話筒術(shù)語(國外英文資料)

MicrophoneTerminology:AGlossaryforSoundEnthusiasts

CardioidPickupPattern:

Thisreferstothemicrophone'ssensitivitytosoundfromdifferentdirections.Acardioidpickuppatternmeansthemicrophoneprimarilycapturessoundfromthefrontandsides,whilerejectingsoundfromtherear.Thisisidealforminimizingbackgroundnoiseandfeedbackinliveperformances.

FrequencyResponse:

Therangeoffrequenciesamicrophonecanreproduce,typicallymeasuredinHertz(Hz).Amicrophonewithawidefrequencyresponse,suchas20Hzto20kHz,isconsideredfullrangeandissuitableforcapturingavarietyofsounds.

DynamicMicrophone:

Atypeofmicrophonethatoperateswithoutapowersourceandusesadiaphragmattachedtoacoilofwire.Whensoundwaveshitthediaphragm,thecoilmoveswithinamagneticfield,generatinganelectricalsignal.Dynamicmicrophonesareknownfortheirdurabilityandareoftenusedforliveperformances.

CondenserMicrophone:

Thesemicrophonesrequireapowersource,usuallyphantompower,andareknownfortheirsensitivityanddetailedaudiocapture.Theyuseacapacitortoconvertacousticenergyintoanelectricalsignalandarefavoredinstudiosfortheirclearandaccuratesoundreproduction.

PolarPatterns:

Describesthecoverageareaordirectionalityofamicrophone.Commonpolarpatternsincludeomnidirectional(picksupsoundfromalldirections),cardioid(picksupsoundfromthefrontandsides),andfigure8(picksupsoundfromthefrontandback).

SPL(SoundPressureLevel):

Themeasureofthesoundpressureproducedasoundwave,andit'sanimportantspecificationtoconsiderwhenchoosingamicrophone.MicrophoneswithahighSPLhandlingcancaptureloudsoundswithoutdistortion,makingthemsuitableforrecordinginstrumentslikedrums.

SelfNoise:

Thebackgroundnoisegeneratedamicrophoneitself.Condensermicrophones,inparticular,canhavevaryinglevelsofselfnoise,whichiswhylownoisemodelsarepreferredforsensitiverecordingsessions.

Impedance:

Referstotheinternalresistanceofamicrophonetotheflowofelectricalcurrent.Lowimpedancemicrophonesarebettersuitedforlongcablerunsastheycantransmitasignalovergreaterdistanceswithoutlossofquality.

PhantomPower:

ADCvoltagesuppliedtoamicrophoneviathemicrophonecable,typically48volts.Itisrequiredtopowercondensermicrophonesandcertainribbonmicrophones.

RibbonMicrophone:

Atypeofmicrophonethatusesathinaluminumribbonsuspendedinamagneticfieldtogenerateanelectricalsignal.Ribbonmicrophonesareknownfortheirsmooth,naturalsoundandareoftenusedinprofessionalrecordingstudiosforvocalsandinstruments.

Sensitivity:

Thisreferstoamicrophone'sabilitytoconvertsoundpressureintoanelectricalsignal.MeasuredindB(decibels)relativetoareferencelevel,amicrophonewithhighsensitivitywillproduceastrongersignal,whichcanbebeneficialforquietsourcesbutmayalsobemorepronetopickingupunwantedbackgroundnoise.

ProximityEffect:

Aphenomenonthatoccurswithdirectionalmicrophones,wherethebassresponseincreasesasthesoundsourcegetsclosertothemicrophone.Thiscanbeusedcreativelytoaddwarmthtovocalsorotherinstruments,butitrequirescarefulmicrophoneplacementtoavoidanoverabundanceoflowfrequencies.

TransientResponse:

Themicrophone'sabilitytoaccuratelycapturetheattackanddecayofsoundwaves,particularlyimportantforinstrumentslikedrumsandpiano.Afasttransientresponseensuresthattheinitialimpactanddetailofthesesoundsarepreserved.

PadSwitch:

Afeatureonsomemicrophonesthatreducestheinputlevel,protectingthemicrophonefromloudsoundsthatcouldcausedistortion.ThisisespeciallyusefulforrecordinghighSPLsourceslikebrassinstrumentsoramplifiers.

LowCutFilter(HighPassFilter):

Aswitchorsettingonamicrophoneoraudiointerfacethatremoveslowfrequencysoundsbelowacertaincutoffpoint.Thishelpstoeliminaterumble,windnoise,andotherunwantedlowendsoundsthatcanmuddyarecording.

Coloration:

Thealterationofasound'sfrequencyresponsethemicrophoneitself.Somemicrophonesareprizedfortheircoloration,whichcanaddcharactertoarecording,whileothersaredesignedtobeasneutralaspossibletoaccuratelycapturethesource.

HandlingNoise:

Thenoisegeneratedhandlingthemicrophone,whichcanbeaconcernduringliveperformancesorwhenthemicrophoneisnotmountedonastand.Handlingnoisecanbeminimizedusingashockmountoramicrophonewithgoodinternalshockabsorption.

DirectivityIndex(DI):

Ameasureofamicrophone'sdirectionality,calculatedfromitspolarpattern.AhigherDIindicatesamoredirectionalmicrophone,whichcanbeusefulforisolatingasoundsourceinnoisyenvironments.

Windscreen:

Aprotectivecoverplacedovertheheadofamicrophonetoreducewindnoiseandprotectthemicrophoneelementfrommoistureandplosivesounds(like'p'and'b'inspeech).Windshieldsareessentialforoutdoorrecordingandvocalapplications.

TubeMicrophone:

Atypeofcondensermicrophonethatusesvacuumtubesinitscircuitry.Tubemicrophonesareknownfortheirwarm,richsoundandareoftenpreferredforrecordingvocalsandacousticinstruments.

Understandingtheseadditionaltermswillfurtherrefineyourmicrophoneknowledge,allowingyoutomakeevenmoreinformeddecisionswhenselectingandusingmicrophones.Whetheryou'reaimingforpristineclarityoratouchofvintagewarmth,therightmicrophoneterminologywillhelpyouachievethesoundyou'reafter.

CliponMicrophone:

Alsoknownasalavaliermicrophone,thistypeisdesignedtobeclippedontoclothingforhandsfreeoperation.Commonlyusedinfilm,theater,andpublicspeaking,cliponmicsareknownfortheirdiscreetprofileandabilitytocapturecleardialoguewithouttheneedforahandheldmic.

BoundaryMicrophone:

Aspecialtypeofmicrophonethatpicksupsoundfromaflatsurfaceitisplacedupon,suchasatableorwall.Boundarymicsarehighlysensitivetosoundsdirectlyinfrontofthemandareoftenusedforconferences,lectures,andcapturingroomambienceinrecordingstudios.

FrequencyBoost(PresencePeak):

Somemicrophonesaredesignedwithapresencepeak,whichisadeliberateboostinthefrequencyrangearound2.5to5kHz.Thisenhancementcanhelpvocalsandcertaininstrumentscutthroughamixmoreeffectivelyaddingclarityanddefinition.

PolarPatternSwitch:

Afeatureoncertainmicrophonesthatallowstheusertochangethepolarpattern.Thiscanbeusefulinvariousrecordingsituations,providingflexibilitytoadapttodifferentenvironmentsandrecordingneedswithoutchangingmicrophones.

MaximumSPL:

Themaximumsoundpressurelevelamicrophonecanhandlebeforedistortionoccurs.Thisisanimportantspecificationwhenconsideringmicrophonesforhighvolumesourceslikedrumsoramplifiedinstruments.

NoiseFloor:

Thelowestlevelofsoundthatamicrophonewillproduce,whichincludesanyselfnoiseandambientnoiseintheenvironment.Alowernoisefloorisdesirable,especiallyinquietrecordingsituationswherethesmallestdetailsneedtobecaptured.

HumidityandTemperature:

PhantomPowerRequirement:

Notallcondensermicrophonesrequirethesameamountofphantompower.Somemayneed48volts,while