上海2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中考試英語試題(無答案)

上師2024學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三年級英語學(xué)科期中試卷滿分：150分考試時間：120分鐘考生注意：1.本考試設(shè)試卷和答題紙兩部分，試卷包括試題與答題要求，所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或?qū)懀ǚ沁x擇題）在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。2.答卷前，務(wù)必用鋼筆或圓珠筆在答題紙正面清楚填寫班級、姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號。Ⅰ.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Shedoesn’tneedanewcar. B.Shehasjustboughtasecond-handcar.C.Shedoesn’tdrivehercaralot. D.Shepreferslittlecarstobigones.2.A.Choosethegiftshewillbuy. B.Decideonthepaperforthegift.C.GotoCustomerService. D.Wrapthegiftherself.3.A.Watertheplantsmoreoften.B.Movetheplantsawayfromthewindow.C.Lethertakecareoftheplantsforawhile.D.Puttheplantswherethereismoresunlight.4.A.Sheannoyedthewaiter. B.Shespiltsomeredwine.C.Herjeansgotlost. D.Hertrousersgotdirty.5.A.Sheneedstocallhersisterfirst.B.ThesilverchainistooheavytocarryC.Sheisn’tgoingtobuythesilverchain.D.Thesilverchainistooexpensiveforher.6.A.Thewoman’scameraisbroken.B.Hewasn’tatDanandLinda’swedding.C.Someoneelseattheweddingtookgoodpictures.D.DanandLindadidn’thireaprofessionalphotographer.7.A.Shedoesn’tthinkSallylistenswell.B.Sallyshouldthinkmorebeforetalking.C.Shedoesn’tunderstandtheman’spoint.D.Sallyispreparingforherroleinaplay.8.A.Heexpectstomeetthewomanatthemeeting.B.Themeetingisnotexpectedtolastalongtime.C.Memberswillbetoldtobebriefintheircomments.D.Committeememberswillbeinformedbeforethemeeting.9.A.Thewomangotabargain.B.Theframeisnottooexpensive.C.Thewomanpaidtoomuchfortheposter.D.Theposterlooksbetterwithouttheframe.10.A.SheexpectsMarytowin.B.ThemanshouldvoteforMaryintheelection.C.Maryshouldn’thavecampaignedagainstSteve.D.ShethinksMarywillrunagaininthenextelection.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwopassagesandonelongerconversation.Aftereachpassageorconversation,youwillbeaskedseveralquestions.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Torebuilditself. B.Tocloseforgood.C.Tomovetoanothersite. D.Tokeepmorewildanimals.12.A.Itistheworld’sfifth-oldestconservationsite.B.Ithasbeenwhereitisforalmosttwohundredyears.C.Itprovidesanimalswithanaturalenvironmenttolivein.D.Ithashelpedmanyendangeredanimalstoreturntothewild.13.A.Supportive. B.Worried. C.Negative. D.Unconcerned.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Awell-knownwriter. B.Howsocialtrendsspread.C.Howpeoplegetinfected. D.Amarketingstrategy.15.A.Thebrandbeatothersinadesigncompetition.B.Thecompanyincreaseditsinvestment.C.Theywonfashiondesigners’favour.D.Theywereseenasold-fashioned.16.A.Word-of-mouthmarketingworksaswellasadvertising.B.Levelsofexposureisdeterminedbyacompany’sfame.C.Advertisingcampaigndoesn’tleadtowidespreadpublicity.D.Socialmediahasn’tincreasedtheroleofmarketing.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Shecan’tfindherluggage. B.Herflighthasbeencancelled.C.Shehasn’tarrivedattheairportontime.D.Hertourguidehasgivenherwronginformation.18.A.InBeijing B.InShanghai.C.Withanotherpassenger. D.Withherhusband.19.A.Herbagswillbesentthere. B.Herbagswillbepickedupthere.C.Hewillgotherewiththewoman. D.Hewillcallthehoteltomorrowmorning.20.A.Contented. B.Relieved. C.Indifferent. D.Unsatisfied.Ⅱ.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.HumanscanrunforlongdistancesatasustainedpaceWhycanhumansrunforlongdistances?Biologistshaveidentifiedamutated(變異)genethatmightexplain(21)____________humansaresogoodatendurancerunning,ProfAjitVarkioftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,explains.Howdohumanscompareagainstotheranimals?Manyanimalsarecapableofshort-distancerunning,but(22)____________doendurancerunning,besideshorses,wolvesandostriches.Humansareveryunusualbecausewecanrunforverylongdistancesatasustainedpaceaslongasyou’re(23)____________reasonablephysicalcondition.Whichgenesinfluenceendurancerunning?CMAHisthefirstknowngene(24)____________mightcontributetoendurancerunning—it’sbeenaroundfor500millionyearsandgotlostinourancestors.Thegeneproducesanenzyme(酶)(25)____________(add)anadditionaloxygenatomtomoleculesonthecellsurface,calledsialicacid.Throughoutthebody,sialicacidenablescells(26)____________(interact)withoneanother.Westillhavethesameamountoftotalsialicacid,butwelostonemajorformduetoamutationintheCMAHgeneabout2-3millionyearsago,which(27)____________(coincide)withwhenourancestorsgainedtheabilitytorunlongdistances.Youmademicewithhuman-likemutatedgenes.Howdidtheyrun?Thereweretwotests.Onewasastresstest:weputnormalandmutantmiceontreadmills(跑步機)andtheyran(28)____________theyreachedexhaustion.Theregularmiceranfor25minutes,butthemicewithhuman-likeCMAHgenesranfor35minutes.Importantly,thosemice(29)____________(nottrain).Thenweputrunningwheelsintothecages;micelovetorun-theyrunkilometresatnight.Initiallytherewasnotmuchdifference,butover10-15days,the‘(30)____________(humanise)’micegotbetter.Andwhenwetookthosetrainedmiceandputthembackonthetreadmilltest,thedifferenceisevenmoreobvious:themutantmiceranfor60minutesinsteadof40,soaround50percentlonger.SectionBDirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillineachblankwithaproperwordgiveninthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonemorewordthanyouneed.A.adaptation B.engaging C.fancy D.happens E.reliable F.restrictG.responsible H.scan I.spot J.surprise K.updatesHowtoFindaShootingStar“It’sallaboutjustlookingupatthesky,”saysHakeemOluseyi,authorofAQuantLife:MyUnlikelyJourneyfromtheStreetstotheStars.“Thequestionis,areyounoticingit?”Youdon’tneed31equipment;thenakedeyeisbest.“Typically,anytechnicalequipmentthatyouuseisgoingto32yourfieldofview,”O(jiān)luseyisays.Getawayfromcitylight—“thedarker,thebetter,”hesays—andfindaplacewithasmuchvisibleskyaspossible,likea(n)33inthemountainsordesert.Closeyoureyesforafewminutes,tospeeduptheir34tothedark.“Ifyouhavetohavelights,”O(jiān)luseyisays,“theyshouldberedlights.”Whatwecallshootingstarsarepartsfromcometsandasteroids(彗星和小行星)thatcanbeseenyear-round.Butmanymoreshootingstarsarevisiblewhentheearthpassesthroughdebris(碎片)fieldsatthesametimeeveryyear.“Wecallthosemeteorshowers,”O(jiān)luseyisays.ThePerseidsandLeonid(英仙座和獅子座)aretypicallythemost35,inAugustandNovember.Duringothertimesofyear,checktheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration’sSpaceWeatherPredictionCenterfor36“It’sjustliketakingafishingtrip:Youchecktheweatherfirstbecauseyou’dwanttoknowwhat’shappeningintheskybeforeyougo,”O(jiān)luseyisays.Checktheearthweatherinadvancetoo.Eveninclearskies,itcantakeawhile,sometimesafewhours,beforeyouseewhatyouwant,sogowithfriendstomakethelongoutingsmore37.Youdon’thavetolimityourselftowaitingforonlyshootingstars.Indeed,sometimesithelpsto38forotherthings.“Youcanlookforsatellitesanddoublestars,”O(jiān)luseyisays.“YoucantrytofindAndromeda.EverytimeIgosomewherenew,allovertheearth,IgottaseewhatthenightskylookslikefromwhereIam.”Lookupandlettheshootingstars39you:“Suddenlyyouseesomethingoutofthecornerofyoureyeandyouturnyourheadandthisbright,like‘Woo’thing40.”Ⅲ.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.WhatphoneshouldIget?ThatwasanimportantquestionimmediatelyafterthearrivaloftheiPhoneanditscompetitors.Buttoday’ssmartphones(andtablets)arenearly41.AppleandGoogle(makerofAndroidphonesoftware)havecopiedeachother’sideassocompletelythattheresultantphonesareincrediblycloseinlooks,price,speedandfeatures.ThesedaystheApplesandGooglesoftheworldare42onadifferentbattlefield:they’reracingtobuildthebestecosystem.Eachiscreatingahugeseriesofinterconnectedproductsandservices,makingiteasyforyoutoacceptitsofferingsandashardaspossibleto43acompetitor’s.Forconsumers,thechoiceisnowwhatsetofproductstheylikebest.Ifyou’reoneofthesecompanies,though,you’vegotadifficultdecisiontomake:Shouldyou44yourservicestopeoplewhouseyourcompetitors’products?Ononehand,makingyoursoftwareavailabletothoseoutsideyourecosystemcouldintroducetherestoftheworldtothe45ofyourproducts—andpossiblybringinnewconsumers.Ontheotherhand,youwouldlosethe46ofthoseservicesasanadvantage.Whywouldanyoneswitchifsheorhecanalreadygetthebestofacompetitor’sofferings?Sowhatapproacharethegiantstaking?It’sa(n)47bag.Appleisthemostclosed.48,itwritesappsonlyforiPhonesandiPads.Youcan’t,forexample,runtheAppleMapsapponothercompaniesdevices.Andyoucan’tusetheAppleWatchwithanythingbutaniPhone.Googlegoestogreatlengthstomakeitswaresavailabletootherplatforms.IfyouhaveaniPhone,youcanuseGoogle’sapps,servicesandevendigitalstore.YoucanevenlinkanAndroidWearsmartwatchwithaniPhone.Whysuch49?Ithelpstounderstandtheindividualcorporate50.Althoughthetwocompaniesoffersomanysimilardevicesandservices,eachisactuallyrunningonanentirelydifferentbusinessmodel.Appleisprimarilyinthebusinessofsellinghardware;Microsoft,software.Eachhasdifferent51incalculatingwhattoopenup.AndAppleandGooglecontinueto52;bothnowoffer,ifyoucanbelieveit,softwareforyourcardashboard(儀表盤)andhome-automationsystemdesignedtoworkwiththeirrespectivesmartphones.You,theconsumer,shouldbedelightedbythis53.Youshouldbehappythere’scompetition,whichalwaysbringsaboutinnovation(andoftenlowerprices).Andyoushouldbepleasedthatoverallthetrendseemstobeforthesecompaniestomakemoreoftheirservices54,nomatterwhichphoneorcomputeryouown.Eventuallythe55maywellbecomenearlythesame,too.Maybeatthatpoint,thequestionwillonceagainbecome,“WhatphoneshouldIget?”41.A.unimaginable B.straightforward C.widespread D.identical42.A.competing B.cooperating C.shrinking D.multiplying13.A.switchto B.evolveinto C.standfor D.setaside44.A.putup B.takeoff C.openup D.cutoff45.A.dimension B.superiority C.criterion D.sponsorship46.A.battle B.business C.uniqueness D.flexibility47.A.expanded B.filled C.mixed D.deserted48.A.Ingeneral B.Bycontrast C.What’smore D.Onaverage49.A.availability B.inconsistency C.thoughtfulness D.independence50.A.clients B.accounts C.investors D.motives51.A.courses B.considerations C.conservations D.circumstances52.A.burstout B.scaleup C.turnup D.branchout53.Atradition B.tension C.subscription D.direction54.A.accessible B.interactive C.affordable D.permanent55.A.companies B.devices C.ecosystems D.pricesSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)In2018,theNewYorkTimespublishedastoryaboutAmadeoGarcía,thelastlivingspeakerofTaushiro.HelivesintheAmazon,andthearticlelookedathowhecametobetheonlyspeakerleftofhismothertongue.It’saburdenonhisshoulders:hewasthelasthopeforpassinghislanguagedowntohischildrenandallowingittoliveatleastonemoregeneration.UNESCOreportsthatinEuropealone,thereare640languagescurrentlyindangerofextinction,withanother228nolongerspoken.WiththeinfluenceofEnglishacrosstheinternetaroundtheworld,there’sbeentalkoflanguagesdyingoutfasterthaneverbefore.TheGuardianrecentlyreportedonthelowstatusofIcelandicdueinlargeparttotheuseofEnglishonline.Everylanguageisn’tautomaticallysupportedonline.Thelanguagesyoucanusethemostoftenarethelanguagesmostwidelyspokenintheworld.Whathappenstoculturewhenalanguagedies?Everylanguagereflectsauniqueworld-viewwithitsownvaluesystems,philosophyandparticularculturalfeatures.Theextinctionofalanguageresultsintheirrecoverablelossofuniqueculturalknowledge.WhenalanguagebelongingtopeopleintheAmazondies,sotoodoesthatpeople’sknowledgeoftherainforest,howtheydiscussandinterpretcertainaspectsofhowtoliveinandwiththatenvironmentandtheusesforplantsthatmaystillbeunknowntotherestoftheworld.Knowledgeoftheworldisn’ttheonlyaspectofculturethatlanguageisintimatelytiedto:languageformsacriticalaspectofaperson’sandacommunity’sidentityaswell.Becauselanguagedisclosesculturalandhistoricalmeaning,thelossoflanguageisalossofthatlinktothepast.Thelossoflanguage,andthereforethatculturalidentity,canalsoleadtoworsementalhealthwithinthatcommunity.Astudypublishedin2007inthejournalCognitiveDevelopmentlookedatthelinkbetweenlanguageknowledgeandyouthsuicideratesamongtheaboriginal(土著)populationinBritishColumbia.Theresultsshowedthatyouthsuiciderateseffectivelydroppedtozerointhosefewcommunitiesinwhichatleasthalfthebandmembersreportedaconversationalknowledgeoftheirownnativelanguage.56.AmadeoGarciashoulderstheresponsibilityof________.A.preservingthedyinglanguageofhisowncultureB.givingbirthtomorechildrenintheAmazonC.introducinghismothertongueininterviewsD.protectingtheAmazonforatleastonemoregeneration57.Theunderlinedphrase“thelowstatus”inthispassagerefersto“________”.A.IcelandisnolongerregardedasadevelopednationB.thenativelanguageofIcelandcanhardlybefoundontheinternetC.languagesinIcelandaredyingoutfasterthaneverbeforeD.languagesmostwidelyspokenareautomaticallysupportedonline58.Accordingtothepassage,thelossofalanguagecanleadtomanyconsequencesEXCEPTthat________.A.wewillfailtoknowtheculturelinkedtotheextinctlanguageB.peoplewillnotbeabletofigureoutwhotheyactuallyareC.youngpeoplearemorelikelytosufferfrommentalproblemsD.thecognitivedevelopmentofaboriginalpeoplewilldroptozero59.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.LanguageExtinctionandCulturalCollapseB.TheNegativeImpactsofLanguageExtinctionC.TheLastLivingSpeakerofTaushiroinAmazonD.TheLossofCulture,CommunityandMentalHealth(B)Freshairandtherightchairsarethekeytoahappy,healthyworkforce,accordingtoanewsurvey.Wewenttoanofficeinanadvertisingagency,tofindouthowhealthyandhappytheywereasworkingenvironments.Amongourexpertswereabuildinghealthyconsultant;anergonomist,whostudiespeople’sworkingconditions;andanoccupationalpsychologist.Herearewhattheysaid.BuildingHealthConsultant:Thisofficeisaboutassimpleasitcouldpossiblybe;nocentralheating,nomechanicalventilation(通風(fēng)設(shè)備),windowsopeningtostraightontothestreet,.Itisdifficulttoseewhythisspaceworksbuttheoccupants,whoarepartofasmalldynamicteam,appeartohavefewcomplaints.Theyadapttothechangingseasonsbyopeningdoorsandroofpanelsorswitchingonelectricradiations-prettymuch,perhaps,astheydointheirownhomes.Thismaybethekey:ateamofsevenpeoplehavecreatedahappy,homelyworkingenvironmentanddonothavetoputupwithanyexternallyimposeddiscomfort.Ergonomist:Thefurnitureherehasevolved;notwopiecesmatch.Muchofitactuallycreatedbadworkingpostures.Chairsareold,mostaren’tadjustableandmanyarebroken.Althoughinthatwaythisenvironmentispoor,thepersonnelhaveavariedworkschedule,whichtheycontrol-officework,outmeetingclients,makingpresentations,andsoon.Thisvarietyreducestheriskofexhaustion,boredomormuscularproblems.Occupationalpsychologist:Staffaredelightedwiththevarietyofworkandthemultiplefunctionsoftheofficespace.Theysaidtheirofficewas‘neithertoobignortoosmall’—smallenoughtoknowwhatcolleaguesweredoing,largeenoughtobeabletobeonyourownandfocusonpersonalwork.Ifoundtheofficeattractiveandfun,conveyingimagesofefficiencyandcreativityatthesametime.60.BothBuildingHealthConsultantandErgonomistfindthat________oftheadvertisingagencyis/arefarfromsatisfactory.A.theworkinghours B.theemployers’mentalstateC.themanagement’spolicies D.thephysicalenvironment61.AccordingtotheOccupationalpsychologist,whatdostaffthinkoftheoffice?A.Ithasaperfectsize. B.Itpreventsefficiency.C.Ithasacreativedesign. D.Itdiscouragescommunication.62.Allthethreeexpertshavefoundthat________.A.theofficespaceneedstobemorelivelyB.theemployeesworkhappilyintheagencyCtheemployees’healthconditionsareworryingD.theofficespacehasdiscouragedattentionandconfidenceduringworkinghours(C)Totheaverageperson,itmustseemasifthefieldofartificialintelligenceismakinggreatachievement.Accordingtosomeofthemediaaccountsandpressreleases,OpenAI’sDALL-E2canseeminglycreatespectacularimagesfromanytext;andasystemcalledGatothatwasreleasedinMaybyDeepMind,reportedlyworkedwelloneverytaskthecompanycouldthrowatit.OneoftheDeepMind’shigh-levelexecutivesevenwentsofarastoboastthatinpursuingAIthathastheflexibilityandresourcefulnessofhumanintelligence—knownasartificialgeneralintelligence,orAGI—“thegameisover.”Don’tbefooled.AIisgettingbetter-syntheticimageslookmoreandmorerealistic,andspeechrecognitioncanoftenworkinnoisyenvironments-butwearestilllikelydecadesawayfromgeneral-purpose,human-levelAIthatcanunderstandthetruemeaningsofarticlesandvideosordealwithunexpectedbarriersandinterruptions.Thefieldisstuckonpreciselythesamechallengesthatacademicscientistshavebeenpointingoutforyears:gettingAItobereliableandgettingittocopewithunusualcircumstances.TakeDALL-E2.Itcouldn’ttellthedifferencebetweenanimageofaredcubeontopofablueversusanimageofabluecubeontopofaredcube.Anewersystem,releasedthispastMay,couldn’ttellthedifferencebetweenanastronautridingahorseandhorseridinganastronaut.Whenimage-creatingsystemslikeDALL-E2makemistakes,theresultcanbeamusing.ButsometimeserrorsproducedbyAIcauseseriousconsequences.ATeslaonautopilotrecentlydrovedirectlytowardahumanworkercarryingastopsigninthemiddleoftheroad,slowingdownonlywhenthehumandrivertookaction.Thesystemcouldrecognizehumansontheirownandstopsignsintheirusuallocationsbutfailedtoslowdownwhenfacedwiththeunfamiliarcombinationofthetwo,whichputthestopsigninanewandunusualposition.Unfortunately,thefactthatthesesystemsstillfailtoworkreliablyandstrugglewithnovelcircumstancesisusuallyburiedinthefineprint.Gato,forinstance,workedwellonallthetasksDeepMindreportedbutrarelyaswellasothercontemporarysystems.Alookatrecentheadlines,however,wouldn’ttellyouaboutanyoftheseproblems.Fornowwearetrappedina“l(fā)ocalminimum”inwhichcompaniespursuebenchmarksratherthanfoundationalideas.Currentengineeringpracticeisfaraheadofscientificskills:thesedepartmentsfocusonmakingsmallimprovementswiththepoorlyunderstoodtoolstheyalreadyhaveratherthandevelopingnewtechnologieswithaclearertheoreticalground.Thisiswhybasicresearchremainscrucial.ThatalargepartoftheAIresearchcommunity(likethosewhoshout,“Gameover”)doesn’tevenseethatis,well,heartbreaking.63.WhatdoestheDeepMind’sexecutivemeanby“thegameisover”(paragraph1)?A.AGIisquiteafrustratingarea.B.TherehasbeengreatprogressinAGI.C.NomoreinvestmentshouldbeputintoAGI.D.TechnologycompanieshasputtoomuchemphasisonAGI.64.TheTeslaonautopilotismentionedinparagraph5inordertoillustratethat________.A.consequencescausedbyAIcanbeamusingB.AIisreliableinhandlingfamiliarsituationsC.TeslacarsarenotagoodexampleofautopilotD.AIcannotdealwellwithunexpectedcircumstances65.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthewriterthinksthat________.A.morelightshouldbecastonsuccessfulAIcompaniesB.morespecifictrainingprogrammesshouldbecreatedforAIC.morefundamentaltechnologiesshouldbedevelopedforAID.morereliablebenchmarksshouldbeestablishedforAIproducts66.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthewriter’sviewpoint?A.MediashouldtalklessaboutAI.B.ItistooearlytobeconfidentofAI.C.Human-levelAIwillsoonbeafactoflife.D.AIpracticefallsfarbehindrelatedtheories.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Theoreticianslookedtothemforcalculatingtheequationsofmathematicalmodels.B.Biologistshavemadesignificantadvanceswiththistechnique,notablywithsequencingandeditinggenes.C.Theexperimenterandthetheoreticianwereactiveinthescienceswellbeforecomputerscameonthescene.D.Theinformationprocessprovidesasimulationforthephysicalprocessitmodels.E.Butsomeexpertsarguethatitdependsonhowpeopledefinecomputerusinginscienceandexperiments.F.Butsomethingmorehappened.ComputationalThinkinginScienceThroughoutmostofthehistoryofscienceandtechnology,therehavebeentwotypesofcharacters.Oneistheexperimenterwhogathersdatatorevealwhenahypothesis(假設(shè))worksandwhenitdoesnot.Theotheristhetheoretician,whodesignsmathematicalmodelstoexplainwhatisalreadyknownandusesthemodelstomakepredictionsaboutwhatisnotknown.Thetwotypesinteractwithoneanotherbecausehypothesesmaycomefrommodels,andwhatisknowncomesfrompreviousmodelsanddata.67Whenprojectstobuildelectroniccomputersstartedinthe1940s,scientistsbegandiscussionhowtheywouldusethesemachines.Nearlyeverybodyhadsomethingtogain.Experimenterslookedtocomputersfordataanalysis-lookingthroughlargedatasetsforstatisticalpatterns.68Usingthecomputertospeedupthetraditionalworkofexperimentersandtheoreticianswasarevolutionofitsown.69Scientistswhousedcomputersfoundthemselvesroutinelydesigningnewwaystoadvancescience.Simularion(模擬)isagoodexample.Bysimulatingairflowsaroundawingwithatypeofequation(calledNavier-Stokes)thatisbrokenoutoveragridsurroundingasimulatedaircraft,aeronauticalengineerslargelyeliminatedtheneedforwindtunnelsandtestflights.Simulationallowedscientiststoreachwheretheoryandexperimentcouldnot.Scientistsbecamecomputationaldesignersaswellasexperimentersandtheoreticians.Anotherimportantexampleofhowcomputershavechangedhowscienceisdonehasbeenthenewwayoftreatingaphysicalprocessasaninformationpr