreatshisonlyso.三、與time有關(guān)的搭配,當(dāng)time作為“次數(shù)”使用時(shí),與that搭配;當(dāng)time作“一段時(shí)間”與when搭配。ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavegonetoBeijing.HestayedinBeijingforsometimewhenhisfatherwasinhospital.四、定語(yǔ)從句與分句(舉例說(shuō)明)Yesterdayhebought50eggs,someofwhicharenotfresh.本句為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,缺主語(yǔ)所以用which。Yesterdayhebought50eggs,andsomeofthemarenotfresh.本句有標(biāo)志詞and和逗號(hào)之為分句,又作為主語(yǔ),故用them。記住:分句的標(biāo)志為逗號(hào)+and/but/or。形式為:,and/but/or五、比較such……that和such……as,前者是表示結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句;后者表示定語(yǔ)從句,不能出現(xiàn)和先行詞重復(fù)的結(jié)構(gòu)。1,Nobelissuchagoodmanasmostpeoplearoundtheworldadmireverymuch.2,Thisissuchaninterestingfilmthatweallwanttoseeit.“it”指代的就是“aninterestingfilm”形成重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu),故用that。3,Thisissuchaninterestingfilmasweallwanttosee.與2相比少了“it”這一重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu),為定語(yǔ)從句,用as。六、表示所屬關(guān)系的定語(yǔ)從句,記住兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)The+n+ofwhom(先行詞是人)==ofwhomthe+nThe+n+ofwhich(先行詞是物)==ofwhichthe+nThetallmanoverthereisMr.Green,whosedaughterisamurseinthishospital.ThetallmanoverthereisMr.Green,thedaughterofwhomisamurseinthishospital.ThetallmanoverthereisMr.Green,ofwhomthedaughterisamurseinthishospital.幾道綜合習(xí)題Thiskindofplantsgrowsbest_____itiswarmandwet.Thiskindofplantsgrowsbestatplace_____itiswarmandwet.Thiskindofplantsgrowsbestin_____hasalotwarmandwet.Thenews_____hetoldmeyesterdaywastrueThenews_____theOlympictorchwasattackedinpairscausedwideconcern.解析:1,地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,故用where。2,定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞作為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)用where。3,有介詞“in”,形成介賓,屬于名詞性從句,缺主語(yǔ),故用what。4,定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),故用which。5,是同位語(yǔ)從句,并且后面結(jié)構(gòu)是完整的,沒(méi)有殘缺成分,故用that。知識(shí)點(diǎn)七——單句、分句與復(fù)句,謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)(參考:云南省富源縣第一中學(xué)劉會(huì)老師講義)一、單句、分句與復(fù)句單句只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,或者用and/or等引出并列謂語(yǔ),無(wú)論句中有無(wú)逗號(hào),在其它成分中,如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等,表示動(dòng)作時(shí)只能用動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。分句是由and/or/but引出的兩個(gè)或者多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),各有各的謂語(yǔ),不用非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),不用從句的引導(dǎo)詞。復(fù)句是由主句加上從句構(gòu)成,每個(gè)句子必須有自己的引導(dǎo)詞,少數(shù)情況可以省略引導(dǎo)詞,但主句前不能用引導(dǎo)詞,主句和從句分別有自己的謂語(yǔ)。簡(jiǎn)記為:?jiǎn)尉渲挥幸恢^語(yǔ)。And,but,or分句,不用從句引導(dǎo)詞。分句從句用謂語(yǔ),從句必有引導(dǎo)詞,引導(dǎo)從句非主語(yǔ)。二、★謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即在句中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,有16種時(shí)態(tài)及相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指用在主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)中表示動(dòng)作概念的動(dòng)詞形式,共有3類(lèi)12種。第一類(lèi)、動(dòng)名詞。作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)為V-ing,被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)為being+v-ed;完成結(jié)構(gòu)主動(dòng)為havingv-ed;完成結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)為havingbeenv-ed。第二類(lèi)、分詞。作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí),表主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行,用v-ing;表示被動(dòng)或完成,用v-ed;作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),根據(jù)分詞和句子之間的主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)關(guān)系,分為:一般主動(dòng)。即句子主語(yǔ)和分詞是主謂關(guān)系,不強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作和句子動(dòng)作之間的先后關(guān)系,用v-ing。完成式主動(dòng)。即句子和分詞是主謂關(guān)系,分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子動(dòng)作之前,或?qū)渥觿?dòng)作產(chǎn)生一定的結(jié)果或影響,用havingv-ed。一般被動(dòng)。即句子主語(yǔ)和分詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,不強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作和句子動(dòng)作之間的先后關(guān)系,用v-ed。進(jìn)行式被動(dòng)。即句子和分詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,理解為“正在被……”,用beingv-ed。完成式被動(dòng)。即句子和分詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子動(dòng)作之前,或?qū)渥觿?dòng)作產(chǎn)生一定的結(jié)果或影響,理解為“已經(jīng)被……”,用havingbeenv-ed。作定語(yǔ)時(shí),根據(jù)和被限定的名詞之間的主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)關(guān)系分為:表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行,用v-ing;表示被動(dòng)或完成。用v-ed。作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí),一般動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行,用v-ing;表示感覺(jué)器官的動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞如果是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),它的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),一般性的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作,用不帶to的不定式;強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行,用v-ing;表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,用過(guò)去分詞。如果感覺(jué)器官的動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)用法,表示一般性主動(dòng)動(dòng)作,用帶to的不定式;強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行,用v-ing;表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,用過(guò)去分詞。第三類(lèi)、不定式。不定式的5種結(jié)構(gòu),以do為例:、todo,一般動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)式;、tobedone,一般動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)式;、tobedoing,進(jìn)行式,表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),不定時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;、tohavedone,完成動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)式,表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),不定時(shí)表示的一個(gè)主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,并對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生一定的結(jié)果或影響;、tohavebeendone,完成動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)式,表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),不定時(shí)表示的一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,并對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生一定的結(jié)果或影響。2,不定式與動(dòng)名詞在用法上的區(qū)別:動(dòng)名詞表示的是經(jīng)常性、常規(guī)性、發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作;不定式表示的是目的性、說(shuō)話(huà)后一次性、未發(fā)生、即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:Smokingisbadforyourhealth.Yourtaskistokeepwatch.簡(jiǎn)記為:動(dòng)名詞:經(jīng)常、常規(guī)、發(fā)生了;不定式:目的、一次、或?qū)⒁?,不定式主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義:除表示情緒的形容詞外,形容詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),后面的不定式,無(wú)論表示主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,要用主動(dòng)性是表示被動(dòng)意義;Havesthtodo用于主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作所的執(zhí)行者;tobedone用于主語(yǔ)不是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;例如:—IsthereanythingIcandotohelp?—Yes,Ihavesomeletterstobetyped.—Willyoubefreethisafternoon?—I’mafraidnot.Ihavealotofletterstotype.在too…to…或enough…to…的結(jié)構(gòu)中,用不定式主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義;Therebe句型中,用不定式主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義。★非謂語(yǔ)的使用簡(jiǎn)記為:用于表定和補(bǔ)語(yǔ),ing(應(yīng))表主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行,ED被動(dòng)或完成。分詞狀語(yǔ)多變化,主動(dòng)被動(dòng)要分清,一般主動(dòng)ING,完成having加ED。要表被動(dòng)用ED,“正在被”用beinged,“已經(jīng)被”加Havingbeen。To的動(dòng)作未發(fā)生,說(shuō)說(shuō)將要或目的,掌握主動(dòng)表被動(dòng),五種結(jié)構(gòu)記得清。本部分綜合訓(xùn)練題OnSaturdayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,Asomebananasandvisitedhercousin.A.boughtB.buyingC.tobuyD.buy2.ThemanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseeAthenextyear.A.carriedoutB.carryingoutC.carryoutD.tocarryout3.ThepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasierBitmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake4.Ddowntheradio.Thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn5.MostoftheartistsAtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited6.TherearefivepairsB,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing7.Thecomputercenter,Dlastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened8.ThefirsttextbooksDforteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe18thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written9.TheOlympicGames,Cin776B.C,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying10.Amoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.havinggiven11.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenigh,Balongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing12.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,Aitthemostpopularsportinthewould.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake13.—Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?—I’dliketohavethispackageD,Madame.A.beweighedB.tobeweighedC.toweighD.weighed14.JohnwasmadeAthetruckforaweekaspunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashing15.ThemissingboyswerelastseenAneartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay16.Pauldoesn’thavetobemakeBhealwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning17.SeeingthesunCabovethesurfaceofthesea,weletoutashoutofjoy.A.toriseB.toraiseC.risingD.raising18.HeletmerepeathisinstructionAsurethatIunderstoodwhatwas___afterhewentaway.A.tomake;tobedoneB.making;doingC.tomake;todoD.making;todo19.—Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists.—Don’tyourememberBmethestoryyesterday?A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tohavetold20.______(see)fromthehill,ourschoolisverybeautiful.21.______(use)manytimes,thispenseemsveryold.22.______(catch)thefirstbus,Igotupveryearly.23.______(separate)fromothercontinentsforthousandsofyears,Australiahasmanyunusualanimals.24._______(know)whattodo,hejuststayedathome.25._______(practical)severaltimes,hecandoitwell.答案:20,Seen;21,Havingbeenused;22,Tocatch;23,Havingbeen答案:20,Seen;21,Havingbeenused;22,Tocatch;23,Havingbeenseparated;24,Notknowing;25,Havingpracticed.好好分析這幾個(gè)題,很有意義。附加:幾個(gè)有意思的變化CCustom風(fēng)格,習(xí)俗→customs海關(guān)Spirit烈酒,精神→spirits情緒Work工作→works著作,作品Color顏色→colors旗幟Regard看作→regards致意,問(wèn)候Respect尊敬→respects敬意Wish祝愿→wishes祝福Content滿(mǎn)足→contents目錄Condition條件→conditions處境Damage損害→damages賠償金知識(shí)點(diǎn)八——獨(dú)立主格一、概念獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由名詞或代詞加上分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),用于修飾整個(gè)句子,而不是一個(gè)詞或詞組。二、獨(dú)立主格的構(gòu)成名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞名詞(代詞)+不定式名詞(代詞)+形容詞短語(yǔ)名詞(代詞)+副詞名詞(代詞)+介詞短語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以放在主句前、中、后,位置靈活多變,例如:Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Theoldmansatinhischair,hiseyesclosed.Thecowardwasbacking,hisfacebeingdeathlypale,towardanotherroom.三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法1,作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Myshoesremoved,Ienteredalargeroom,treadingcautiouslyonthesoftmat.==Aftermyshoesremoved,Ienteredalargeroom,treadingcautiouslyonthesoftmat.脫掉鞋子后,我走進(jìn)了一間很大的房間,小心翼翼的踩在柔軟的墊子上。Greetingsbeingover,theygotdowntobusiness.==Aftertheygreetedeachother,theygotdowntobusiness.寒暄幾句后,他們談起了正事。作條件狀語(yǔ)Weatherpermitting,wewillgoforapicnictomorrow.==Ifweatherpermits,wewillgoforapicnictomorrow.如果天氣允許的話(huà),我們明天將去野餐。3,作原因狀語(yǔ)Therebeingnothingelsetodo,theywentaway.==Theywentawaybecausetherewasnothingelsetodo.由于無(wú)事可做,他們離開(kāi)了。4,作伴隨狀語(yǔ)MissGellersatthere,headdown.==MissGellersattherewithherheaddown.蓋勒小姐坐在那里,低著頭。5,名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)Thehunterenteredtheforest,guninhand.那位獵人提著槍走進(jìn)了森林。6,名詞+形容詞(短語(yǔ))Thefloorwetandslippery,westayedoutside.7,名詞+副詞Classover,allstudentswenttoplayontheplayground.8,★由with構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)With+n+adj/tov/v-ing/v-ed型,表示伴隨時(shí),不能用謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。Hetoldmehissecret,withhisfaceveryred.Itisbadmannerstotalkwithyourmouth.Maryrushedin,withalotofsweatonherface.Ididn’tsleepwelllastnight,withamouseunderthebed.特別提醒:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。知識(shí)點(diǎn)九——虛擬語(yǔ)句一、表示現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)情況的虛擬條件中,條件句中謂語(yǔ)用相當(dāng)于過(guò)去式的形式,主句中的謂語(yǔ)用“would(might,could)+動(dòng)詞原形”,例如:1,IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.2,Iftheyinvitedmetomorrow,Iwouldcertainlyattendit.3,Ifyouworkedhard,youmightsucceed.4,Ifyoucouldtype,youcouldsavealotoftime.二、表示現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)情況的虛擬條件中,在條件從句中有時(shí)還可以用“wereto+動(dòng)詞原形”或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”這兩種形式。條件從句中用“wereto+動(dòng)詞原形”是說(shuō)話(huà)人的態(tài)度更加委婉。1,IfIweretodothejob,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.2,Ifyoushouldhaveanydifficultyingettingthemedicine,ringthisnumber.三、表示過(guò)去情況的虛擬條件從句中,條件從句中的謂語(yǔ)用相當(dāng)于過(guò)去完成時(shí)的形式,主句中的謂語(yǔ)用“would(could/might)have+過(guò)去分詞”形式。這類(lèi)語(yǔ)句表示一個(gè)于過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況。1,Ifyouhadfinishedyourhomework,youwouldn’thavebeencritizedbytheteacher.2,Ifanythinghadbeenwrong,wewouldhavebeeninformed.3,Ifwehadfoundouttheproblemearlier,theaccidentmightnothavehappened.4,Ifithadnotbeenforyourencouragement,Iwouldnothavepassedtheexamination.四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的省略(倒裝)1,IfIwereyou,Iwouldrefuse.==WereIyou,Iwouldrefuse.2,IfIwereinyourshoes,IwouldlethimknowwhatIthoughtofhim==WereIinyourshoes,IwouldlethimknowwhatIthoughtofhimIfItweren’tforyourhelp,wewouldbeinaserioustrouble.==Wereitnotforyouhelp,wewouldbeinaserioustrouble.Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp,wewouldhavefinishedsoearly.==Hadn’tbeenforyourhelp,wewouldhavefinishedsoearly.五、It’s(high)time+虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示“是該……的時(shí)候了”。It’stimeyoutoldmethetruth.It’stimewepreparedforourfinalexamination.It’shightimeyourelderbrothergotmarried.六、用在that位于句首引出的句子里,表示某種愿望或感情色彩。“should”譯為“竟然”。Thatheshouldbeapoliceman.七、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在tothink(that)位于句首引出的句子中,譯為“沒(méi)想到……”。Tothinkheshouldhavetreatedmelikethat.八、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在wouldthat位于句首引出的句子中,表示“但愿……”。Wouldthathepassedtheexam!九、“May”開(kāi)頭表示某些祝愿。Maythereneverbeanotherworldwar.十、“ifneedbe”表示“如果必要”Iwillhelpyouifneedbe.如果有必要,我會(huì)幫助你的。十一、“asitwere”(were就是虛擬語(yǔ)氣),表示“宛如、好像”。Wangismybestfriend,mysecondself,asitwere.王是我最好的朋友,可以說(shuō)是第二個(gè)我自己。十二、“wouldhavethough”,本身為虛擬語(yǔ)氣,意為“會(huì)想到、會(huì)以為”等。Whowouldhavethoughtyouarehere!誰(shuí)會(huì)想到你竟然會(huì)在這里。 imperative(表命令語(yǔ)氣) vital(表建議語(yǔ)氣) important(表建議) appropriate(表建議)十三、Itisessential(表命令) that后面用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 strange(表竟然,驚訝語(yǔ)氣) seem(表驚訝) surprising(表驚訝) unbelievable(表驚訝)eg:Itisimperativethathe(should)worklattonight.Itisvitaltoyourcareerthatyou(should)learnEnglishwell.Itisstrangethatsheshouldwearsuchaskirt.ItseemssounexpectedthatthedisastershouldoccurtoChinesepeople.十四、主語(yǔ)是order(表命令),instruction,decree,decision(表決定),idea,requirement(表命令),suggestion(表建議),demand(表命令),wish,等名詞,氣候的標(biāo)語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”作謂語(yǔ)。eg:Hisdecisionisthathisson(should)besenttoAmericanforfurtherstudy.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)gotoHainanforaholiday.十五、翻譯訓(xùn)練1,他愿望有朝一日獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。2,有必要由他來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。3,如果他要辭職,誰(shuí)來(lái)接替他?4,你要是需要什么就給我打個(gè)電話(huà)。5,誰(shuí)會(huì)想到她竟然是那樣的人!6,我想現(xiàn)在是給他們一次教訓(xùn)的時(shí)候了。答案:見(jiàn)下頁(yè)。1,Hiswishisthathe(should)wintheNobelPrizeforliteratureoneday.2,Itisessentialthathe(should)beinchargeoftheproject.3,Ifheweretoresign,whowouldtakehisplace?4,Shouldyourequireanything,justgivemearing.5,Whowouldhavethoughthewasapersonlikethat!6,Ithinkit’stimetheyweretaughtalesson.知識(shí)點(diǎn)十——作文一、常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)句1,Theimportanceof……can’tbeoveremphasized.……的重要想在強(qiáng)調(diào)也不為過(guò)。eg:Theimportanceofprotectingtheenvironmentcan’tbeoveremphasized.2,……posesagreatthreattoourexistence.……對(duì)我們的生存造成了很大的威脅。eg:Pollutionposesagreatthreattoourexistence.3,……h(huán)asbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.eg:Obviouslytelevisionhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.4,Withthedevelopmentof…,anincreasingnumberofstudentsare……Withthedevelopmentofoureconomyandsociety,pollutionismoreandmoreserious.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,peoplecangetacollegedegreebytakingonline-coursesathome.5,Whenitcomesto…,somepeoplethink/believethat…,othersargue/claimthatopposite/reverseistrue.當(dāng)說(shuō)到……,有些人認(rèn)為……,但另一些人則持相反的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。6,Accordingtorecentsurvey,……7,……isknownasoneofthemostseriousproblemsintoday’ssociety.Wecanseeitalmosteverywhere.Asthegraphdepicts,……。8,Nowadaysmoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtobeawareoftheseriousnessof……。9,TheEnglishproverbsay,…….Thisisquitetruebecause……。二、常見(jiàn)的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句1,However,everycoinhasit’stowsides,_____hasit’sdisadvantage.2,Onthecontrary,therearesomeinfavorof_____.Atthesametime.Theysay_____.3,Thereareseveralmeasuresforustoadopt.First,wecan_____.4,Nonetheless,Ibelievethat____ismoreadvantageous.三、常見(jiàn)的結(jié)尾1,Inmyopinion,______.2,F(xiàn)ormwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecansafelydrawaconclusionlikethis:____.3,Inviewoftheseriousnessoftheproblem,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.英語(yǔ)作文的高分策略:1,開(kāi)頭、銜接、過(guò)渡、結(jié)尾要經(jīng)典,千萬(wàn)不能犯錯(cuò);2,力求用高級(jí)詞匯,善用倒裝句,還有一些較為復(fù)雜的句型,但要求能會(huì)用,不要強(qiáng)求;3,書(shū)寫(xiě)要清秀??傊瑢?xiě)好英語(yǔ)作文要注重平時(shí)的積累,多度多背一些好的句子句型。雜談大家好,雜談這部分講的是一些細(xì)小的知識(shí),包括的知識(shí)很多。由于本人水平極為有限,不能系統(tǒng)的給大家介紹,所以看起來(lái)相當(dāng)凌亂,還望多多包涵。但這部分才是真正的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié),學(xué)習(xí)竅門(mén),是最有價(jià)值的部分,盡請(qǐng)關(guān)注。1,遇到inthepast,inthelast,recentyears等等時(shí),有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。eg:AgreatnumbersoftallbuildingsAinthelasttwentyyears.A.havebeenbuiltB.hasbeenbuiltC.havebuiltD.hadbeenbulit2,marry(結(jié)婚),match(和……相配),divorce(離婚)不能與with連用。TomhasbeenmarriedtoMalifortenyears.TomgotmarriedtoMalitenyearsago.注意這兩個(gè)句子,看看時(shí)態(tài)變化。3,“指控”的兩個(gè)搭配chargesbwithsth與accusesbofsth4,區(qū)分beworthdoingsth和sthbeworthyofdoingsth/beingdone顯然后者可以接名詞,動(dòng)名詞,不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。tobedone5,hopefor希望得到……begsbfor祈求的道……begone’spardon請(qǐng)求原諒,聽(tīng)不清6,Itis/hasbeen+一段時(shí)間since+從句。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞時(shí),意為“做某事已有很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”;當(dāng)為延續(xù)動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞時(shí),意為“結(jié)束某動(dòng)作有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”。eg:Ithasbeenafewyearssincehefellill.Ithasbeenafewyearssincehewasill.前者表示他生病已有一年了,后者表示從他上次生病到現(xiàn)在已有一年沒(méi)生病了。7,Itwas/willbe+一段時(shí)間+before……過(guò)多久/要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才……Itwillbelongbeforehecomesback.Itwastwohoursbeforehecameback.8,problemhave(no、little)trouble(in)doingsth“在……方面有……”difficultyIhavesomedifficultyinunderstandingmyparents.9,you’dbetter==youmightaswell10,separate部分與部分分開(kāi)divide把整體分開(kāi)11,表示將來(lái)的幾種形式will、shall+Vbegoingto+V根據(jù)個(gè)人意愿打算做,根據(jù)已有的跡象推斷將來(lái)am/is/arev-ing一般現(xiàn)在,固定時(shí)間,航班,火車(chē)betodo表示按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生什么Myplaneleavesatseven。Myplaneistomakeapattern。12,Consider作“考慮”意義時(shí),considersth/doingsth.。Consider作“把……當(dāng)作”時(shí),consider_____(as/tobe)。Consider/Givien+句子,“考慮到……”、“顧及……因素”。13,meantodosth故意,想要做……meandoingsth意味著,意思是。Ididn’tmeantoyoulastnight,butyouwerenotathome.Tosucceedmeansworkinghard.14,表示方法,方式的搭配bythismeansinthiswaywiththismethod15,stareat盯著看glanceat瞥視glareat怒視Ifyouseeabeautyinthestreet,youcanlookatherorglanceather,butneverstareather,orelse/otherwise,shewillglareatyou.16,before的幾個(gè)特別用法“還來(lái)不及”,beforesb+V“才”。Itwas3yearsbeforethepolicecaughtthemurderer.Itwasnotlongbefore……過(guò)了不久……thaneverbefore比以往任何時(shí)候……17,“速度快、價(jià)格高、溫度高”都用high來(lái)描述。Thespeedisveryfasthigh.Youtemperatureisnothothigh.Thepriceisnotveryexpensivehigh.18,對(duì)一個(gè)名詞概念提問(wèn)用“what”。Whathowfastishisspeed?Whatwhereishisaddress?19,否定轉(zhuǎn)移Idon’tlikethisfilmbecauseitisinteresting,butthatismoving.我喜歡這部電影不是因?yàn)橛腥ぃ且驗(yàn)楦腥?。Idon’tthinkheisanhonestman.我認(rèn)為他不是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。20,event(大型、正規(guī)的)比賽項(xiàng)目;重大事件。affair煩雜的事情,loveaffairs緋聞business分內(nèi)之事,商業(yè)incident小事件,小插曲conflict矛盾,沖突accident事故(意外)Mindyourownbusiness.Noneofyourbusiness.不要多管閑事。21,under作“正在被、受到了”之意underattack受到襲擊underconstruction正在被建設(shè)22,“分離結(jié)構(gòu)”千萬(wàn)別上當(dāng)。Thatgreatdayhe
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