2021屆中考英語(yǔ)專題訓(xùn)練-科普類閱讀理解+答案

5/52021屆中考英語(yǔ)專題訓(xùn)練科普類閱讀理解+答案Passage1Thousandsofyearsago,peopledidn’tknowthattheEarthmoved.Theythoughtthesunreallydidmoveacrossthesky.TheGreekgodHelioswassaidtodrivethesunacrosstheskywithhischariot(戰(zhàn)車).Butnow,thewaypeoplethinkhaschanged.Nowadays,itisthesunthatdrivesa“chariot”aroundthesky.WhatdoImeanbythis?Well,quitesimply,thereisnowaplane(or“chariot”)thatispoweredbythesun.Ithasspecialpartsonitswings.Thesepartsabsorbpowerfromthesun.Theyabsorbsomuchpowerthattheplanecanstillflyevenatnight.InGreekmythology(神話),Helioshadtotakeabreakatnight.Itseemswe’refinallyevenmorepowerfulthanthegodsthemselves.ThisplaneiscalledSolarImpulse.ItwillflyacrosstheUSinMay.Thisisveryimportantforthefutureoftheworld.Whyissolarenergy(太陽(yáng)能)important?Well,otherkindsofenergyareknowntocauseproblems.IfyouliveinChina,you’veprobablynoticedthepollution.Thisiscausedbyburningcoalandgastomakeenergy.Theheatandchemicalscreatedbyburningthesethingsgiveuspower.Butifweusepowerfromthesun,wedon’thavetoburnanythingandtherewillnotbeanypollution.Solarenergyisnotentirelyreadyyet.Itneedstobeimproved.Butthebestthingaboutitisthat,unlikecoalandgas.itdoesn’trunout.TheSolarImpulseplanecouldprettymuchkeepflyingforever.Ofcourse,thesun’slightwilleventuallyrunouttoooneday,butnotforanother5billionyears.That’saprettylongflight.1.TheplaneSolarImpulse______.A. cannotflyatnight B.ispoweredbychemicalsC. isdrivenbysolarenergy D.wasmadeintheUS2.Paragraph4mainlytellsusthat______. A. usingsolarenergycauseslesspollution B.solarenergyisthebestkindofenergyC. creatingenergybyburningthingscausespollution D.burningthingswillnotbeallowedinChina3.Whichisthestoryprobablytakenfrom?A. Asciencemagazine. B.Ahistorytextbook.C.AGreekmyth. D.Astorybook.4.What’sthestorymainlyabout?A. ThestoryoftheGreekgodHelios. B.HowChinamakesuseofenergy.C. Theusesandadvantagesofsolarenergy. D.Thedisadvantagesofburningcoalandgas.Passage2Thankstoendlessphotosonsocialmediaandthewealthofinformationontheinternet,futurepeopleshouldhaveaclearpictureofhowwelivedinthe21stcentury.ButMartineRothblatt,abusinesswomanfromtheUS,wantstogoastepfurtherbydigitallycloning(克隆)humanminds.These“mindclones”wouldhaveallofourthoughts,feelings,andattitudes,andbeabletothinkjustlikeus.Rothblattimaginesthatmindcloneswillfirstbeginasdigitalassistantsinourmobiledevices(安置),untiltheybecomewalking,talkingversionsofus-butthesearefarfromrealityatthemoment.Mindcloningtechnologyisstillveryyoung,anditmightbealongtimebeforewecansendourartificialselvestoschoolsowedon’thavetositthroughmathclass.However,scientistsatStanfordUniversityintheUnitedStatesrecentlycreatedacircuit(電路)boardmodeledonthehumanbrainthatcouldsimulate1millionneurons(神經(jīng)元)andbillionsofconnectionsinthebrain.Eventually,Rothblattseesmindcloneshavingtheirownrightsaspeople,andevenfallinginloveandgettingmarried.“Let’ssay[theexAppleCEO]SteveJobsmeetsanothermindclone.Theyfallinlove.Mindclonesarejustpeoplewithoutbodies.Oncethemindclonesfallinlove,theyaregoingtogetmarried.That’swhatpeopledo,”shesaid.ButRothblatt’sideathatthedigitalversionsofourselveswouldhavethesamerightsaspeopleisnotsharedbyeveryone.Somepeoplehavearguedthatthemindmustbeembedded(嵌入)inbiologyforittobeconsidered“l(fā)ife”,HuffPostreported.1.AccordingtoRothblatt,mindclones______.A. willeventuallybecomerobots B.willbeusedinourmobiledevicesC. willbecomerealitysoon D.havemorerightsthanpeople2.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedword“artificial”inParagraph4?A.Useful. B.Man-made.C.Human-like. D.Different.3.Whatisthelatestdevelopmentinmindcloningtechnology?A.Wecansendourartificialselvestoschool.B.Peoplecanimprovetheirstudiesbyusingmindclones.C.SteveJobsandamindclonewillgetmarried.D.Acircuitboardhasbeenmodeledafterahumanbrain.4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytellus?A.ThewriteragreeswithRothblatfsidea.B.ThewriterdisagreeswithRothblatfsidea.C.NoteveryoneagreeswithRothblattaboutmindclones’rights.D.It’spointlesstodiscusstherightsof“mindclones”.Passage3Inyourdreams,youmayclearlyseesomethingorhearsomeonetalking.Butwhataboutsmells?Canyoueverremembersmellsfromyourdreams?Astudypublishedin1896lookedatdifferentsensoryexperiencesindreams.Itfoundthatvisualexperiencemainlycontrolsone’sdreams.Ittakesupabout85percent,whileauditory(聽覺的)experiencemakesup69percent,andsmellonly7percent.Butwhy?ScientistsfromtheUniversityofIllinois,US,haveatheorybasedonwhatisknownaboutthebrain.Inourbrain,thereisaspecialpartcalledthecerebralcortex(大腦皮層).Itislinkedtoourfeelings.Asmuchastwo-thirdsofthecerebralcortexworksinvision.Sovisionappearsoftenindreams.Auditoryexperienceiscloselytiedtolanguage,andlanguageisprocessedentirelyinthecerebralcortex.Smell,ontheotherhand,haslittletodowiththecerebralcortex.Itconnectsdirectlytothememoryandemotionalsystems.Thatiswhyasmellcansometimesbringbackadistantmemory.Anotherpossibilityisthatperhapssmellisnoteasilyaffectedbyourimagination.Forexample,closeyoureyesandimagineyourfavoritedish.Whatdoyouget?Itiseasytothinkaboutwhatitlookslike.Butitisnotaseasytoimagineitssmell.Thevisionandauditorysensesarepartofacomplexprocessinsidethebrain.Butsmellisadirectmeasurementofchemicalsintheair.Thereislessimaginationinvolvedinsmell.Therefore,smellmightbelessinfluencedbythebrainactivitythathappenswhiledreaming.Itissimilartotasteandtouch.Thatiswhyyoudon’tusuallyhavetheexperienceoftasteandtouchinyourdreams.1.Whichexperiencemainlycontrolsone’sdreams,accordingtothe1896study?A.Smell. B.Vision.C.Hearing. D.Tasteandtouch.2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheUSscientists’braintheory?A.LessthanhalfofthecerebralcortexworksinvisionB.Auditoryexperienceisnottiedtolanguage.C.Smellhasalmostnothingtodowiththecerebralcortex.D.It’sdifficulttoimaginewhatthingsinyourdreamslooklike.3.Accordingtoparagraphs6and7,itseasiertoimagineadish’s ______.A.lookthanitssmellB.smellthanitslookC.tastethanitssmellD.smellthanitstaste4.Whatisthebesttitleforthestory?A.Howdoesthecerebralcortexwork.B.Whycan’tyousmellinyourdreams.C.Whatexperiencehappensmostoftenindreams.D.Whycan’tyouremembersmellsfromyourdreams.Passage4Theoceanishometotensofthousandsoffish.Youcanseefishswimmingfreelyinthewater.Butyoumaynotknowthatfishcannotexploreeverypartoftheocean.Recentstudieshavefoundthatthedeepestdepthafishcanswimis8,200meters.Thisisaboutthreequartersofthedepthofthedeepestpartoftheocean.Thisisbecauseofachemical(化學(xué)物質(zhì))infishes’cellsthatiscalledtrimethylaminen-oxide(TMAO).Forexample,ifyoutakeaping-pongball10metersunderwater,thepressureturnsitintoatinypieceofplastic.Mostthingsbreakdownafteracertaindepthunderwaterbecauseofthehighpressure.TMAOwarnsfishofthisdangeratabout8,200meters.Iffishswimdeeper,theTMAOchemicalstopsworkingandstartstodamagethefishes’braincells.Althoughthereislifeatthebottomofthesea.mostfishlivewithinthetop1,000metersoftheocean.Evensharks,whichareoftendescribedasthe“kingsoftheocean”,haveneverswumdeeperthan4,000meters,notevenhalfthedepthoftheocean.Deeperdownintheocean,themostdangerousanimalsarethedeep-seafish.Theanglerfishisonesuchfish.Itlivesabout2,000metersdeepintheocean.Thereisnosunlightatthisdepth.Butanglerfishcanproducelightthemselves.Theyusethislighttofindfood.Beloweventhesefishisthecusk-eel.Thesesmallfishliveclosetotheoceanflooratadepthof8,000meters,faroutofreachofhungrypredators(獵食者).1.TMAO______.A.isachemicalintheocean B.isakindofplasticC.canmakethingsbreakdown D.canprotectfishfromdanger2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“damage”inParagraph4probablymean?A.圍繞B.損害C.生成D.保護(hù)3.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Mostfishliveatthebottomoftheocean. B.Sharkscanswimoverhalfthedepthoftheocean.C.Anglerfishcanproducelighttofindfood. D.Cusk-eelsareeasilyeatenbyhungrypredators.4.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.Howfishliveatthebottomofthesea. B.Howdeepfishcanswimintheocean.C.HowTMAOworksinfishes’braincells. D.Howfishfindfoodinthedeepocean.Passage5Upto45percentofteenagersintheUKbitetheirnails(咬指甲),accordingtotheBBC.Somepeoplebitetheirnailsnotbecausethey’retoolong,butbecausetheyaredriving,feelingstressedout,orjusthavenothingelsetodo.In2013,theAmericanPsychiatricAssociationidentifiednailbitingasasymptom(癥狀)ofobsessive-compulsivedisorder(OCD,強(qiáng)迫癥).Peoplewiththisdisordermaywashtheirhandsmoreoftenthanusualorhavetolineuptheirshoesinacertainway.AlthoughnailbitinghassomethingsincommonwithothersymptomsofOCD,itisdifferentfromtheminatleastoneway.“InOCD,thebehaviorisreallyunwanted,”saidpsychiatristCarolMathews.PeoplewithOCDdon’twanttowashtheirhandsoverandoveragain.Thereisnofuninit.Theyjustfearthatiftheyaren’tbusydoingsomething,somethingbadmighthappentothem.Butnailbitersenjoythisactivity.“It’srewarding.Whenyougettherightnail,itfeelsgood,”saidMathews.Therefore,somepeoplearguethatmostnailbitersdonothaveanykindofseriousmentalillness.However,it’sstillabadhabit.Sowhatcanwedotostopit?Sincemostpeoplebitenailsasawayofrelieving(緩解)stress,findinganotherwaytorelievethatstresscouldbeuseful,suggestedRochelleTorgerson,adoctorattheMayoClinicintheUS.Forexample,somepeoplemightplaywithapeninstead.Nailbitersfeeltheurge(沖動(dòng))tobiteiftheyfindasmallpartofthenailthatisimperfect,Mathewssaid.Soalwayskeepyournailsingoodshape.1.AccordingtotheBBC,_____ofUKteenagersbitetheirnails.A.nearlyahalf B.two-thirdsC.three-quarters D.four-fifths2.WhichofthefollowingbehaviorsisasymptomofOCD?A. Washingyourhandsbeforeeachmeal. B.Cuttingnailstomakethemshort.C. Liningthingsupinacertainway. D.Keepingyournailsingoodshape.3.WhatdoesthewritertrytotellusinParagraphs3-5?A.ThecommonbehaviorspeoplewithOCDoftenshow.B.Thedifferencebetweennail-bitingandotherOCDbehaviors.C.PeoplewithOCDenjoydoingthingsoverandoveragain.D.Nail-bitersdon’thaveanykindofseriousmentalillness.4.Whichsuggestionforhowtostopnail-bitingismentionedinthestory?A.Bitingyournailsinsteadofplayingwithapen.B.Giveupnail-bitingandworkhard.C.Keepyournailsingoodshape.D.Findanotherwaytoreleaseyourstress.Passage6HowmuchdoyouknowaboutEarth-theplanetthatweliveon?OurknowledgeofEarthhasbeendevelopingsinceancienttimes.However,manypuzzlesaboutEarthremainunsolved.LiveSciencehaspublishedalistoftheeightbiggestmysteriesaboutEarth.Let’slookatsomeofthem.Wheredidwatercomefrom?Whenitfirstcameintobeing4.5billionyearsago,Earthwasadryrock.Sowheredidallofourwatercomefrom?Scientiststhinkthatitmighthavearrivedintheformoficebyanasteroid(小行星)fromouterspacethathitourplanet.Butthistheoryhasnotbeenconfirmed(證實(shí))becausethereisverylittlerelatedevidencetobestudied.What’sinthecore(核心)?ScientistsusedtostudymeteoritesassmallexamplesofEarth,believingthatEarth’scorewasmadeofironandnickel(鎳).However,alaterstudyinthe1950sprovedthisapproachtobewrongbecauseitfoundthatEarthwouldbetoolighttoprovidegravity(重力)ifitscorecontainedonlyironandnickel.Today,scientistscontinuetobringforwarddi