《中西文化比較（英文版）（第2版）》unit 3 The Chinese and Western Communication

中西文化比較TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit3TheChineseandWesternCommunication圖片Background

Confucianism,whichhasinfluencedChinaforseveralthousandyears,emphasizesetiquette,rituals,andcustoms.Therefore,inevitablyChinesepeople’scodesofconductareundertheinfluenceoftheancientculture.Moreover,Chinesesocietyhashighlyprescribedcodesofconductandtendstojudgepeopleonhowcloselytheyfollowtheserulesofbehavior.However,thestyleofWesterncommunicationputsemphasisonpracticabilityandthewayoftheirexpressiontendstobefrankandsincere.Westernershavestrongsenseofindependenceandinsistthatindividualdignityshouldnotbeviolated.Theirmannerofbehavingisrigorousandorganized.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.civilityn.

politebehaviour①Staffmembersaretrainedtotreatcustomerswithcivilityatalltimes.全體職員接受訓練，以便在任何時候對顧客都以禮相待。

②Tomshowshiscivilitybeforehisparents’friends.湯姆在他父母的朋友面前表現得很有禮貌。TextA

Notes2.reciprocityn.

asituationinwhichtwopeople,countries,etc.providethesamehelporadvantagestoeachother①TheygaveassurancestheywouldpressforreciprocitywithGreeceintheissuingofvisas.他們保證將推進本國與希臘兩國間簽證的互相發(fā)放。②Forthecommercialactivitiestheprincipleofreciprocityshallapply.互惠原則適用于商務活動。TextA

Notes3.taboon.

aninhibitionorbanresultingfromsocialcustomoremotionalaversion①Deathisoneofthegreattaboosinourculture.在我們的文化中，“死亡”是一大忌。②Mentalillnessisstillataboosubject.精神疾病仍然是禁忌話題。TextA

Notes4.exquisiteadj.

①extremelybeautifulorcarefullymade②delicateandsensitive①Theroomwasdecoratedinexquisitetaste.這個房間的裝飾情趣高雅。②Weadmiredherexquisitehandiwork.我們欣賞她精致的手工藝品。TextA

Notes5.wardn.

aseparateroomorareainahospitalforpeoplewiththesametypeofmedicalcondition①Heworkedasanurseonthechildren’sward.他在兒科病房當護士。②ThewardwasbusyandAmyhardlyhadtimetotalk.病房里非常忙碌，埃米幾乎沒有時間說話。TextA

Notes6.signifyv.

tobeasignofsomething①Henoddedtosignifythatheagreed.他點頭表示同意。

②Thesymboldisplayedoutsidearestaurantsignifiesthere’sexcellentcuisineinside.餐館外的招牌表明里面有美味佳肴可以享用。TextA

Notes7.veiln.

acoveringofverythintransparentmaterialworn,especiallybywomen,toprotectorhidetheface,oraspartofahat,etc.①Theveilshewaswearingobscuredherfeatures.她罩的面紗遮掩了她的面容。②Theirworkiscarriedoutbehindaveilofsecrecy.他們的工作是在秘密掩護下進行的。TextA

Notes8.trickyadj.

①difficulttodoordealwith②cleverbutlikelytotrickyou①ItwasatrickyproblembutIthinkwe’velickedit.這是一個棘手的問題，但我認為我們輕而易舉地解決了。

②Gettingittofitexactlyisatrickybusiness.使這完全合適是件很難做到的事。TextA

Notes9.coffinn.

aboxinwhichadeadbodyisburiedorcremated①Asteadyprocessionofpeoplefiledpastthecoffin.人們排成一隊，一個接一個地從靈柩旁走過。

②Afinewouldbethefinalnailinthecoffinoftheairline.罰款將會是對這家航空公司的最后致命一擊。TextA

Notes10.wakev./n.

①tostopsleeping;tomakesomebodystopsleeping②anoccasionbeforeorafterafuneralwhenpeoplegathertorememberthedeadperson①Ialwayswakeearlyinthesummer.我夏天總是醒得早。

②Afuneralwakewasinprogress.正在進行葬禮守靈。TextA

KeySentences1.Chinaisknownasastateofetiquette,ceremonies,andcustoms.Manyidiomshavebeenpasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration,suchas“civilitycostsnothing”or“courtesydemandsreciprocity”andsoon.“civilitycostsnothing”“禮多人不怪”“courtesydemandsreciprocity”“禮尚往來”TextA

KeySentences2.Redisalwaysassociatedwithgoodluck.Blackisassociatedwithdirt,sin,disasters,sadness,andsufferingamongothernegativethings.beassociatedwith與…有關；與…相聯(lián)系①“Beingtallerisassociatedwithlongerlifeexpectancy,”hesaid.他說：“個子越高，預期壽命越長?！雹贗haven’tbeenassociatedwiththeprojectoverthelastyear.我去年一直沒有參與那個項目。TextA

KeySentences3.Beforeleavingherparents’home,thebridecriedtoshowherreluctancetoleavehermother,whichiscalledbridecrying.reluctanceto…/bereluctantto…不情愿；厭惡；反抗①Hisreluctancetoanswerherquestionssimplyfannedhercuriosity.他不爽快地回答她的問題，這就激起了她的好奇心。②Shewasreluctanttoadmitshewaswrong.她不愿承認自己有錯。TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListoneortwotraditionalChinesecustomsandtheiruniqueness.TraditionalChinesecultureholdsthatabroomshouldnotbeusedforcleaningthealtarasthisisdisrespectful.Theseobjectsarecleanedwithaclothoraspecialsmallbrush.DuringtheSpringFestival,Chinesecustomprohibitstheuseofthebroomforthreedays.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutoneofthediningtaboosinChina.Apartfromsoup,alldishesshouldbeeatenwithchopsticks.TheChineseareparticularabouttheuseofchopsticks.Therearemanytaboossuchastwiddlingwithchopsticks,lickingchopsticks,usingthemtostirupthefood,gesturingwiththem,orpointingthematothers.TextA3.Whatistherelationshipbetweencommunicationandcultureininheritingcharacteristics?Therelationshipbetweencommunicationandcultureisverycomplexandintimate.Cultureiscreatedthroughcommunication,thatis,communicationisthemeansofhumaninteractionthroughwhichculturalcharacteristicsarecreatedandshared.Withoutcommunication,itwouldbeimpossibletopreserveandinheritculturalcharacteristicsfromoneplaceortimetoanother.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.bridalsedanInatraditionalChinesewedding,thebrideshouldsitinthesedanandthenbeliftedtoherhusband’shome.Generally,therearetwokindsofsedan:four-lifterandeight-lifter.Itcanalsobedividedinto“dragonsedan”and“phoenixsedan”.Besides,redsilkisusuallychosenforthecurtainofthesedan,onwhichthereareembroideredpatternswithspecialauspiciousmeanings.TextA2.redpacketInChinesesociety,aredpacketisamonetarygiftwhichisgivenduringholidayssuchasChineseNewYearorspecialoccasionssuchasweddings,graduation,orthebirthofababy.Atweddings,theamountofferedisusuallyintendedtocoverthecostoftheattendeesaswellassignifygoodwilltothenewlyweds.TextA3.bridalchamberprankThebridalchamberwillremainopenontheweddingday,sofriendsandrelativeswillcrowdintothebridalchambertoplaytricksonthenewlywedsaftertheweddingbanquet.Inancienttimes,thebrideandgroomwouldnotmeetuntilthenightofthewedding.Therefore,thesepranksencouragedtheshynewlywedstoactlikehusbandandwife.TextA4.coveringveilDuringtraditionalChineseweddingceremony,thebride’sheadiscoveredbyaredveilwhichisnormallymadeofapieceofexquisitesilk.BecauseredsymbolizeshappinessinChineseculture,bridalveilsareallred.Itisnottakenoffuntilalltherelativesandfriendshaveleftandthegroomneedstoputtheveiloffbyhimselfonly.TextA5.traditionalChinesewakeOneofthestepsinthefuneralprocessisthetraditionalChinesewake.Atthewake,relativeswillcryandmournloudlyforthedeceased.Theseatingatthewakedoescorrelatewithfamilyranking.Familymemberswillwearspecialcoloredclothingtosignifytheirrankinthefamily.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.

本命年每十二年一遇。根據中國的傳統(tǒng)，一個人要在他的本命年穿紅色的內衣，特別是在春節(jié)期間。這些紅色的衣服被認為能夠帶來好運并阻擋厄運。1.BenMingNianwillcomeonceeverytwelveyears.AccordingtoChinesetradition,apersonneedstowearredundergarmentsduringhisBenMingNian,especiallyduringtheSpringFestival.Theseredgarmentsarebelievedtobringgoodluckandpreventbadluck.TextA2.在小孩滿月那天，孩子的家人一般要邀請親朋摯友一起來慶祝孩子滿月。按照中國的傳統(tǒng)，這一天家里會充滿喜慶的氛圍，滿月酒要辦得熱熱鬧鬧才好。2.Onthedaywhenababyisonemonthold,thefamilyofthebabywillinvitetheirrelativesandintimatefriendstoaceremonytocelebratetheoccasion.Inatraditionalone-month-oldceremony,therewillbearejoicingatmosphereinthefamily,andthefeastissupposedtobelivelyandjoyful.TextA

Notes1.senatorn.

amemberofasenate①HehasservedasaDemocraticsenatorforTexassince2000.自2000年以來，他一直是得克薩斯州的民主黨參議員。②Thesenatorclaimstohavebeenmisquotedinthearticle.參議員聲稱文章錯誤地引用了他的話。TextA

Notes2.gendern.

thefactofbeingmaleorfemale①Manyfactorsareimportant,forexampleclass,gender,ageandethnicity.許多因素都很重要，如階級、性別、年齡及民族。

②Genderrolesareoftenconditionedbyculturalfactors.文化因素常常對性別的角色有著重要的影響。TextA

Notes3.stiffadj.

firmanddifficulttobendormove①Icamehomefromthegamefrozenstiff.我看完比賽回到家里，都快凍僵了。

②Shelookedathimwithastiffsmile.她看著他，臉上擠出生硬的一笑。TextA

Notes4.bouquetn.

abunchofflowersarrangedinanattractivewaysothatitcanbecarriedinaceremonyorpresentedasagift①Thelittlegirlpresentedtheprincesswithalargebouquetofflowers.小女孩向公主獻上了一大束鮮花。②Thewomancarriedabouquetofdriedviolets.這個女人拿著一束干枯的紫羅蘭。TextA

Notes5.conservativeadj./n.

①opposedtogreatorsuddensocialchange;showingthatyouprefertraditionalstylesandvalues②connectedwiththeBritishConservativeParty①Herstyleofdresswasalwaysconservative.她的服裝式樣總是很保守。

②TheConservativeswontheseatinthelastelection.在上次選舉中保守黨奪得了這個議席。TextA

Notes6.predominantadj.

①mostobviousornoticeable②havingmorepowerorinfluencethanothers①Yellowisthepredominantcolourthisspringinthefashionworld.黃色是今春時裝界的流行顏色。②Hispredominantcharacteristicishonesty.他最為突出的特點是誠實。TextA

Notes7.cutleryn.

knives,forksandspoons,usedforeatingandservingfood①Shearrangedplatesandcutleryonasmalltable.她在一張小桌上擺好盤子和餐具。

②Acutlerysetiscomprisedof6tableknives.一套餐具有6把餐刀。TextA

Notes8.prongn.

eachofthetwoormorelongpointedpartsofafork①Marktheloafwiththeprongsofaforkinacriss-crosspattern.用叉子尖在面包上劃十字圖案作標記。②Andthereindeedoneachprongoftheforkwasalittleroastnut.在燒叉的每一根尖上都叉著一個小小的烤堅果。TextA

Notes9.utensiln.

toolsorobjectsthatyouuseinordertohelpyoutocookortodoothertasksinyourhome①Thebestutensilforsteamingisawokbecauseitswidtheasilyaccommodatesawholefish.鍋是蒸魚的最好器具，因為它很寬，可以輕松放下一整條魚。②Thebestcarvingutensilisalong,sharp,flexibleknife.最好的雕刻工具是鋒利而柔韌的長刻刀。TextA

Notes10.elbown.

thejointbetweentheupperandlowerpartsofthearmwhereitbendsinthemiddle①Shejabbedhimwithherelbow.她用胳膊肘捅他。②Sheelbowedmeoutofthewaytogettothefrontoftheline.她用肘部把我推開朝隊伍前面擠。TextB

KeySentences1.InBritain,youwillfindmostpeoplearekindtoyouifyoubehavepolitely,respectlocalpeople,andabidebysocialmannersandcustoms.abideby…遵守，遵照（法規(guī)、協(xié)議、判決等）①You’llhavetoabidebytherulesoftheclub.你必須遵守俱樂部的規(guī)定。②Shewillabidebyherpromise.她會信守諾言的。TextB

KeySentences2.Whenfirstintroducedtosomeone,oneshouldaddressandbeaddressedasMiss,Ms.,Mrs.,orMr.followedbythesurname.addresssb.as…稱呼某人為……beaddressedas…被稱為……①Thejudgeshouldbeaddressedas“YourHonour”.對法官應該稱“法官大人”。②Iheardhimaddressherasdarling.我聽見他稱她為“親愛的”。TextB

KeySentences3.Ifyoureceiveawritteninvitationtoaneventthatsays“RSVP”,youshouldrespondtoletthepersonwhosenttheinvitationknowwhetherornotyouplantoattend.Culturaltips:請柬用語①“RSVP”：源自法語，有“盡快回復”的意思。②

“Regretsonly”意思是“不能出席請復”，當收請柬人不能出席時才回復，但也應及時回復。③“Toremind”：意思是“備忘/提醒”，只起提醒作經口頭約妥再發(fā)來的請柬，可不必答復。答復對方，可用打電話或者發(fā)郵件的形式。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomeWesternsocialetiquette.①Don’tshoutorbeloudinpublicplacesanddon’tuseexcessive,demonstrativehandgestureswhenspeaking.Itisimpolitetostareatpeopleinpublicplacesandspittinginthestreetisconsideredtobeverybadmannered.②Whenyouintroducepeopleinaformalsocialsituation,introduceapersonoflowerstatustoapersonofhigherstatus.Whentwopeopleareofsimilarageandrank,introducetheoneyouknowbettertotheotherperson.③Ifyouareinvitedtoaperson’shousefordinner,itisimpolitetorestyourelbowsonthetable.Whenyoufinisheating,itissuggestedthatyoulayyourknifeandforkparallelacrosstherightsideoftheplate.Ifyouhavenotfinishedeating,itisbettertocrossyourknifeandforkonyourplatewiththeforkovertheknife.TextB2.WriteashortpassageaboutthedifferencesinthecolorsofweddingbetweenChinaandtheWest.Forinstance,redisthecolorwhichappearsmostinChineseweddings,asitrepresentsgoodluckandindicatesthatthecoupleswilllivehappilyeverafter.However,whiteismostcommonlyusedinWesternweddingsanditrepresentsthesublimityofmarriage.TextB3.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncommunicationinprivacy?Inthepast,itwasnaturalfortheChinesetotalkabouttheage,income,maritalstatus,andotherpersonalinformationduringsocialcommunication,whiletheWesternersgenerallydidn’tlikethatsinceitwasaninvasionofprivacy.Nowadays,theChinesepeoplearemorelikelytosharepersonalinformationonlywithfamilymembersandclosefriends.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.tablemannerTablemannersaretherulesofetiquetteusedwhileeating,whichmayalsoincludetheappropriateuseofutensils.Therearedifferentrulesfortablemannersindifferentcultures.Eachfamilyorgroupsetsitsownstandardsforhowstrictlytheserulesaretobeenforced.TextB2.eyecontactEyecontactoccurswhentwopeoplelookateachother’seyesatthesametime.Inhumanbeings,eyecontactisaformofnon-verbalcommunicationandisthoughttohaveabiginfluenceonsocialbehavior.Coinedintheearlytomid1960s,thetermcamefromtheWesttodefinetheactasameaningfulandimportantsignofconfidence,respect,andsocialcommunication.TextB3.RSVPInthecontextofsocialinvitations,RSVPisaprocessforaresponsefromtheinvitedpersonorpeople.ItisaninitialismderivedfromtheFrenchphrasemeaning“Replyifyouplease.”TheacronymRSVPissometimesstillusedincurrentFrenchtorequireconfirmationofaninvitation.TextB4.thank-younoteIfyouhavebeenaguestentertainedinsomeone’shome,sendingathank-younoteisoneofthemostimportantthingsyoucando.Itshowsthatyouappreciatethehosts’effortstomakeyoufeelcomfortableandthatyou’regratefulfortheirhospitality.Athank-younotedoesn’thavetobelong,butitshouldconveyyourdeepestgratitude.TextB5.professionaltitleAprofessionaltitleisaprefixorsuffixaddedtosomeone’snameincertaincontexts.Itmaysignifyveneration,anofficialposition,aprofessionaloracademicqualification.Insomelanguages,aprofessionaltitlemaybeinsertedbeforealastname.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.InGermany,thenewlywedsareexpectedtocompleteatestbyworkingtogethertosawaloginhalfinfrontofalltheirguests.Theactisintendedtoshowcasethebrideandgroom’sabilitytoworktogetherandtofacetheobstaclesthatmaycomethroughouttheirmarriage.1.在德國，新婚夫婦要合作完成一個測試，即當著賓客的面把木頭鋸成兩半。此舉預示著這對新人可以一同努力面對他們婚姻生活中的障礙。TextB2.Aninterviewmaybetheonlyshotyouhavetoimpressthedecision-makerinperson,soitisnecessaryforyoutodressimpeccably.It’salwaysbettertooverdressthanunderdress.Adarksuitandacrispwhiteshirt,manicurednails,simplemake-up,andclean,professionalshoeswillbeperfectinmostcases.2.

面試可能是你本人給決策者留下印象的唯一機會，所以你必須穿著得體。穿著考究總比衣著樸素要好得多。黑色西裝配上清爽的白襯衣、修剪整齊的指甲、簡單的妝容，以及干凈、職業(yè)性的鞋子在多數情況下都會是完美的。ChineseSeatingArrangementWesternSeatingArrangementTextCComparison1HandshakingHugTextCComparison2RespectingtheEldersLadyFirstTextCComparison3Number4Number13TextCComparison4BairiDebutanteballsTextCComparison5Case

Study

道歉與微笑

小王在美國一所大學讀研究生。在一次實驗中，小王無心的失誤影響了所在小組的實驗進程。實驗結束之后，小王面帶微笑，態(tài)度真誠地向指導老師道歉。老師看到小王的微笑，不僅沒有接受他的道歉，反而表情嚴肅地看著他。小王內心很疑惑，為何老師感受不到自己的歉意呢？Case

Study

分析點評

中國人和美國人在道歉方式和態(tài)度上有文化差異。中國人道歉時，面帶微笑來表明自己的誠心和善意。而在美國文化中，道歉代表充分意識到自身所犯的錯誤，表情應嚴肅、認真。小王的微笑使得美國老師以為其態(tài)度不端正，對其產生了誤解。在跨文化交際中，要充分認識并尊重不同文化在道歉等社交情境中的細節(jié)差異。Translation

漢譯英

1.中國紅當我們提到“過年”的時候，你的腦海里首先想到的是什么？紅燈籠、紅對聯(lián)(couplets)和紅色中國結。的確，紅色對于中國人來說是不可或缺的一種顏色。中國紅意味著平安、喜慶、和諧、團圓，也意味著事事順利、祛病消災。有人這么形容中國紅：中國紅吸納了朝陽最富生命力的元素，采擷了晚霞最絢麗迷人的光芒，凝聚著血液最濃稠活躍的成分，融入了相思豆(jequirity)最細膩的情感，浸染了楓葉最成熟的晚秋意象。Translation

Keys

1.ChineseRed

Whenwetalkabout“ChineseNewYear”,whatoccurstoyourmindfirst?Theyareredlanterns,redcouplets,andredChineseknots.Indeed,redisanindispensablecolorforChinesepeople.Chineseredmeanspeace,joy,harmony,andreunion;italsomeanseverythinggoeswellanditcandriveawayillnessanddisaster.SomeonedescribesChineseredinthisway:Chineseredabsorbsthemostdynamicelementoftherisingsun;itpicksthemostbeautifulandcharminglightofsunsetglow;itembodiesthethickestandmostactiveingredientofblood;itcontainsthemostdelicateemotionsofjequirity;anditshapesthemostmatureimageryofmapleleavesinlateautumn.Translation

漢譯英

2.壓歲錢

壓歲錢(luckymoney)是中國春節(jié)習俗中不可缺少的元素，是每個孩子過年時都熱切期盼的禮物。在除夕夜，家中的長輩會給予未成年的孩子一定數額的錢，稱之為“壓歲錢”。據說，壓歲錢可以使孩子平平安安地度過新的一年。在中國，給壓歲錢的風俗源遠流長，并流傳至今。它是長輩送給孩子的護身符(amulet)，代表著長輩對孩子的美好祝福，可以保佑孩子在新的一年里健康吉祥。Translation

Keys

2.LuckyMoney

AsanindispensableelementofthefestivalcustomsinChina,“l(fā)uckymoney”isagiftthateverykideagerlylooksforwardtoduringtheSpringFestival.OntheChineseNewYear’sEve,theunderagekidscanreceiveacertainsumofcashfromtheeldersintheirfamily,whichiscalled“l(fā)uckymoney”.Itisbelievedthatluckymoneycanblessthekidsasafeandpeacefulnewyear.Thecustomofgivingluckymoneyhasalonghistory