2023年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)試題：閱讀理解之猜測(cè)詞義

閱讀理解解密04猜測(cè)詞義（分層訓(xùn)練）

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分層練A

1.【河北省張家口市部分學(xué)校2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中】

ProfessorSmithwasteachinghisclass.Allthestudentsintheclasswerelisteningtothelecturewithgreat

interest.Butamongthosestudents,therewasNick,whowassittingquietlyandinabadmood.

TheprofessortooknoticeofNickonthefirstdaybutdidnotsayanything.Butwhenthiswentonforaweek,

hecalledNickinhisofficeaftertheclassandasked,t6Youaredepressedallthetime.Whatisthematter?"Nick

saidwithsomehesitation,"'Sir,somethinghashappenedinmypast,duetowhichIremaintroubled.Idon'tknow

whattodo.”

ProfessorcalledNickathishouseintheevening.WhenNickarrived,theprofessorwenttothekitchenand

startedmakinglemonade.Hedeliberatelyputmoresaltinthelemonade.ThenhegaveaglassoflemonadetoNick.

AssoonasNicktookasip,duetothetasteofexcesssalt,hismouthbecamesour.Seeingthis,theprofessorasked,

“Whathappened?DidyounotliketheLemonade?^^"Nosir,thisisnotthecase.Justalittleexcesssaltinthe

drink."Nicksaid,"Hey,nowgivemetheglass.Iwillthrowitaway.^^Theprofessorreachedouttogetthedrink

fromNick.ButNickrefused,saying,t6Nosir,justsaltismore.Ifyouaddmoresugar,thetastewillbefine.^^Upon

hearingthis,theprofessorbecameseriousandsaid,“Youareright.Nowsee,thislemonadeislikeyourlife.Justas

saltcannotbetakenoutofthelemonade,similarlythosebadexperiencesalsocannotbeseparatedfromlife.Butby

addingmoresugaritcanchangethetasteoflemonade.Nicknoddedandsmiledinrelief.

1.WhydidNickfailtofocusontheclass?

A.Hewasdisturbedbythepast.B.Hewastoonervoustoconcentrate.

C.ProfessorSmithwastoodemanding.D.Thelecturewasboringandhardtounderstand.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"excess“inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Rare.B.Toomuch.C.Poisonous.D.Smelly.

3.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeProfessorSmith?

A.Determinedandinspiring.B.Cleverandbrave.

C.Wiseandcaring.D.Generousandlovely.

4.WhatcanwelearnfromNick'sstory?

A.Letitgoandliveinthepresent.B.Lifewithoutaimislikedrinkwithoutsalt.

C.Nothingismorepleasantthanawarmingword.D.Allthegoodandbadexperiencesareunavoidable.

2.【湖北省宜城一中、棗陽(yáng)一中等六校2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中】B

Justastheshinybrochurepromised,fromthemomentIsetfootontheHarvardcampuslastfall,Iwasexposed

toanexcitingandenlighteningnewworld.

Iwasbomandraised1,500milesaway,inasmallapartmentinJackson,Mississippi.Iamtheonlychild,so

mymotheroverpoweredmewithherlove.Forsomeonewhoseessomuchbeautyintheworld,sheworked

awfullyhardtoprotectmefromit.Television,rapmusic,andevenbasketballwiththekidsontheblockwasbeyond

consideration.Itleftmeabitbitterasateenager,butIgrewtoappreciateherenormoussacrifices（犧牲）——

walkingmetothelibraryeveryafternoon,laboringatmultiplejobstokeepfoodonthetable,andtellingmestories

lateintothenight.

WhenIannouncedthesummerbeforemysenioryearofhighschoolthatIhaddecidedtoapplytoHarvard,I

noticedherhesitantlookbeforeawarmsmileenvelopedherface.Ipretendednottosee,butIwasneverableto

forgetit.Itriedtoexplainmyreasonsforwantingtoleave-toproveIwassmartenough,fearoftakingthepathof

leastresistance,theclassicteenagefeelingofbeingtrapped-butthewordsjustmademesoundshallowand

ungrateful.

Nevertheless,Ibegantoworkonthecollegeapplications-anearlyoneforHarvardandroughlyadozenothers

standingby.IknewthechanceofgettingintoHarvardwasnotinmyfavor.Tomyjoy,Iwasinformedofmy

acceptanceintoHarvardthreedaysbeforemybirthday.Thatnight,afterallofthecelebratorytextsandhugs,Isat

inmyroomandbegantocryuncontrollably.

Overthecourseofthisyear,IhavechangedinwaysIneveranticipated.IthinkIknownowwhymymother

letmego.Harvardhasforcedmetogrowandtakeafairlookattheworld,andatmyself.Needlesstosay,Iwould

nottradetheexperienceforanything.

1.TheunderlinedwordinParagraph2mostprobablymeans.

A.madeadifferencetoB.madepeacewith

C.tookadvantageofD.tookcontrolof

2.Whatwasthemother'sfirstresponsetotheauthor'sdecision?

A.Shewasworriedaboutit.B.Shelaughedatit.

C.Sheapprovedofitimmediately.D.Sheturnedadeafeartoit.

3.WhatdidtheauthorsayabouthisadmissiontoHarvard?

A.Itdeservedabigcelebration.B.Itservedasalatebirthdaypresent.

C.Itwasbeyondhisexpectations.D.Itwasafavorheowedhismother.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.LifelongLearninginHarvard

B.ReflectionsontheRoadtoHarvard

C.WhatHarvardMeanstoMyMotherandMe

D.HowHarvardShapesMyTeenageYears

3.【遼寧省葫蘆島市協(xié)作校2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期第二次考試】C

JewelWhite,a15-year-oldstudent,gathersherbooksandsignsherselfoutofaroutinemorningmathclass.

Sheisnotleavingschoolfortheday,butisofftotrysomemorechallengingequations.Thispracticeisnot

uncommonatWestmountSecondarySchoolinHamilton,Ontario,Canada,whereanunconventionallearning

approachisprevailing.

Westmountisoneoftheeightregularschoolsinthecountrywherestudentsworkattheirownpaceandset

theirowndirection,spendingasmuchoraslittletimeastheyneedonsubjects.Teachersactasadvisers.Withthe

classroomteachers5permission,studentscansignoutofaclasstoworkonothermaterialsorwalkintoanother

classtocatchuponanothersubject.Andeverytwoweekstheymakeplansfortheirownlearningtime,with

supportfromtheiradviser.

Atatimewhenashrinkingstudentpopulationiscausingboardstocloseschools.Westmountsitsat30percent

overcapacitywith1,500students.Itsburstingnumberlededucationofficialstoconsiderexpandingtheprogramto

otherlocations.

“Ifstudentsareinterested,wearegoingtodoourbesttoprovidethatsortofprogramming,saidToddWhite,

chairoftheHamilton-WentworthDistrictSchoolBoard.

WhenstudentslikeJewelarenotinaclassroom,theycanusuallybefoundintheschool'slearningcommons,

astudyareaforallstudents.Thereareteachersavailabletohelp,butgenerallystudentsareworkingontheirown

assignmentsorprojects.

JewelsaidWestmount'sself-pacedstylecaughtherattentionwhenshewaslookingathighschools.

Westmountisnottheschoolclosetoherhome.Shesaidatelementaryschoolshewouldoftencausetroublein

classbecauseshewouldcompleteherworkearlyandnothavemuchelsetodo."Ifindthiskindofacademic

environmentinWestmountisalotbetterforme,“shesaid.“Ilikethethoughtofbeingabletoworkfasterorslower

ifneeded.^^

1.Whatdoestheword"prevailing“underlinedinparagraphImean?

A.Catchingon.B.Givingway.C.Slowingdown.D.Causingtrouble.

2.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheschoofslearningapproach?

A.Complexbutfamiliar.B.Flexibleandefficient.

C.Traditionalandcommon.D.Difficultbutinteresting.

3.WhatisToddWhite?sattitudetoWestmount5sstyleoflearning?

A.Tolerant.B.Doubtful.C.Positive.D.Unconcerned.

4.WhatdidJewelthinkofherelementaryschool?

A.Itwasaschoolclosesttoherhome.

B.Itprovidedtoomuchhomeworkforstudents.

C.Itslearningatmospherewasnotverysatisfying.

D.ItsstudentsdidnotworkasfastasWestmount.

4.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期12月調(diào)研考】

PhineasTBarnumisthebest-knowncircusbusinessownerofthenineteenthcentury.Heexcelledasa

showman,andthroughouthiscareerintheentertainmentbusiness,hepromotedmanydifferentformsof

attractions.

Barnum'sfirstindustrywasasanewspaperowner.Healsoworkedasawriterandpublisher.Hisenduring

fame,however,isasashowman.Barnumconsideredthistobehismaintalentandheneverchangedthisviewof

hischaracter.

T.Barnum'sentertainmentinterestscoveredmuseums,travelingdancetroupes（團(tuán)），andeventhemid-century

UStourbyJennyLind,theSwedishsinger.Hewas,bynature,arisk-taker,andusuallygainedsuccessfromthe

mostunlikelyenterprises.

Barnumwaswillingtoadoptanytacticthatpublicizedhisbusinesses.HisAmericanMuseuminNewYork

includedhoaxesandfreaks（惡作居！1和怪物）,bothhumanandanimal.Thiswasnotunusualbythestandardsofthe

time,butevenhefelttheneedtoprovehishoaxesfair,asadvertisingtricks.

Barnum'sunboundedself-confidencemeantheneverdoubtedhisabilitytomakeasuccessofanybusiness.

HeopenedAmerica飛firstaquarium（水館）andopenedatheaterinNewYorkthatwasthelargestandmostmodem

inthecity.Heaimedtochangethepublicknowledgeoftheaters,andinthis,helargelysucceeded.Hemade

theater-goingrespectable.

DeterminationandhardworkfeaturedmajorlyinthequalitiesthatBarnumdisplayed,andhefrequentlyspoke

aboutthenecessityofboth.Hebelievedsuccessonlycametothosewhoworkedforitandknewtheyhadthe

self-determinationnecessary.Healsostatedthenecessityofunderstandingthebusinessthatapersonwasrunning.

KnowledgeandexperiencecountedformuchinBarnum'slife,andhecertainlyknewtheentertainmentbusiness.

Successinlife,accordingtoBarnum,couldonlybeachievedwhenapersonisingoodhealth.Headvisedthat

gettinghealthyandmaintainingahealthybodyandmindwouldleadtohappinessaswellassuccess.

1.WhatdidBarnumthinkwashismostsuccessfulcareer?

A.Awriter.B.Apublisher.

C.Ashowman.D.Anewspaperowner.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"tactic“inparagraph4mean?

A.Media.B.Strategy.C.Support.D.Opportunity.

3.WhydoestheauthormentionBarnum'ssuccessinopeningtheaquariumandtheater?

A.ToshowBarnum'sfirmbeliefsinhisowncapacity.

B.Totelluschancesareimportantforanybusiness.

C.Toexplainwhatkindofbusinesswassuccessful.

D.Toindicatehowbadpeople'slifewasatthattime.

4.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeBarnumandhisbusiness?

A.EventfuLB.Adventurous.C.Unsteady.D.Outstanding.

5.【遼寧省名校聯(lián)盟2022-2023學(xué)年高三12月聯(lián)考】

Itisbecomingmoreapparentnowthatstudentsdomoreonlinelearningthantheyeverhavebefore.Thereare

plentyofwaysthateducatorscanusetechnologytocreateonlinelessonsanddeliverinstructionsremotely.

Youmaythinkthattheonlywaytorunanonlineclassissynchronouslythroughwebconferences,inthesame

waythatphysicallearningdoes-withallofthestudentsandtheteacherpresentatthesametime.Inmostcases,

thatwon'tbeverypractical,sincetheprobabilitythatallofthelearnersandtheeducatorbeingalltogetherwith

live,stableInternetconnectionsisrelativelylow.

Themostcrucialthingtokeepinmindisthatonlinelearningdoesnotneedtotakeplaceatthesametimeas

onlineteaching.YoucreateacourseinyourLMS（LearningManagementSystem）tobeaseriesofmodules（模塊）.

Thenyouaskyourlearnerstotakethemodulesoneafteranother,becauseeachbuildsonthelast.Eachmodule

maybeavideothatyoucreatedregardingthecontent,accompaniedbyaPDF,somerelevantdocumentsand

third-partylinks,etc.Learnerscanlogintothevirtualclassroomwhenevertheywant,evenduringtheearlyhours

ofthemorning,toaccesseachmoduleintheorderyouhavedesigned.Youcanalsolayoutsomeessentialrulesfor

thecourse,likethefrequencyandtypesofassessmentsandmore.

AsfarasTmconcerned,whilemostofthetimeonlinelearningsavesthelearningcostandprovidesdiverse

studyingmaterialsandinstructionsfromeducators,allowingyourlearnersthefreedomtodotheircoursework

accordingtotheirschedulesiswhatmakesonlinelearningdistinctive.Ithelpsboostengagement,teachyour

learnershowtoplanforthemselvesandberesponsible,andimprovetheiroveralllives.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“synchronously“inparagraph2probablymean?

A.Atthesametime.B.Inthesameplace.

C.Onvariousconditions.D.Throughdifferentchannels.

2.Whyarelearnerssupposedtofollowthemodulesinacertainorder?

A.Everymodulehasessentialrules.

B.Themodulesdealwithvarioustopics.

C.Eachmoduleisbasedonthepreviousone.

D.Themodulesaredesignedindifferentforms.

3.Whatmakesonlinelearninguniqueaccordingtotheauthor?

A.Flexiblelearningtime.B.Easyaccesstoteachers.

C.Abundantlearningresources.D.Affordableeducationfee.

4.Whoarethetargetreadersofthetext?

A.Students.B.Parents.C.Officials.D.Teachers.

爵

1.【江蘇省決勝新高考2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期12月大聯(lián)考】

Thearrivalofspringhasseeminglyunchangeableresults-lengtheningdays,blossomingplantsandagreat

increaseinbees'activity.Butnewresearchfindsthatmanyspeciesofbirdsarenestingandlayingeggsnearlya

monthearlierthantheydidacenturyago.

Thesespecies,includingbluejays,yellowwarblersandfieldsparrows,arenowlayingtheirfirsteggs25days

earlier,onaverage,thantheywere100yearsago,theresearchhasfound.Theheatingoftheatmosphere,duetothe

burningoffossilfuels,isseeminglychangingaprocessthatlongappearedunshakeable.

Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,drewuponrecordsofbirds5eggsgatheredduringa

period,fromabout1880to1920,whenpeoplecouldrampantly（猖獗的）collectthemfromnestswithout

punishment.Theserecords,largelyconsistingofboxesofeggswithhand-writtenlabelsdescribingthetypeofbird

andwhentheeggswerecollected,werecomparedwithmodernnestingdatacheckedbyresearchers,whoused

mirrorsmountedonlongpolestoobservehigh-upnests.

Amodelbuiltbytheresearchersrevealedthatbirdsmovingtheirnestingdatesforwardhasbeenclosely

correlatedwithrisingcarbondioxidelevelsintheatmosphere,aleadingdriverofrisingglobaltemperatures.

Birdschoosewhentonestinlinewithotherdevelopmentsinspring,suchasthebudding（發(fā)芽）ofplantsand

theincreaseininsectnumbers.Theseinteractionsofnaturearebeingunpickedbyclimatechange-intheUS

bearsareemergingfromhibernationearlierandcherry,peach,pear,appleandplumtreesareblossomingweeks

earlierthantheyoncedid.IntheUK,plantsfloweredafullmonthearlierbetween1987and2019thantheydid

before1986,recentresearchfound.

“Ifyou'reabirdandyounestearlier,youputyourselfatriskofthesecoldsnaps（寒流）thatcanstillarrivein

spring,whichthenaffectstheplantsandinsects,9,saidBates.taThatthenimpactsthereproductivesuccessofthe

birds.Springsarebecomingmorevolatile（反復(fù)無(wú)常）andthatistakingitstoll.”

1.Whatmightberesponsibleforthebirds9earliernestandlayingeggs?

A.Lengtheningspringdays.B.Globalwarming.

C.Blossomingplants.D.Theincreaseinbees5activity.

2.Howdidtheresearchersgettheirfinding?

A.Byreferringtopreviousresearches.

B.Bymonitoringbirds'behaviour.

C?Byinvestigatingbirds5habitats.

D.Bycomparingdatafromdifferentperiods.

3.WhyarebearsandplantsmentionedinPara.6?

A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.

C.Toproveastatement.D.Tomakeaprediction.

4.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“takingitstoll“inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Upsettingbalanceofnature.B.Shapinglandscape.

C.Receivingattention.D.Causingloss.

2.【江蘇省南京市第一中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期9月質(zhì)量檢測(cè)】

DianaGoldenwastwelveyearsoldwhenshehadcancer.Shewaswalkinghomeonedayafterplayinginthe

snowwhenherrightlegsimplygaveout.Doctorsdiagnosedtheproblemasbonecancer.Theyrecommended

removingherlegabovetheknee.

WhenDianaheardthenews,sheaskedtheonlyfirstquestion:"WillIbestillabletoski?”

“Whenthedoctorssaidyes,“shelaterrecalled,t4Ifigureditwouldn'tbetoobad.^^

Losingalegwouldcausemostchildrentoloseconfidenceandhope,butDianarefusedtodwellonthe

negative.66Itisnothing.Abodypart.^^she'dsay.

Mostofall,Dianawasnotdiscouraged.Shelovedskiingandshehadbeenonskissincetheageoffive.After

theoperation,Dianaworkedhardtogetbacktothemountainnearherhome.atIalwaysskiedandIintendedtokeep

onskiing.Ineverdoubtthat.^^shedeclared.Dianamethergoal.Shewasbackoutontheslopes.

Withjustoneleg,Dianamadethebestofit.Inhighschool,Dianabecameamemberofherschool?sskiracing

team.Andin1979,whenshewasjustseventeen,shejoinedtheUSDisabledSkiTeam.

Afterhighschool,DianawentontoDartmouthCollege.Determinednottobeleftbehind,Dianacontinued

hertrainingwiththeDartmouthteam."Ihadoneleg,whichmeantIhadtodoitdifferently."shelaterexplained.

In1982,Dianaenteredherfirstinternationalskirace.ShewontheworldHandicappedChampionshipin

Norway.In1986,DianawontheBeckAwardgiventothebestAmericanracerininternationalskiing.Andin1988,

shewasnamedSkiRacingMagazine'sU.S.FemaleSkieroftheYear.

Withhercourageanddetermination,Dianahaschangedhowpeoplelookatdisabledathletes.'"Everyonehas

somekindofdisability,Dianasays."It'swhatwedowithourabilitiesthatmatters.^^

In1990,Dianaretiredfromracingforgood.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"dwellon^^probablymeaninparagraph4?

A.Putaway.B.Thinkabout.

C.Leavebehind.D.Hangover.

2.WhichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderoftheeventshappeningtoDiana?

a.Dianaenteredherfirstinternationalskirace.

b.Dianawasdiagnosedwithbonecancer.

c.Shepracticedskiingattheageoffive.

d.DianabegantrainingwiththeDartmouthteam.

e.ShebecameamemberoftheUSDisabledSkiTeam.

A.bcade.B.cbdae.C.cbeda.D.bceda.

3.Thewriterprobablywrotethistextto.

A.informthereadersaboutdisabledskiers

B.describetheeventsininternationalskicompetitions

C.tellaboutthedisadvantagesofbeingadisabledskier

D.inspirethereaderswithDiana'scourageandresolution

4.Whatwouldbethesuitabletitleofthistext?

A.GoforthegoldB.Losealeg

C.SkitothelastminuteD.Competeforthedisabled

3.【浙江省慈溪市2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期12月適應(yīng)性考試】

Fromcowboyhatsandcattletobarbecueandfootball,Texasisknownformanythings.OnethingtheLone

StarStateisnotknownfor,however,iswinterweather.

ThatchangedinFebruarylastyear,whenwinterstormburiedTexasiniceandsnow.Itragedforatotalof

eightdays,23hours,and23minutes,whichwasoneofthemostimpactfulwintereventsinrecenthistory.

AccordingtoTexasTVstation,winterstormLandonwassoextremethatitcausedtreesacrossnorthTexasto

“explode”,fillinglocalcommunitieswithboomsthatsoundedmorelikegunshotsthantreebranches.

Thephenomenonof"'explodingtrees"isn'tasunusualorasterrifyingasitsounds,accordingtoJanet,who

saystreesoftenfreezeandburstasaresultofrapidtemperatureshifts.tcOurwidetemperatureswingsmeanthat

treesmaynotbecompletelydormant（休眠的）orpreparedforthecold,^^Janetsaid."Treeshaveseveral

mechanismstheyusetopreventfreezing.Theytakecuestogetadaptedandreadyforthefreeze.9,

Intreesthataren,tcompletelyinactive,coldweathercausestreesaptofreeze.Whenthathappens,thesap

expandsbeyondwhatthetree'sbarkcancontain.Andso,thetreesplitsinplacesthatcan'tcopewiththepressure,

creatingcracksknownas"'frostcracks”.Althoughtreesdonotactuallyexplodeintopieceswhenfrostcracks

happen,theremaybeloudnoisesandvisiblefractures（折斷）,andheavybranchescanfalltotheground.

“Treesexplodeincoldweatherbecausethewatercontentinthecellsandtissuesfreezes,MacKenziesaid.

“Frommidwintertoearlyspringthiscanoccurwhenthetemperatureswings,snowmeltsandwarmsun,cold

nightsworkinharmony.Itisusuallynothingtobetooconcernedabout;thetreewillstarttohealjustasquickly.I

havebeenawakenedmanycoldwinternightshearingthetreesexplode.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordt4Thaf,referto?

A.TexasisrelatedtoAmericanfootball.

B.Texasislittleknownforitswinterweather.

C.Texasisasuitableplaceforraisingcattle.

D.Texashasafamoushistoryofcowboys.

2.WhatdoesJanetthinkcausesthetreestoexplode?

A.Theoccurrenceofthewinterstorm.

B.Thefragiletreebranchesinwinter.

C.Thesuddenchangeoftemperatures.

D.Thetrees'preparationforthecold.

3.Whatdoesthefifthparagraphmainlytalkabout?

A.Theeffectofcoldweatheronplants.

B.Waystohelptreespreventfreezing.

C.Theroleofsapinwinter.

D.Thereasonwhytreesexplode.

4.WhatdoesMacKenzieimplyinhiswords?

A.Treeexplosionisanaturalphenomenon.

B.Meltingsnowcanleadtotreeexplosion.

C.Treesmayexplodeeveninwarmnights.

D.Peopleshouldbecarefulaboutexplodingtrees.

4.【浙江省舟山市2022-2023學(xué)年高考首考模擬英語(yǔ)試卷（二）】

Ifyou'rereachingforthelastpieceofpizzaataparty,andmeanwhileseeanotherhandgoingforit,yournext

moveprobablydependsonhowyoufeelandwhomthehandbelongsto.Yourlittlesister-youmightjustgrab

thepizza.Yburboss——youprobablywillgiveup.

Nowresearchershavemadeprogressinunderstandinghowmammals5brainencodessocialrankandusesthis

informationtoshapebehaviors-suchaswhethertofightforthelastpizzaslice.Theydiscoveredthatanareaof

thebraincalledthemedialprefrontalcortex(mPFC)wasresponsibleforrepresentingsocialrankinmammals;

changestoamouse'smPFCaffecteditsdominancebehavior.ButitwasunknownhowthemPFCrepresentedthis

informationandwhichneurons(神經(jīng)元)wereinvolvedinchangingdominancebehaviour.

Inthenewstudy,ProfessorKayTyeletgroupsoffourmiceshareacage.Somemicebecamemoredominant

andothersmoresubordinate.Assoonasthemicewerepairedup,hediscovered,theactivityoftheirmPFCneurons

couldpredict-with90percentcertainty-therankoftheiropponent.

“Weexpectedanimalsmightonlysignalrankwhentheyareinacompetition,9,saysco-researcherNancy."But

itturnsoutanimalswalkaroundwiththisrepresentationofsocialrankallthe

WhentheresearchersnextaskedwhethertheactivityofthemPFCneuronswasassociatedwithbehaviour,

theyfoundsomethingsurprising.Thebrainactivitypatternswerelinkedwithslightchangesinbehaviour,suchas

howfastamousemoved,andtheyalsocouldpredict-afull30secondsbeforethecompetitionstarted-which

mousewouldwinthefoodreward.

Thewinnerwasnotalwaysthemoredominant,buttheoneengagedinawinningmindset.Justasyoumight

sometimesbeinamorecompetitivemoodandbemorelikelytosnatchthatpizzaslicebeforeyourboss,a

subordinatemousemightbeinamorewinningmindsetthanamoredominantmouseandendupwinning.

TheareasofthemPFCassociatedwithsocialrankandwinningmindsetarenexttooneanotherandhighly

connected.Signalsonsocialrankimpactthestateofthebraininvolvedinwinningmindset.Inotherwords,a

subordinatemouse'sconfidenceandwinningmindsetmaypartiallydecreasewhenfacedwithadominantone.

“Thisisfurtherevidencetosuggestthatweareindifferentbrainstateswhenwearewithotherscomparedto

whenwe'realone,9,saysTye.

1.Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?

A.Toprovidebackgroundinformation.B.Tostatetheimportanceofsocialrank.

C.Togivereadersanexampleofsocialrank.D.Tointroducethetopicofthereadingpassage.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"they"inparagraph5referto?

A.ThemPFCneurons.B.Theresearchers.

C.Thebrainactivitypatterns.D.Thechangesinbehaviour.

3.Whatcanwelearnfromthenewstudy?

A.Brainactivitiescaninfluencesocialrank.

B.Dominantopponentsboostwinningmindset.

C.Socialrankandwinningmindsetaffectbehaviour.

D.Animalsonlyexhibittheirrankincompetition.

4.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Winningmindsetestablishesdominance.

B.Socialrankguidescompetitivebehaviour.

C.Asubordinatemousecanneverbeenawinner.

D.Awarenessofdifferentpeoplearoundyoumakeyourbrainusedifferentneurons.

5.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期12月調(diào)研考】

Thenextbigstage,theimprovementfromautomatictotrulyautonomoustrains,isalreadyhere.Itwilltake

trainautonomytothenextlevel,beyondtheautomatedperformanceonclosedloops（圈；環(huán)）suchasautomaticrail

linestodayandontothevastexpanseofinternationalrailways.

Thatwillmeanthatthenextgenerationoftrainswillbeabletolocatethemselvesintheirenvironmentand

interactwithothertraintrafficwithouthumanassistance.Theywillhavetheabilitytodetectandmanageontheir

ownallelementsoftheirenvironment,designedbyaconnectedtrafficmanagementsystem.

Thetransitiontowardtrainautonomyisspeeding,saysKaiTaylor,ThalesMarketing&Communications

DirectorMainLineRailSignalling,andforareasonthatcanbesummedupinoneword:digitalisation.

“Thekeytosuccess,“saysKaiTaylor,“isinfactwhatisin"theThalesDNA'——thedigitaltechnologies

acrossThalesbusinessunits-aerospace,space,transportation,defenceandsecurity.^^

“Thesetechnologiesrepresentthepiecesofthepuzzletoachieverealtrainautonomy.Theyareartificial

intelligence,bigdata,connectivity,includingtheinternetofthingslinkingtrainstointelligentrailwayswitches,and

withnetsecuritybuiltin.Wehavesensorsforobstacle（障礙）detectionfromThalesdefence,safeandprecise

satellitepositioningfromourspaceandavionics（航空電子設(shè)備）division,loTconnectivityfromourrecent

purchaseGemalto,cybersecurityfromtheThalessecuritysectorandthetrustedexplainableandapprovable

artificialintelligenceledbyThalesforsafedecisions.Takentogether,theywillprovidethetrainwithtrue

autonomyforsafeandefficientoperations.^^

Ofcourse,allthesetechnologiesareatthebaseoftheThalesgroundandairtransportationsector'scurrent

offeringsforefficient,safeandreliabletravelintheairorontheground.

KaiTaylorexplain