F2-F3SurveyingMethodology公路項目測量方案中英文

....word..ContentTOC\o"1-3"\h\u1Introduction介紹22HorizontalControlPointEstablishment(HCPs)2建立水平控制網(wǎng)2.1GPSSurvey(GPSObservation)2GPS觀測,GPS測量2.1.1Establishmentofprimarycontrolpoint2建立首級控制點/網(wǎng)2.1.2GPSTechnique2GPS技術(shù)2.1.3ReferenceandDatum2參考和技術(shù)參數(shù)2.2TraverseSurvey2導(dǎo)線測量2.2.1Establishmentofsecondarycontrolpoint2建立加密(次級)控制點/網(wǎng)2.2.2Traverseadjustment2平差(加密控制網(wǎng)平差)2.2.3Accuracyrequiredandachieved2所需的精度和所到達(dá)的精度(是否符合要求)3VerticalControlPointEstablishment(VCPs)2建立垂直控制網(wǎng)3.1Differentialleveling2精細(xì)水準(zhǔn)測量3.2Permissibleerrorformula2允許誤差的公式4DetailSurveying2測量詳述4.1RouteLocation2中樁確實定(定線)4.2CrossSections2橫斷面測量4.3LongitudinalSection2縱斷面測量5ResourcesAllocationPlan2人員與設(shè)備配置方案5.1PersonnelDeployed2測量人員的配置5.2Instrumentandsoftware2設(shè)備配置和(數(shù)據(jù)處理)軟件1Introduction引言Topographicsurveyisoneofthemostimportantandcrucialformthebasedatafortheprojectconstruction.Thetopographicsurveyisbasicpre-requisitetocaptureallthephysicalfeaturealongtheprojectcorridortoenabletheselectionoffeasibleandmostusefulalignmentandlatertodesignandtofacilitatetheestablishmentoffinalcenterlineoftheroadprojectandlandacquisitionrequirements.Thetopographicsurveyworkmethodologyconsistsoffollowingmaintasks.地形測量是施工工程的根底數(shù)據(jù)最重要也是最關(guān)鍵方式之一。測量是獲取所有工程沿線的物理特征的首要任務(wù),使得可行路線的選擇得以施行,此后使得設(shè)計和最終中心線的埋點布設(shè)以及土地征用的工作得以順利開展,測量方案包括以下主要任務(wù):Routelocation.路中心線的初測(定線)Settingupofpermanentbeaconstoserveasareferencesystemduringconstructionofroadproject.建立永久控制點標(biāo)志在作為道路施工過程中的參照系統(tǒng)Developmentofcontroltraverse-lineandgeometriclevel-line.建立導(dǎo)線(平面控制)和水準(zhǔn)線(水準(zhǔn)路線)DetailedfieldsurveyusingTotalStationsandAutomaticLevels,whichwillhaveadifferentprecisionaccordingtothetopographicoperations.現(xiàn)場測量要使用全站儀和自動安平水準(zhǔn)儀,根據(jù)測量操作,兩者有不同的精度DataProcessingandCAD.CAD和數(shù)據(jù)處理DeliveryofsurveyreportincludingDiagramsandMonographs.提交包括圖表和文字性的闡述的測量報告Groundsurfaceandstructurallocationsurvey.地形測量和構(gòu)造性的地物測量ForcarryingthesurveyworkthecontractorreceivedtwoinitialcontrolpointsfromEnyiConsultantandcollecteddetaildatarelatedtonationalBenchMarkintheprojectcorridoranddeployedhighprecisioninstrumentslikeGPS,Totalstation,andAutoLevelinpliancewiththeTOR.ThecontractorwillverifythereliabilityoftheEMAcontrolpointandknownGPSpoints(GPS11&GPS11A)inthefieldbeforetheyareused.為能使測量工作得以實施,施工方從Enyi公司處得到引向工程路線的兩個初始控制點,并收集到與國家控制網(wǎng)嚴(yán)密關(guān)聯(lián)的基準(zhǔn)點詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)。此次測量配置了高精度儀器比方符合TOR規(guī)X標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的GPS,全站儀和自動水準(zhǔn)儀。在引點使用前,承包方會校驗所得到的EMA控制點和現(xiàn)場GPS11和11A的可靠性。....word..Figure1Figure2....word..2HorizontalControlPointEstablishment(HCPs)建立水平控制網(wǎng)2.1GPSSurvey(GPSObservation)GPS測量(觀測)2.1.1Establishmentofprimarycontrolpoint建立首級控制點/網(wǎng)GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)observationswillbefixedat3kmintervalsalongthecenterline.ThegeodeticGPSPointswillbeplacedinhighlyaccessiblesiteswithappropriatestandardconcretebenchmarksandbedrockswhicharepaintedyellow,protectedagainstimpacttoguarantytheirstabilityandintegrity.在沿中心線每隔3公里處進(jìn)展GPS觀測。GPS控制點使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)混泥土或在巖石上噴上黃漆作為基準(zhǔn)點，并設(shè)在容易接近的場地，而且加以保護(hù)防止撞擊確?？刂泣c的穩(wěn)定性和完整性。2.1.2GPSTechniqueGPS技術(shù)要求Theobservationswillbecarriedoutwith3unitsofLeicaGPS-SystemDual-frequencyreceiversusingStaticModebytrackingminimum8satellitespersiteinordertodetermine3-DWGS84co-ordinates.測量工作使用3組萊卡的GPS系統(tǒng)雙頻接收器，并使用靜態(tài)模式，每個位置跟蹤至少8個衛(wèi)星，以便定位3-DWG84坐標(biāo)。ThecontractorwilltransferEnyi’scontrolpoint(GPS11&GPS11A)toTP1whichisaround3kmfromtheGPS11andfoundinthenearbymountain.ThentheGPSobservationfromTP1toF2-F3startingpoint(GPS1)willproceed.Thebaselinemeasurementwillmaintainanaccuracylevelof10mm+5ppmwithatleast45minutesofobservation.承包方會從Enyi控制點GPS11和GPS11A導(dǎo)到TP1,TP1位于附近的山上距離GPS11大概有3公里，接著將從TP1到F2-F3的起始點(GPS1)開場GPS觀測。這個基線測量至少觀測45分鐘并保持在精度10mm+5ppmX圍內(nèi)。Usinghighlypost-processingGNSSSolutionssoftware,theWGS84co-ordinatestransformedintotheNationalGrid,U.T.M.co-ordinatesbasedonCalarc1880(Modified)Spheroid-Datum:Adindan(30thArc).使用高精度GNSS后處理軟件，基于Calarc1880(修正后)橢球體坐標(biāo)-參數(shù):Adindan(30th)弧度，將WGS84坐標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)化成國家網(wǎng)U.T.M坐標(biāo)。Aclearandintelligiblemonographofthevertexeswithabriefdescriptionofthelocation,photographanddiagramforeachofthiswillbepreparedandattached.此后,我方會為每個測量點準(zhǔn)備一份清楚明了的并附有簡單位置描述以及圖表照片的測量報告。2.1.3ReferenceandDatum參照和數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)Tosecureandvalidatereasonableinitialpoint,theremainingnewprimarycontrolpointswillbeautomaticallytiedtothenationalgridsystem.為確保和證實初始點的合理性，之后建立的首級控制點會自動關(guān)聯(lián)國家網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)。ThetransformationrequirementsusedtocorrelatethesurveyingworkwithnationalgridsystemofEthiopiausingGNSSsoftwareisasfollows:轉(zhuǎn)點要求測量工作要與埃塞的國家網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)密關(guān)聯(lián)，要使用如下GNSS軟件:-Coordinatesystem坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)Name-WGS84UTMzone36N名字-WG84UTM36區(qū)北Type–Projected類型-投影Unit–Meters單位-米Verticaldatum-OGSM02垂直數(shù)據(jù)-OGSM02-Datum數(shù)據(jù)Ellipsoidname-CALARC1888橢球面命名-CALARC1888Semi-majorAxis-6378249.145半球-主軸心-6378249.145InverseFlattening-293.466076740反轉(zhuǎn)展平-293.466076740DXtoWGS84-165.000m DYtoWGS84-11.000m DYtoWGS84-206.000m RXtoWGS84-0.000000m RYtoWGS84-0.000000m RZtoWGS84-0.000000m PpmtoWGS84-0.000000000000 -Projection投影Projectionclass-Transverse_Mercator投影級別-Transverse_MercatorLatitudeoforigin-0000’00.00000’’N原點維度-0000’00.00000’’北Centralmeridian-33000’00.00000’’E中央子午線-33000’00.00000’’東Scalefactor-0.999600000000比例系數(shù)-0.999600000000Falseeasting-500000.000m偽東向分量-500000.000米Falsenorthing-0.000m偽北向分量-0.000米-Units單位:Angularmeasurementsaretakenbydegreeandlinearmeasurementsaredoneandexpressedbymeters.角測量用度表示,線性測量用米表示。2.2TraverseSurvey導(dǎo)線測量2.2.1EstablishmentofSecondaryControlPoint建立加密(次級)控制點/網(wǎng)Benchmark(secondarycontrolpoints)referencedinthefieldonreliablepointsonappropriatebeaconsprotectedagainstimpacttoguarantytheirstabilityandintegrity.Thesebenchmarkswillbeestablishedat100-500mintervalspriortoinitiationofthesurveyworkasstipulatedintheTORorasdeemednecessarytosuitwiththesiteconditions.CarewillbetakenwhileestablishingthesepointstolocatethematsafeplaceswithintheRightofWay(ROW)andawayfrommainconstructionareatoensurenodisturbancetothepermanentbenchmarksduringconstructionperiod.Thesepointswillbeestablishedbytheavailablematerialsonthesitesuchasbedrocksandfixedbolderstonespaintedwhiteandcrossedbychiselonthetop.恰當(dāng)標(biāo)志桿標(biāo)識出的現(xiàn)場可靠加密控制點作為參照引用并加以保護(hù)確保它們的穩(wěn)定性和完整性。按照TOR規(guī)定或根據(jù)現(xiàn)場實際情況，這些基準(zhǔn)點布控要先于測量工作前開場，其間距在100到500米之間。布設(shè)這些控制點時要小心慎重，放在道路用地內(nèi)的平安位置并要遠(yuǎn)離主要施工區(qū)域以確保施工期間不干擾這些永久性基準(zhǔn)點。這些控制點的布設(shè)使用現(xiàn)場可用的物料，比方噴上白漆的巖床和固定巨石，用頂部穿插開鑿。ListsofallbenchmarkswillbetabulatedwiththefollowingdetailsandattachedinAnnexes.所有基準(zhǔn)點的列表按照以下詳細(xì)資料制成表格并附以附件形式。Identificationnumber,識別編號Co-ordinates(X,YandZ),and坐標(biāo)(X,YandZ),Description描述2.2.2TraverseAdjustment平差A(yù)controltraverse-linewillbeestablishedalongthecenterline,closed,checkedandadjustedontogeodeticGPSpoints.Controlbeaconswillbeestablishedtoservetheconstructionphase.Traversevertexeswillbelocatedincorrespondenceonappropriateconcretebenchmarksat100-400mintervals.Controltraverse-linewillbedeterminedbymeasurementofanglesanddistances.一條測線/導(dǎo)線沿著路線中心線進(jìn)展布置，是閉合的，經(jīng)過檢驗的，再根據(jù)所引用的GPS基準(zhǔn)點進(jìn)展平差。布設(shè)控制點標(biāo)志桿為將來施工階段效勞。導(dǎo)線的基準(zhǔn)點位于適宜混凝土墩子上，間隔100-400米。導(dǎo)線控制測量由邊和角的測量決定。DistancemeasurementswillbecarriedoutusingLeicaEDM,considering2cmindistanceasamaximumdifferencebetweenextremevaluesmeasured.距離/邊的測量將使用萊卡的EDM軟件，距離的最大誤差不能超過2厘米。TherecordingdeviceFLASHCARDwillbeusedinordertotransferfielddatadirectlyintopersonalputerforprocessing.使用存儲卡作為記錄設(shè)備將現(xiàn)場錄入的數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入個人電腦進(jìn)展數(shù)據(jù)處理。Thetoleranceondistanceinmetersisgivenby:0.05K,whereisthedistanceinkm.Firstly,thetraverse-linewilltieandadjustintoGPSPointsandintotheNationalTriangulationSysteminordertodetermineU.T.M.planesco-ordinates.距離/邊測量的誤差用米表示，表示公式:0.05K，K那么用千米表示。首先導(dǎo)線與我方所引用的GPS點關(guān)聯(lián)，再做三角網(wǎng)平差，以確定U.T.M平面坐標(biāo)。Secondly,theplaneco-ordinateswillbetransformedinaLocalGridtobeusedformappreparation.Alltraversepointswillbeshownonanappropriatediagram.其次，平面坐標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換成當(dāng)?shù)刈鴺?biāo)作為測圖之用。所有的導(dǎo)線點做成一X平面布網(wǎng)圖表。2.2.3AccuracyRequiredandAchieved要求的精度和所到達(dá)的精度Theaccuracyrequiredfortheestablishmentofsecondarycontrolpointisgreaterorequalto1in20,000betweentwoprimarycontrolpointsestablishedbyGPS.兩個首級GPS控制點之間所建立的加密(次級)控制網(wǎng)，其精度要求要大于或等于1/20,000。Wewillruntraversesfor17basesalongtheprojectproposedrouteandwillachievetheaccuracyrequiredstatedaboveformostbases.Alltraverseadjustmentputationsheetswillbeattached.我方將沿著所選路線進(jìn)展17對基點的導(dǎo)線測量并會到達(dá)上述精度要求，并附上所有平差計算結(jié)果表。3VerticalControlPointEstablishment(VCPs)建立垂直控制點/網(wǎng)3.1Differentialleveling精細(xì)水準(zhǔn)測量Itisavitaloperationinproducingnecessarydataforengineeringdesign.Differentiallevelingproceduresshallbeusedtoestablishhigherorderoftheverticalcontrolpointstiedtothenationwideverticalcontrolnetwork.這是一項提供工程設(shè)計必要測量數(shù)據(jù)的關(guān)鍵操作。用精細(xì)水準(zhǔn)測量程序布設(shè)與國家垂直控制網(wǎng)嚴(yán)密關(guān)聯(lián)的高階垂直控制點。3.2PermissibleErrorFormula允許誤差公式Thegeometriclevel-linewillbedevelopedalongtheControlTraverse-line.幾何水準(zhǔn)線會沿著控制導(dǎo)線/測線形成。TheelevationofbenchmarkswillbeobtainedbyDifferentialLevelingMethodusingAUTOMATICLEVELLeicainstrument,withamaximumtoleranceinmmforsinglesectionequalto:使用萊卡自動水準(zhǔn)儀并采用精細(xì)水準(zhǔn)方法獲取基準(zhǔn)點的高程。單節(jié)最大允許誤差在毫米之內(nèi)，單節(jié)等于:1.5Kcm,whereisthedistanceinkm.K是千米單位的距離Thelevel-linewillbetied-inandadjustedontheexistingbenchmarksoftheNationalLevelingNetwork,orontheGPSpoints.水準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)線在關(guān)聯(lián)國家水準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)現(xiàn)有基準(zhǔn)點或初始GPS控制點根底上做平差。4DetailSurveying具體測量4.1RouteLocation路線確實定Routelocationisanartofmostlytransferringofmap/paperlocationtoaground.Asaprerequisiteforthistask,theconsultanthadbeenundertakingtherouteselectionoftheproject.Priortoconductthetopographicsurveythecontractorandprofessionalteamtheconsultantdefinedthebestalternativeroutethatwillbefeasiblebotheconomically,technicallyandsocially.定線(中樁確實定)是紙上定線法導(dǎo)到地面的主要一門藝術(shù)。作為這個任務(wù)的先決條件，設(shè)計咨詢參謀先要進(jìn)展路線的選線，在測量工作進(jìn)展之前我方設(shè)計專業(yè)團(tuán)隊要先確定最正確路線，也就是經(jīng)濟(jì)上、技術(shù)上以及社會環(huán)境影響方面最優(yōu)的可行路線。Arapidandcriticalgeneralexamination(reconnaissance)wascarriedoutbylocationengineers.Andtheengineersdeterminedtheoptimumroutebetweenthetwoextremepoints.Theroutelocationthissegmentwascarriedoutusing1:50,000mapsandaerialphotographsconductedbyEthiopianMappingAuthority(EMA).定線/選線工程師已對現(xiàn)場路線進(jìn)展快速、關(guān)鍵的綜合檢查(地勘)并且我方工程師已在公路起始點之間選取最優(yōu)路線。在這局部定線過程我們使用1:50,000地圖和EMA的航空攝影圖。4.2CrossSections橫斷面測量局部Alongthewholerouteatopographicsurveywillbecarriedoutforamaximumof100mand80mminimumbandwidth.Therandompointswillbesurveyedonasquaregridnotexceeding20mspacingwithaccuracyof5cm,startingfromtraversepointsoradditionalintermediatestations.Wherethelandshowsmarkedirregularitiesofslope,aclosesurveygridwillbeused.TheLeicaTotalStationinstrumentswithsuitablesoftwarewillbeusedforthispurpose.測量會沿著整條路線進(jìn)展，帶寬最大100米和最小80米。從交點/導(dǎo)線點或追加的中間樁/站開場，在不超過20米間距的四方形網(wǎng)上找到隨機(jī)點進(jìn)展測量，精度5厘米。當(dāng)有明顯不規(guī)那么斜坡的地方，那么要使用嚴(yán)密間距的測量網(wǎng)/基點網(wǎng)。為此，使用配備適宜軟件的萊卡全站儀。DTMInterpolation數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)插WheretheroutecorridorshowsdenseforestandinaccessibletoundertakecrosssectionsurveyDTMInterpolationtechniqueswillbeusedataveryflatsectionoftheroute.當(dāng)路線通道顯示茂密森林和無法進(jìn)入進(jìn)展橫斷面測量時，這時就會在平整路段使用數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)插技術(shù)。BridgeSites橋梁位置Detailedcrosssectionpointswillbecollectedincludedtopandbottomofbanks,atbreakpointsandatcenteroftherivers.Thecrosssectionswillextended200mandabovemetersbothupstreamanddownstream.在斷點處和河流的中心處，采集詳細(xì)的橫斷面點包括河堤的頂部和底部。橫斷面局部將沿著河流上下游延伸至200米以上。4.3LongitudinalSection縱斷面測量局部Collectionoflongitudinalcenterlinepointswillbecarriedoutatintervalsof20minstraightsectionsand10mto15mapartonhorizontalandverticalcurvesdependingonthedegreeofsharpnessofthecurves.Incaseofbridgeandculvertandriverbedsthepointscollectedincludedthebottomofthecoursewaysandriverbeds.縱向中心線點的采集:在直邊段每間隔20米進(jìn)展，水平和垂直的