大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第一冊(cè)教案(教師用)

Unit1GrowingUpForTeachersTeachingplan(5periods)ObjectivesStudentswillbeabletograspthemainideaandthestructureofthetext(narrationinchronologicalsequence)appreciatethenarrativeskillsdemonstratedinthetextmasterthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetextconductaseriesofreading,listening,speakingandwritingactivitiesrelatedtothethemeoftheunit.Pre-readingtasksHaveyoulistenedtoJohnLennon’sBeautifulBoy(2minutes)Theartofeatingspaghetti(15minutes)TasksstudentssomequestionsandintroducetextA(8minutest)While-readingtasksThegraspingthestructureofthetext:circleallthetimewords;textorganizationexercise2;sumupthemainidea(15minutes)Culturalbackground:explainingtheAmericangradeschoolsystemandhowteachersaredressed.(3minutes)ExplainlanguagepointsandgivesSspractice.(60minutes)Explaingrammaticalstructures(25minutes)Textanalysisandtheme-relatedlanguagelearningtasks(32minutes)Post-readingtasks1.Thinkalone:AccordingtoMr.Fleagle,whatistheessenceoftheessay?(5minutes)2.Checkstudents’after-textexercisesandsolvesomecommonerrors(10minutes)3.Checkstudent’shomereading(textB)(3minutes)4.SsdoPartIV:Theme-relatedLanguageLearningTasksinclass(1period)5.Askthestudents’topreparethenextunit(2minutes)TextAnalysisRussellBakerisverygoodatselectingdetails(seePartIVWritingStrategy)toprovehispoint.Forexample,inPara.2hecreatesanunfavorableimageofMr.Fleaglebydescribinghis“formal,rigidandhopelesslyout-of-date”eyeglasses,hairstyle,clothes,jaw,nose,andmannerofspeaking.What’smore,RussellBakeremploysrepletionnotonlytomakeiteasyforreaderstofollowwhatheissaying,butalsotoimpressthemmoredeeply.Forexample,inPara.2,thereare9prim’sorprimly’sinasfewas3sentences!ThusreaderswillhaveintheirmindavividpictureofwhatMr.Fleaglelookedlike.AnotherexampleofsuchrepetitioncanbefoundinPara.5.CounthowmanyIwanted’sthereareinthisparagraph(thereare5!).TheyhelptoemphasizeRussellBaker’sstrongdesiretowriteforhimself.Ontheotherhand,wherethisstylisticdeviceisnotjustified,Bakerisalsoexpertinavoidingrepetitionbyemployingsynonymouswordsandphrases.Herearesomeexamples:dull,lifeless,cheerless,tediousturnout,write,compose,putdownrecapture,relivetopic,titleCulturalnotesGradeschoolsintheUS.:ItisnecessarytohavesomeknowledgeofgradeschoolsintheU.S.becauseSshavetorealizethat“thethirdyearinhighschool”(para.1)equals“theeleventhgrade”(para.9).U.S.studentsgenerallygothroughelementaryschools(kindergartento5thor6thgrade),middleschools(grades6-8)orjuniorhighsschools(grades7-9),andhighschools(grades9-12or10-12).WhatAmericanteacherswearinschool:Nowadays,peopleintheU.S.lovetodresscausally.EvenamongthosecompanieswitharigiddresscodesomenowallowemployeesnottowearsuitsonFridays.U.S.teacherswerefairlyformalclothestoschool,butnotnecessarilysuitsandties.Bowtiesareconsideredevenmoreold-fashionedthanties.Spaghettiandtheproperwayofeatingit:SpaghettiistheItalian-stylethinnoodle,cookedbboilingandservedwithsauce.Usuallyyouwouldputaforkintoaplateofspaghetti,turntheforkseveraltimessothatspaghettiwillwindaroundthefork,thenplacetheforkintoyourmouth.It’simpolitetosuck.LanguageStudyoffandon:adv.Inanintermittentmanner:sleptoffandonlastnight.possibility:Thefactorstateofbeingpossible.Somethingthatispossible.Isitapossibilitythatyouwillworkabroad?Thereisnopossibilityofhiscoming.Thenewinventioncontainswonderfulpossibilities.takehold:tostarttohaveaneffectThefeverwasbeginningtotakehold.bore:Tomakewearybybeingdull,repetitive,ortedious:Theplayboredus.I'mboredwiththisjob.It'sboretolittlechildrenhavingtogotoschooleveryday.associate:Toconnectorjointogether;combine;ToconnectinthemindorimaginationassociateonethingwithanotherWeassociateChinawiththeGreetWall.Whatdoyouassociatewithsuchaheavysnow?assignment:apieceofworkthatisgiventoaparticularpersonreceiveanassignment接收一項(xiàng)任務(wù)Whatistoday'sassignmentinhistory?今天歷史課指定的作業(yè)是什么?Hehasgotanewassignment.他得到一項(xiàng)新任命。7.turnout:a.toshutoff:turnedoutthelights.b.toarriveorassemble,asforapubliceventorentertainment:Alargegroupofprotestershaveturnedout.c.Toproduce,asbyamanufacturingprocess;make:anassemblylineturningoutcars.d.Tobefoundtobe,asafterexperienceortrial:Therookieturnedouttobethebesthitterontheteam.e.Toendup;result:Thecaketurnedoutbeautifully.f.Toequip;outfit:troopsthatwereturnedoutbeautifully.g.InformalTogetoutofbed.h.Toevict;expel:Thetenantswereturnedout.agony:Thesufferingofintensephysicalormentalpain.Hislastagonywasover.他臨死的掙扎已經(jīng)過(guò)去了。Hewasinanagonyofremorse.他處于極端悔恨之中beinagony苦惱不安deathagony(=agonyofdeath)臨死時(shí)的痛苦,垂死的掙扎inagonyofpain在痛苦的掙扎中inanagonyof處在極端...狀態(tài)中assign:a.Tosetapartforaparticularpurpose;designate.分派為某一特定目的分開(kāi)；指派b.Toselectforadutyoroffice;appoint.選派為某項(xiàng)任務(wù)或工作選派；委派c.Togiveoutasatask;allot.作為任務(wù)分出；分配d.Toascribe;attribute.歸于；歸屬beassignedtoanewpost被派到新的工作崗位assignadayforameeting確定開(kāi)會(huì)日期assignpropertytoanother把財(cái)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓給別人assignone'sfailuretoidleness將失敗歸因于懶惰assignhomework留家庭作業(yè)anticipate:Toactinadvancesoastoprevent;forestall.Toforeseeandfulfillinadvance.WeanticipategreatpleasurefromourvisittoLondon.我們期待倫敦之行過(guò)得非常愉快。Weanticipatehearingfromyouagain.我們期待再接到你們的來(lái)信。Weanticipatedourcompetitorsbygettingourproductsontothemarketfirst.我們趕在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手之前,先把產(chǎn)品推向市場(chǎng)。ardentlyanticipate殷切地期望confidentlyanticipate滿(mǎn)懷信心地期望anticipatesb.'sarrivalwithmuchpleasure萬(wàn)分高興地期待某人的到來(lái)。Amanwhoalwaysanticipateshisincomecanneversaveorbecomerich.總是預(yù)支工資,寅吃卯糧的人,永遠(yuǎn)不能儲(chǔ)蓄或成為富人。Hetriedtoanticipateallmyneeds.他設(shè)法將我需要的東西預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備好。Expect,anticipate,hope,awaitTheseverbsarerelatedinvariouswaystotheideaoflookingaheadtosomethinginthefuture.Toexpectistolookforwardtothelikelyoccurrenceorappearanceofsomeoneorsomething:Youcanexpectusforlunch.你可以等我們一起吃午飯?！癢eshouldnotexpectsomethingfornothingbutwealldoandcallitHope”(EdgarW.Howe).“我們不應(yīng)期待收獲而不付出--相反我們應(yīng)去做并稱(chēng)之為希望”（埃德加··何奧）。Anticipateissometimesusedasasynonymofexpect,butusuallyitinvolvesmorethanexpectation.Sometimesitreferstotakingadvanceaction,astoforestallorpreventtheoccurrenceofsomethingexpectedortomeetawishorrequestbeforeitisarticulated:<SKW>Anticipate有時(shí)被用作expect的同義詞，但通常它不僅僅是期望這個(gè)意思，有時(shí)它指提前采取行動(dòng)，來(lái)阻止預(yù)料中某事的發(fā)生或在一項(xiàng)要求或愿望說(shuō)出之前使它得到滿(mǎn)足：anticipatedtheattackandlockedthegates;預(yù)見(jiàn)會(huì)有襲擊并鎖上門(mén)；anticipatingherdesires.預(yù)先滿(mǎn)足她的愿望。Thetermcanalsorefertohavingaforetasteofsomethingexpectedbeforeitsoccurrence:這個(gè)詞也指在預(yù)料中某物的出現(xiàn)前就已擁有：anticipatetrouble.過(guò)早陷入麻煩。Tohopeistolookforwardwithdesireandusuallywithameasureofconfidenceinthelikelihoodofgainingwhatisdesired:Hope意思是熱切期望并對(duì)獲得所期待之物的可能性方面有一定的信心：Ihopetoseeyousoon.我希望不久就見(jiàn)到你。Hopeforthebest,butexpecttheworst.做最大的希望，但也等待最大的失望。Toawaitistowaitinexpectationof;itimpliescertainty:Await意思是滿(mǎn)懷期望的等待；暗含肯定性：eagerlyawaitingyourletter.熱切等待你的來(lái)信。tedious:Tiresomebyreasonoflength,slowness,ordullness;boring.atediousstory冗長(zhǎng)乏味的故事tediouswork乏味的工作boring,monotonous,tedious,irksome,tiresome,humdrum.Theseadjectivesrefertowhatissolackingininterestastocausementalweariness.Boringimpliesfeelingsoflistlessnessanddiscontent:Ihadexpectedthebooktobeboring,butonthecontraryitwasfascinating.我本以為這本書(shū)很乏味，但正好相反，它竟讓人著迷。Whatismonotonousboresbecauseoflackofvariety:表示monotonous的東西令人厭煩是因?yàn)槿鄙僮兓骸癟hereisnothingsodesperatelymonotonousasthesea”(JamesRussellLowell).“沒(méi)有東西更象大海一樣單調(diào)到讓人絕望了”（詹姆士·羅素·洛威爾）。Tedioussuggestsdullslownessorlong-windedness:Tedious說(shuō)明令人乏味的緩慢或漫長(zhǎng)的曲折：Whenwetravelfromcoasttocoast,wetakeaplanetoavoidspendingtediousdaysonthetrain.當(dāng)從一個(gè)海濱旅行到另一個(gè)海濱時(shí)，我們乘坐飛機(jī)以避免在火車(chē)上打發(fā)無(wú)聊時(shí)光。Irksomedescribeswhatisdemandingoftimeandeffortandyetisdullandoftenunrewarding:Irksome指需要時(shí)間和努力，然而是單調(diào)而且通常是沒(méi)有回報(bào)的：“Iknowandfeelwhatanirksometaskthewritingoflonglettersis”(EdmundBurke).“我知道也感到寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)信是一件多么令人煩惱的任務(wù)”（埃德蒙·布克）。Somethingtiresomefatiguesbecauseitseemstobeinterminableortobemarkedbyunremittingsameness:tiresome的東西令人厭倦是因?yàn)樗雌饋?lái)無(wú)窮無(wú)盡或毫無(wú)變化：“Whatatiresomebeingisamanwhoisfondoftalking?(BenjaminJowett).“夸夸其談的人多么令人討厭”（本杰明·喬維特）。Humdrumreferstowhatiscommonplace,trivial,orunexcitinglyroutine:Humdrum指陳腐、瑣碎和無(wú)趣平凡的東西：Sheledahumdrumexistenceallworkandnoplay.她過(guò)著相當(dāng)單調(diào)的生活——只有工作，沒(méi)有玩樂(lè)。reputation:Thegeneralestimationinwhichapersonisheldbythepublic;Thestateorsituationofbeingheldinhighesteem.;Aspecificcharacteristicortraitascribedtoapersonorthingamanofnoreputation默默無(wú)聞的人;沒(méi)有聲望的人apersonofreputation有信譽(yù)的人,體面的人buildupareputation博得名聲ablot[smirch,stain]onone'sreputation名譽(yù)上的污點(diǎn)haveagood[bad]reputation名譽(yù)好[壞]haveareputationforsth.(=havethereputationof)因...而著名,以...聞名liveuptoone'sreputation不負(fù)盛名;名副其實(shí)lose[ruin]one'sreputation名譽(yù)掃地makeanevilreputationforoneself弄得聲名狼藉ofgreat[good,high]reputation很有聲望的,享有盛名的ofnoreputation聲名狼藉的ofreputation有名望的inability:Lackofabilityormeans.employmentinability無(wú)就業(yè)能力,失業(yè)inabilitytobox喪失比賽能力inabilitytodefendoneself沒(méi)有自衛(wèi)能力inspire:Tofillwithenliveningorexaltingemotion:inspireanewthoughtintosb.將新思想灌輸給某人inspiresb.withcourage鼓起某人的勇氣inspiresth.insb.使某人產(chǎn)生某種感情;激發(fā)某人的某種感情inspiresb.withsth.使某人產(chǎn)生某種感情;激發(fā)某人的某種感情inspiresth.intosb.把某種思想灌輸給某人formal:Stifflyceremoniousaformalmanner;aformalgreeting;aformalbowtothemonarch.rigid:Notflexibleorpliant;stiff.rigidinone'sviews意志堅(jiān)定rigiddiscipline嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練rigidadherencetorules嚴(yán)守規(guī)則excessively:advToanadvancedorunusualdegree;extremely.過(guò)分地，過(guò)度地"Besides,excessivelylargemassesofhumanbeingsworkinginasinglegiganticbuildingoverburdenpublictransportation.""此外,許許多多的人在一幢大樓里上班工作,加重了公共交通的負(fù)擔(dān)。"outofdate:nolongeruseful,correctorfashionableoutofdatetheoriesoneducationTheinformationinlastyear’stouristguideisalreadyoutofdate.prim:Preciseorpropertothepointofaffectation;excessivelydecorous.一本正經(jīng)的過(guò)于準(zhǔn)確或合適以致于造作的；過(guò)分端莊的Thoseyoungladiesaremuchtooprimandpropertoenjoysucharudejoke."那幾位年輕的太太太拘謹(jǐn)和正經(jīng),不會(huì)喜歡這種粗俗的笑話。"aprimgarden整潔的園子primandproper一本正經(jīng)的;循規(guī)蹈矩的severe:Veryserious;graveorgrievous:severementalillness.Severe,sternandstrict:Theseadjectivesmeanunsparingandexactingwithrespecttodisciplineorcontrol.<SKW>Severeimpliesadherencetorigorousstandardsorhighprinciples;thetermoftensuggeststheimpositionofharshconditions:“Praiseorblamehasbutamomentaryeffectonthemanwhoseloveofbeautyintheabstractmakeshimaseverecriticonhisownworks”(JohnKeats).“贊揚(yáng)或指責(zé)對(duì)這個(gè)人只有瞬間效應(yīng)，對(duì)抽象美的熱愛(ài)使他對(duì)自己的作品嚴(yán)加批判（約翰·凱茲）。Sternsuggestsunyieldingdisposition,uncompromisingresolution,orforbiddingappearanceornature:Stern指強(qiáng)硬的處理、不妥協(xié)的決定或冷峻的外表或氣質(zhì)：“thoughtherhusbandamanfatallysternandimplacable”(GeorgeMeredith).“認(rèn)為她丈夫是一個(gè)極端嚴(yán)厲而且毫不容情的人”（喬治·馬里蒂斯）。Strictmeansrequiringorshowingstringentobservanceofobligations,rules,orstandards:有計(jì)劃地克制…做…某事，沒(méi)有別的理由只因你最好別做它”（威廉·杰姆森）。Strict指要求或顯示嚴(yán)格遵守義務(wù)、規(guī)則或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：“Hecouldnotbeseverenorevenpassablystrict”(W.H.Hudson).“他根本不能做到嚴(yán)厲，甚至連稍稍嚴(yán)格一點(diǎn)都做不到”(W.H.N哈德森)comic:Characteristicoforhavingtodowithcomedy.Oforrelatingtocomicstrips.Amusing;humorous:acomicsituationinvolvingthefamily'sicopera喜歌劇comicrelief(悲劇中穿插的以寬松觀眾情緒的)喜劇性鏡頭comicbook[美]連環(huán)圖畫(huà)雜志comicpaper報(bào)紙的連環(huán)圖畫(huà)版comicstrip連環(huán)圖畫(huà)tragic(來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)tragikos).adj悲劇的；悲慘的；不幸的atragicaccident不幸的事故antique:Anobjecthavingspecialvaluebecauseofitsage,especiallyadomesticitemorpieceoffurnitureorhandicraftesteemedforitsartistry,beauty,orperiodoforigin.Theantiqueisafake.那古董是一件贗品。anantiquedealer古董商old,ancient,archaic,antediluvian,obsolete,antique,antiquatedTheseadjectivesdescribewhatbelongstoordatesfromanearliertimeorperiod.<SKW>Oldisthemostgeneralterm:oldlace;anoldsaying;oldcolleagues;anoldDutchpainting.Ancientpertainstothedistantpast:“thehills,/Rock-ribbed,andancientasthesun”(WilliamCullenBryant).Archaicimpliesaveryremote,oftenprimitiveperiod:anarchaicGreekbronzeoftheseventhcenturyb.c.Hewasconvictedunderanarchaicstatutethathadneverbeenrepealed.AntediluvianappliestowhatissooldandoutdatedthatitseemstobelongtotheperiodprecedingthebiblicalFlood:livedinaramshackle,antediluviantenement;“abranchofoneofyourantediluvianfamilies”(WilliamCongreve).Obsoleteindicatesthefactofhavingfallenintodisuse:anobsoletecustom;obsoletemethodsofresearch.“Eithermanisobsoleteorwaris”(R.BuckminsterFuller).Antiqueisappliedbothtowhatisveryoldandtowhatisespeciallyappreciatedorvaluedbecauseofitsage:“inhatofantiqueshape”(MatthewArnold).ShecollectsantiqueFrenchfurnitureandporcelains.Antiquateddescribeswhatisoutofdate,nolongerfashionable,ordiscredited:“Noideaissoantiquatedthatitwasnotoncemodern.Noideaissomodernthatitwillnotsomedaybeantiquated”(EllenGlasgow).tackle:trytodealwith;Totakeonandwrestlewith(anopponentoraproblem,forexample).著手處理接受（比如一名對(duì)手或一個(gè)問(wèn)題）的挑戰(zhàn)并與之拼搏.Everyonehashisproblemtotackle.每人都有一些問(wèn)題要去解決。Thepolicemantackledthethief.警察捕捉小偷。tacklesb.about[on,over]sth.為某事與某人交涉,與某人坦率地談?wù)勀呈耬ssay:Ashortliterarycompositiononasinglesubject,usuallypresentingthepersonalviewoftheauthor.politicalessay政論文essayquestion(與填充題、是非題相對(duì)而言的)問(wèn)答題makeanessaytoassistsb.試圖幫助某人distribute:Todeliverorpassoutdistributebooksamongthestudents把書(shū)分給學(xué)生bedistributedintothreeclasses分為三類(lèi)distributeseedsoverafield在田間播種distribute...over...把...配給到[分配到,散布于]...distributesth.to把某物分[配,發(fā)]給...distributesth.among把某物分[配,發(fā)]給...distribute,dispense,divide,allocate都含“分配”的意思。distribute指“將某物分成一定的部分或數(shù)量,通常各份的數(shù)量不一定相等,然后分給某些人或地方”,如:distributeleaflets分發(fā)傳單。Inthe19thcenturythegovernmentdistributedlandtosettlerswillingtocultivateit.Divideimpliesgivingoutportions,oftenequal,onthebasisofaplanorpurpose:在19世紀(jì)，政府將土地分發(fā)給愿意耕種的定居者。dispensestressesthecarefuldeterminationofportions,oftenaccordingtomeasurementorweight:Dispense強(qiáng)調(diào)根據(jù)測(cè)理或稱(chēng)重對(duì)所分的份額，認(rèn)真作出決定：dispensingmedication;配藥；Dispense指“分配給一群人中每個(gè)人應(yīng)得的份”,如:Theydispensednewclothestothechildrenintheorphanage.他們把新衣服發(fā)給孤兒院的小孩們。divide指“把整體分為若干部分”,Divide表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或目的進(jìn)行按份額分發(fā)，常是平等的：如:Theestatewillbedividedamongtheheirs.divideitintotwo把它分成兩份。allocate指“分配一定數(shù)量的財(cái)物或任務(wù)給某些人、單位或事業(yè)等”,如:We'veallocatedasumofmoneytoeducation.我們已經(jīng)撥出了一筆教育經(jīng)費(fèi)。finally:最後，最終Shefinallyagreedwithme.她最終同意了我（的意見(jiàn)）。Theirdisputehasnotfinallysettledyet.他們間的爭(zhēng)端尚未最終解決。不可改變地；決定性地It'snotfinallysettledyet.那事尚未有決定性的解決。atlast,intime,finally,intheend這幾個(gè)詞語(yǔ)都有“終于”或“最后”的意思。atlast強(qiáng)調(diào)久等之后Whenthefirehadatlastbeenputout,theforestauthoritiesorderedseveraltonsofspecialtypeofgrass-seedwhichwouldgrowquickly.在火終于被撲滅的時(shí)候，森林管理局訂購(gòu)了好幾噸特殊速生草籽。Whenthedentistatlastremovedthecottonwoolfrommymouth,Iwasabletotellhimthathehadpulledoutthewrongtooth.在牙科醫(yī)生終于把藥棉從我嘴中取出時(shí)，我才勉強(qiáng)地告訴他說(shuō)，他把牙拔錯(cuò)了。AtlastfiremenhaveputoutabigforestfireinCalifornia.消防隊(duì)員終于撲滅了加利福尼亞洲的一場(chǎng)森林大火。intime表示經(jīng)過(guò)一段不定的時(shí)間之后Intime,allSam'smoneywaspaidbackinthisway.山姆所有的錢(qián)終于都用這種辦法歸還了。Youwilllearnhowtodoitintime.這項(xiàng)工作你最終總能學(xué)會(huì)做的。注:intime還有“及時(shí)”的意思finally也表示久等之后，但有時(shí)表示在一系列因素的最后一個(gè)之后Afterputtingitoffthreetimes,wefinallymanagedtohaveaholidayinGreece.推遲了三次度假之后，我們終于在希臘度了假。Weneedtoincreaseproductivity.Weneedtoreduceunemployment.Andfinally,weneedtomakeourexportscompetitiveonworldmarkets.我們需要增加生產(chǎn)率，減少失業(yè)率，最后我們需要使我們的出口產(chǎn)品在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。intheend和finally同義，但finally一般位于謂語(yǔ)前。這些詞除finally之外，其他三個(gè)都可以用在謂語(yǔ)前，也可位于謂語(yǔ)后Intheend,westayathomeandlookaftereverything.最后，我們還是呆在家里照看著一切。Hetriedmanywaysofearning,intheendhebecameafarmlaborer.他試過(guò)許多謀生之道，最后他做了農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人。faceupto:toacceptanddealwithanunpleasantfactorproblem大膽面向：Shemustfaceuptothefactthatsheisnolongeryoung.她必須正視她已不再年輕這一事實(shí)。They’llneverofferyouanotherjob;youmightaswellfaceuptoit.scan:lookthroughquicklyscannedthemorningpaperswhileeatingbreakfast.吃早飯時(shí)瀏覽早上的報(bào)紙title:anamegiventoabook,film,etc.thetitlesinapress'sfallcatalog.出版社秋季出版計(jì)劃中的書(shū)目extraordinary:Beyondwhatisordinaryorusual:extraordinaryauthority.Highlyexceptional;remarkable:anextraordinaryachievement.amanofextraordinarystrength一位力氣驚人的男子PerhapsthemostextraordinarybuildingofthenineteenthcenturywastheCrystalPalace也許19世紀(jì)最不尋常的建筑物要算`水晶宮'了。Whatanextraordinaryidea!多么離奇的想法!sequence:Afollowingofonethingafteranother;succession.連續(xù)一件事接著另一件事；連續(xù)asequenceofbumperharvests連續(xù)的大豐收inhistorical[alphabetical]sequence按歷史[字母]順序thesequenceoftenses【語(yǔ)】時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)image:Onethatcloselyorexactlyresemblesanother;adoubleanimageoftheVirginMary圣母瑪麗亞像seeone'simageinthemirror在鏡中照見(jiàn)自己的形像televisionimage電視圖象speakinimages講話用比喻;說(shuō)話形象化thinkingintermsofimages形象思維Heisthe(very)imageofhisfather.他活象他的父親。Thepoliticianhasaverybadimageamongpeople.那位政治家在人民中的形象很差。adult:afullygrownpersonforanimalHehasaveryadultmanneralthoughhe'sonly12.雖然他只有十二歲,他舉止卻很象大人。humor:Anoftentemporarystateofmind;amood:I'minnohumortoargue.havenosenseofhumo(u)r缺乏幽默感amanofhumo(u)r富有幽默感的人blackhumo(u)r黑色幽默(60年代美國(guó)新興的一個(gè)文學(xué)流派)dryhumo(u)r繃著臉說(shuō)笑話Everymanhashishumo(u)r.[諺]各人有各人的脾氣。inabadhumo(u)r情緒不好,不高興inagoodhumo(u)r高興,情緒很好in(an)illhumo(u)r不高興,情緒不佳inthehumo(u)rfor有(做某事的)心情;高興...;想...outofhumo(u)r情緒不佳,沒(méi)興趣recall:bringbacktomind;remember;Toremember;recollect.Recallthemiseryofthepastandcontrastitwiththehappinessoftoday."想想過(guò)去的苦,比比今天的甜。"Themakershaverecalledalotofunsafecars.制造廠收回了許多不安全的車(chē).argument:Adiscussioninwhichdisagreementisexpressed;adebate.Aquarrel;adispute.Itisbeyondargumentthat是無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的,不容爭(zhēng)辯的是...Argument,dispute,controversyThesenounsdenotediscussioninvolvingconflictingpointsofview.Argumentstressestheadvancementbyeachsideoffactsandreasonsbuttressingitscontentionandintendedtopersuadetheotherside:Emotionsareseldomswayedbyargument.情緒很少受論證的影響。Disputestressesdivisionofopinionbyitsimplicationofcontradictorypointsofviewandoftenimpliesanimosity:Dispute強(qiáng)調(diào)由于涉及相互矛盾的觀點(diǎn)而導(dǎo)致意見(jiàn)上的分歧，常常暗含敵意：Adisputearoseamongunionmembersaboutthetermsofthenewcontract.工會(huì)會(huì)員們?cè)谛潞贤臈l款方面產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。Controversyisespeciallyapplicabletomajordifferencesofopinioninvolvinglargegroupsofpeopleratherthanindividuals:<SKW>Controversy尤其用來(lái)指大批人，而非個(gè)別人在觀點(diǎn)上存在的分歧：Theuseofnuclearpoweristhesubjectofwidespreadcontroversy.使用核武力是一個(gè)會(huì)引起廣泛爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題。respectable:(ofbehavior,appearance,etc.)sociallyacceptablearespectableteacher一位可敬的老師arespectableappearance體面的外表arespectableincome可觀的收入Heistoorespectableformytaste.那個(gè)人太高雅了,我不喜歡。putdown:writedown"Putitdowntomyaccount,please."請(qǐng)記在我的帳上。recapture:bringbackintothemind;experienceagain.recaptureapositionfromtheenemy從敵人手中奪回陣地recapturethepast回憶過(guò)去;使過(guò)去再現(xiàn)relive:experienceagain,esp,inone’simaginationreliveone'slife重新生活violate:actagainstviolatealaw犯法violatesleep妨礙睡眠violatesb.'sprivacy侵?jǐn)_某人的安靜;闖入私室Thesoldiersviolatedthechurchbyusingitasastable.士兵們把教堂當(dāng)馬廄用而褻瀆了它。ThesoundofgunsviolatedtheusualcalmofSundaymorning.炮聲破壞了平常星期日早晨的寧?kù)o。compose:writeorcreate(music,poetry,etc.);Tomakeuptheconstituentpartsof;constituteorform:anexhibitcomposedofFrenchpaintings;themanyethnicgroupsthatcomposeourpose,consistof,comprise,constitute這組動(dòng)詞的一般含義為“組成”或“構(gòu)成”。compose在表示“由……材料構(gòu)成”時(shí)，見(jiàn)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；在用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般它所表示的“構(gòu)成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語(yǔ)或者是復(fù)數(shù)名詞或者是集體名詞。Concreteiscomposedofcement,sandandgravelmixedwithwater.混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構(gòu)成。England,ScotlandandWalescomposetheislandofGreatBritainMerefacts,badllystated,donotcomposeagoodbook.僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，并不能組成一本好書(shū)；consistof的含義與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的compose相同Thoughthecostumeconsistsonlyofasheet,itwasveryeffective.雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。comprise在表示“構(gòu)成”時(shí)，其內(nèi)涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”Thesehousesdonotcomprisesallhisproperty.這些房產(chǎn)并沒(méi)有構(gòu)成他的全部財(cái)產(chǎn)。Thecommitteecomprisesmenofwidelydifferentviews.這個(gè)委員會(huì)由見(jiàn)解甚為懸殊的人組成。constitute的主語(yǔ)可以是復(fù)數(shù)名詞也可以是單數(shù)名詞，所“構(gòu)成”的事物在屬性和特征上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的Thisgrowingpovertyinthemidstofgrowingpovertyconstitutesapermanentmenacetopeace.在這種不斷增長(zhǎng)的貧困中正在增長(zhǎng)著的貧困，構(gòu)成了對(duì)和平的永久的威脅。Sevendaysconstitutesaweek.七天構(gòu)成一個(gè)星期。turnin:a.Tohandin;giveover:turnedinthefinalexam.b.Toinformonordeliver:Thecriminalturnedherselfin.c.Toproduce:turnsinaconsistentperformanceeveryday.d.Informal:Togotobed:Iturnedinearlylastmand:a.Togiveorders.b.Toexerciseauthorityorcontrolasorasifoneisacommander.ageneralwhocommandsanarmy.指揮陸軍的將軍Tohaveatone'sdisposal:由某人處置：apersonwhocommandssevenlanguages.懂得七種語(yǔ)言的人discipline:punishment,orderkept(amongschool-children)labo(u)rdiscipline勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律militarydiscipline軍紀(jì)bestrictindiscipline紀(jì)律嚴(yán)明acommissionfordisciplineinspection紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)strictdiscipline嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練beunderperfectdiscipline受著很好的訓(xùn)練Heneedsalittlediscipline.他需略加懲戒。Inlearningaforeignlanguage,questionandanswerdrillsaregooddisciplines.學(xué)外語(yǔ)時(shí),問(wèn)答練習(xí)是很好的訓(xùn)練方法。what’smore:inaddition,moreimportantlyThesedetergentsareenvironmentalfriendly,what’smore,theyarerelativelycheap.contempt:Thestateofbeingdespisedordishonored;disgrace.atouchofcontempt有點(diǎn)蔑視feelcontemptforaliar對(duì)說(shuō)謊者有輕蔑之感Traitorshavealwaysbeentreatedwithcontempt.叛徒永被人們唾棄。Shelivesincontempt.她在屈辱中生活。Herefusedtoanswerincontemptoftherulesofthecourt.他藐視法院規(guī)章，拒絕回答。ridicule:Toexposetoridicule;makefunof.嘲弄使…受嘲笑；取笑“Myfatherdiscouragedmebyridiculingmyperformances”(BenjaminFranklin).holdback:preventtheexpressionof(feeling,tears,etc.)Thevillagersbuiltbanksofearthtoholdbackthefloodwaters."村民們筑起土壩,防止洪水泛濫。"Noonecanholdbackthewheelofhistory.誰(shuí)也無(wú)法阻止歷史車(chē)輪的前進(jìn)。抑制（情感、情緒）(=holdin,keepback)Thebosswasunabletoholdbackhisangeranylonger.(喻)老板再也抑制不住怒火了。avoid:keeporgetawayfromIcrossedthestreettoavoidmeetinghim,buthesawmeandcamerunningtowardsme.我橫穿馬路以便避開(kāi)他,但他看到了我并朝我跑過(guò)來(lái)。Toavoidconfusion,theteamsworedifferentcolors.為避免混淆,兩隊(duì)分穿不同顏色的衣服。Apersonwithnephritismustavoidallexertion.腎炎病人必須避免做任何要用勁的事。Youngladiesshouldlearntospendmoneycarefullyandavoidextravagance.年青的婦女要學(xué)會(huì)花錢(qián)審慎小心,避免浪費(fèi)。Toavoidthecitycenter,wemayturnrighthereandtakethebelthighway.從這里往右拐走環(huán)行道可以避開(kāi)鬧市中心。demonstration:actofshowingorprovingsth.peacedemonstrations.和平示威游行career:a.Achosenpursuit;aprofessionoroccupation.Mygrandfatherwasacareerteacher;it'stheonlyjobhe'deverdone.我祖父教了一輩子書(shū),教書(shū)是他所干過(guò)的唯一的工作。b.經(jīng)歷；生涯Churchill'scareer邱吉爾的經(jīng)歷c.全速；急馳Thehorsewentatfullcareer.那馬全速奔馳。Thecartcareereduncontrollablydownthehill.大車(chē)失去控制,猛沖下山。seal:Thedesignoremblemitself,belongingexclusivelytotheuser:印信圖案或紋章，只屬于使用人：amonarch'sseal.皇帝的御璽aprivyseal私章essence:themostimportantqualityofathingtheessenceofmorality道德的精髓Theessenceofhisreligiousteachingisloveforallmen.他宣揚(yáng)的宗教教義要旨是愛(ài)天下人。inessence:Bynature;essentially:本質(zhì)上；實(shí)質(zhì)的：Heisinessenceareclusivesort.他本質(zhì)上具有一種隱士的氣質(zhì)oftheessence:Ofthegreatestimportance;crucial:極其重要的極其重要的；決定性的：Timeisoftheessence.時(shí)間就是生命c(diǎn)ongratulation:Theactofexpressingjoyoracknowledgment,asfortheachievementorgoodfortuneofanother.祝賀對(duì)于別人的成績(jī)或好運(yùn)表示出的高興或肯定toofferone'scongratulationsonhersuccess對(duì)她的成功表示祝賀It'syourbirthdaytoday?Congratulations!"今天是你的生日?恭喜,恭喜!"TextBSummerReadingonpurpose:deliberately,intentionallyJack’sbeenreallyannoyingmeandIthinkhe’sdoingitonpurpose.inadvance:beforesomethinghappensorisexpectedtohappen.Ishouldwarnyouinadvance,wemaybedelayed.Couldyoudistributecopieswellinadvanceofthemeeting?comprise:toconsistofparticularparts,groups,etc.Thehousecomprises2bedrooms,akitchen,andalivingroom.Thecity’spopulationislargelycomprisedofAsiansandEuropeans.motion:togivesomeonedirectionsorinstructionsbymovingyourhands.Thepoliceofficermotionedformetopullover.Hemotionedtohertobequiet.adjust:tograduallygetusedtoanewsituationbymakingsmallchangedtothewayyoudothings:(to)Adjustingtothetropicalheatwasmoredifficultthantheyhadexpected.They’llsoonsettlein—kidsareverygoodatadjusting.thinkup:toproduceanewidea,nameetcbythinkinghardaboutsomething:Welaughattheabsurdityoftheselawsandwonderhowanyoneeverthoughtthemup.inthemeantime:intheperiodoftimebetweennowandafutureevent,orbetweentwoeventsinthepast.Thedoctorwillbeheresoon.Inthemeantime,tryandrelax.Ididn’tseeherforanotherfiveyears,andinthemeantimeshehadgotmarriedandhadacoupleofkids.generally:inageneralway;usuallyofmostofthetimeJonathansayshegenerallygetsintoworkby8:00.Generallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethestereo,thebetteritis.appeal:Ifsomeoneorsomethingappealstoyou,theyseemattractiveandinteresting.Doestheideaofworkingabroadappealtoyou?Themagazineisintendedtoappealtoworkingwomenintheir20sand30s.clash:fightorseriousdisagreementclashofinterests利益沖突aclashwiththepolice與警察的沖突Ifailedtogotoherweddingbecauseitclashedwithmyexamination."我沒(méi)能去參加她的婚禮,因?yàn)楹臀业目荚嚾掌跊_突了。"represent:standfororbeasignorsymbolofTheprotestersrepresentedonlyasmallsectionofpublicopinion.Theredlinesonthemaprepresentsaconsiderableimprovementonyourrecentwork.decent:acceptable,andgoodenoughHaven’tyougoadecentpairofshoes?AhousewithdecentsizedyardWhenTomfoundoutthathisgirlfriendwaspregnant,hedidthedecentthingandmarriedher.evil:n.veryharmfulorunpleasantinfluenceoreffect:theevilsofcapitalismtheeternalstrugglebetweengoodandeviladj.Verycruelandbad anevildictatorresponsibleforthedeathsofmillions theevileffectofmaterialismvoluntary:actingordoingwillinglyWhensheretiredshedidalotofvoluntaryworkfortheRe