自考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義及練習(xí)

自考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義及練習(xí)主講人：胥國(guó)紅主要內(nèi)容：1．動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)2．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞3．虛擬語(yǔ)氣4．定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1．1動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 一般將來時(shí)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)doaredonedidweredonewilldowillbedone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)被動(dòng) aredoingarebeingdoneweredoingwerebeingdonewillbedoing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 將來完成時(shí)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)havedonehavebeendonehaddonehadbeendonewillhavedonewillhavebeendone現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)havebeendoing1.2動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)的意義及運(yùn)用1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)英語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：uptonow,sofar,forthreeyears,since1995,overpasttenyears,bytheendofthisweek,bytheyearof1995漢語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：已經(jīng)，早已，了e.g.Wehaven’tmeteachothersincelastyear. Bytheendofthisweek,we’llhavefinishedthetask.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒有間斷。漢語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：一直e.g.Thewaterhasbeenrunningthewholenight.3)過去完成時(shí)said,reported,thought等引導(dǎo)的間接引語(yǔ)中。e.g.Hemissedthetrain.Hesaidhehadmissedthetrain.b)hardly…when,nosooner…thane.g.Nosoonerhadhegotupthanhereceivedthecall.c)與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中e.g.IfIhadtriedharder,Iwouldhavewon. IwishIhaddonebetterintheexam.歷年考題中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1. Muchofthecarbonintheearth___(come)fromthingsthatoncelived.Inthepasttwodecades,research___(expand)ourknowledgeaboutsleepanddream.Someproverbs___(be)inthelanguagefor1,000years,forexample,Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.___(stand)atthegatewasayoungmaningreencoat.In1991,aftertheGulfWar,Bush’sapprovedratingreached91percent,thehighestlevelrecordedsincepolling___(begin)inthe19302.Seeingviolenceontelevisionorreadingaboutitinthenewspaperseveryday___(make)ustoleratecrimemorethanweshould.Sofar,Irving___(live)inNewYorkCityfortenyears.Thepatient___(send)toanotherhospitalbeforewegotthere.Thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury___(witness)thefirstextendedtranslationintoEnglishofthewritingsofEliphasLevi.Alltheworriestheymighthavefeltforhim___(drive)offbythesightofhischeerfulface.2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞2.1動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式意義現(xiàn)在分詞一般式Doing主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式beingdone被動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行完成主動(dòng)式havingdone主動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成完成被動(dòng)式havingbeendone被動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成過去分詞Done被動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成動(dòng)詞不定式一般式todo主動(dòng),將要進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式tobedone被動(dòng),將要進(jìn)行完成主動(dòng)式tohavedone主動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成進(jìn)行主動(dòng)式tobedoing主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行2.2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)?動(dòng)詞不定式：1）目的狀語(yǔ)；2）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)e.g.Icameheretomeetyou.（目的） Hehurriedtotherailstationonlytomissthetrain.（結(jié)果）?分詞：1)伴隨狀語(yǔ)；2）原因狀語(yǔ)；3）條件狀語(yǔ)4）讓步狀語(yǔ)；5）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)e.g.Walkingalongthestreet,hemethisoldfriend.（時(shí)間） Beingverytired,myfatherdidn’tgooutwithus.（原因） Madebyhand,thesilkshirtisveryexpensive.（原因） Seenfromthespace,theearthlookslikeablueball.(條件)2.3非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，狀語(yǔ)從句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)1)Havingdonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.(分詞作狀語(yǔ))Afterhavingdonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.（連詞+分詞）Aftertheyhaddonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.（狀語(yǔ)從句）Withhomeworkdone,thechildrenbegantoplay.（獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）2.4非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)1)Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecision___(make).(tobemade)Doyouknowtheman____(stand)infrontofthehouse?(standing)Thequestion____(discuss)atthemomentisveryimportant.(beingdiscussed)Thebridge____(build)inthe1950sisstillingoodcondition.(built)2.5動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)/表語(yǔ)表示一般、抽象的情況；動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作主語(yǔ)表示具體某次的情況。e.g Risingearlyisgoodforhealth. Toriseearlytomorrowisdifficultforme. Itisdifficultformetoriseearlytomorrow. Mybiggestwishistogoabroad. Seeingisbelieving.作賓語(yǔ)接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：admit,acknowledge,avoid,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,forgive,finish,include,involve,mind,putoff,postpone,suggest,feellike,lookforwardto,beusedto,beaccustomedto,etc.接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：want,tend,intend,pretend,hope,plan,expect,besupposedto,seem,belikelyto,usedto,bewillingto,desire,force,prefer,start,begin接動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式有不同含義的動(dòng)詞：forget,remember,regretstop,continueneed/wantallowdoing/allowsbtodo1)HowcanIforgetmeetingyouforthefirsttime?Sorry,Iforgottolockthedoor.2)Ican’tstoplaughing.Canyoustoptogivemeahand?3)Thegrassneedscutting.Thegrassneedstobecut.4)Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.Youarenotallowedtosmokehere.歷年考題中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Amancannotbereallyhappyifwhatheenjoys___(do)isignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Anyone___(want)tounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics.Itisawell-knownfactthatapersonwillmoveinacirclewhenhecannotusehiseyes___(control)hisdirection.Asresearchtechniquesbecomemoreadvanced,thenumberofanimals___(use)inexperimentsmaydecrease.5. Itseemsreasonabletoassumethat,otherthings___(be)equal,theywouldprefersingletosharedrooms.6. Thispoem,if___(translate)wordforwordintoChinese,willmakenosense.7. Theymayhavetheirpassports_____(remove),makingleavingor“escaping”actuallyimpossible.Herbody,withhandsandfeet____(bind),wasdiscoveredbyatravelerearlyinthemorning.Icouldn’thelpbut___(feel)thisisaverystrangelife.Letusconsidertheearthasaplanet____(revolve)roundthesun.Key:1.doing 動(dòng)名詞做enjoy的賓語(yǔ) 2.wanting 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ) 3.tocontrol 動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ) 4.used 過去分詞作定語(yǔ) 5.being 現(xiàn)在分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中6.translated 連詞加過去分詞作狀語(yǔ) 7.removed 過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)8.bound 過去分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中9.feel couldn’thelpbut后接動(dòng)詞原形10.revolving 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣第一大類：非真實(shí)條件下的虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)間從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反did/wereshould/could/would+do與過去事實(shí)相反haddoneshould/could/would+havedone與將來事實(shí)相反weretodoshoulddoshould/could/would+doe.g.IfIwereyou,Iwouldbehappytodoit. Ifwehadgotthenews,wecouldhavepreparedearlier. Ifthejobweretosucceed,youshouldworkharder.第二大類：從句中用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣wouldrather+從句wish+從句ifonly+從句asif/asthough+從句It’stime+從句e.g.Iwouldratheryoudidn’ttellmethestorynow. Iwouldratheryouhadtoldmethestoryyesterday.第三大類：從句中用should加動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其中should可省略。suggest,propose,advise,move(動(dòng)議),ask,order,require,request,desire,insist,prefer等動(dòng)詞后接的賓語(yǔ)從句；suggestion,proposal,advice,motion,order,requirement,request,desire,preference等名詞后的同位語(yǔ)從句；3)important,necessary,essential,imperative,desirable,advisable,preferable等形容詞用在itis…that…句型中；4)lest,incase,forfearthat等引導(dǎo)的從句中。e.g.Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff. Itismysuggestionthatthemeeting(should)beputoff. Itisnecessarythatthemeeting(should)beputoff. Hecametotheofficeearlierlesthe(should)misstheimportantmeeting.歷年考題中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp,we___(be)inrealtrouble.Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,ifhe___(notbe)sobusy.Itishightimethatwe___(take)firmmeasurestoprotectourenvironment.Itwasimperativethatstudents___(finish)theirpapersbeforeJuly1st.Theydemandedthattherighttovote___(give)toeveryadultperson.Iwouldratherhe____(buy)thehousenextyear.Themanagertoldustobefriendlytothevisitorsasifwe___(meet)thembefore.Shouldshecometomorrow,I___takehertothemuseum.[A]can [B]will [C]would [D]must10.Ifwe___everythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.[A]hadn’tgot [B]didn’tget [C]wouldn’thavegot [D]wouldn’tgetKey:1.wouldhavebeen 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句2.hadnotbeen 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句3.took Itishightime+過去式的虛擬形式4.shouldfinish/finish Itwasimperativethat+動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式begiven demand所接賓語(yǔ)從句用動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式shouldhavereceived 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句，表示“本應(yīng)該收到”而實(shí)際上沒有。bought wouldrather后接賓語(yǔ)從句，從句用過去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。hadmet asif所引導(dǎo)的從句用過去完成式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。C 與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句。A 從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，但本身已經(jīng)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（從bynow可以看出），所以變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)。4.定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句4.1定語(yǔ)從句：限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句1）關(guān)系代詞(在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)）：which,that,who,whom,whose2）關(guān)系副詞（在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)）：when,where,why,how名詞性從句：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)名詞性從句：1）主從連詞（不在從句中作任何成分）：that,whether,if2）連接代詞（在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)）：what,which,who,whom,whose,whatever,whoever…3）連接副詞（在從句中作狀語(yǔ)）：when,where,why,how4.2定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行修飾限制，而同位語(yǔ)從句闡述的是名詞的具體內(nèi)容。從語(yǔ)法上看，that,which在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而同位語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞that不在從句中擔(dān)任任何成分。e.g.1)Thestory(that)hetoldmemaynotbetrue. 定語(yǔ)從句2)Thestorythathehasmadeafortunemaynotbetrue.同位語(yǔ)從句4.3什么時(shí)候用介詞＋which的形式?如果定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用that/which形式。如果定語(yǔ)從句缺狀語(yǔ)，用介詞+which形式。e.g.1)TheplacewhichIvisitedlastweekisverybeautiful.2)TheplaceinwhichIusedtoliveisverybeautiful.4.4which和as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which和as都能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾整個(gè)一句話。As有“正如”的意思，而which沒有。1)Heiseasytogetangry,whichiswellknown.他很容易生氣，這一點(diǎn)大家都知道。2)Heiseasytogetangry,aseverybodyknows.正如大家都知道的那樣，他很容易生氣。歷年考題中的定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句1.Studieshaveshown___teenagersoftensufferfromdepression.[A]that [B]which [C]inwhich [D]inthat2.Itisawell-knownfact___apersonwillmoveinacirclewhenhecannotusehiseyestocontrolhisdirection.[A]that [B]if [C]when [D]whetherOntheotherhandconcernisalsogrowingaboutthepossibilityofaneweconomicorder____resource-richnationsoftheThirdWorldwouldcombinetosethighcommodityprices.[A]which [B]what [C]that [D]inthat4.Itisnotyetknown____computers willonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.[A]whether [B]if [C]that [D]how5.Suchattitudesamounttoabelief___leisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.[A]which [B]if [C]whether [D]thatThereasonformakingadecisionis___aproblemexists,goalsarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayof