《生態(tài)茶園建設(shè)與管理》-課件：任務(wù)1 認(rèn)識(shí)茶樹

GETTOKNOWTEATREE認(rèn)識(shí)茶樹目錄

Catalogue中國(guó)是茶樹的原產(chǎn)地，也是世界上第一的產(chǎn)茶大國(guó)，茶葉在中國(guó)已有近

5000

年的歷史。茶樹的植物學(xué)特性

茶樹總發(fā)育周期茶樹年發(fā)育周期Chinaistheoriginofteatreeandthefirstteaproducingcountryintheworld.Teahasahistoryofnearly5000yearsinChina.BotanicalpropertiesofteaplantTotaldevelopmentcycleoftheteaplantAnnualdevelopmentcycleofteaplant中文版（Chineseversion）Englishversion（英文版）1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性茶樹是一種多年生、木本、常綠植物。茶樹植株是由根、莖、葉、花、果實(shí)、種子等器官構(gòu)成的整體。根、莖、葉，擔(dān)負(fù)著植物養(yǎng)料、水分的吸收、運(yùn)輸、合成和貯藏的，以及氣體的交換等，稱為營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官?；?、果實(shí)、種子，擔(dān)負(fù)著植物繁衍后代的任務(wù)，稱為生殖器官。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性根定根1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性根不定根1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性根種子繁殖的茶樹根系，有明顯的主根稱為直根系。扦插繁殖的茶樹，沒(méi)有明顯主根稱為須根系。須根系直根系1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性根茶樹根系由主根、側(cè)根、吸收根和根毛組成。主根是由胚根發(fā)育向下生長(zhǎng)形成的中軸根，有較強(qiáng)的向地性，可深達(dá)1-2米。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性根側(cè)根是由主根上發(fā)生的根。主根和側(cè)根的作用主要是固定、貯藏和輸導(dǎo)。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性根吸收根是指?jìng)?cè)根前端呈乳白色的根。根毛是吸收水分和養(yǎng)料的部位。茶樹大部分側(cè)根和吸收根主要分布在耕作層5~50厘米的深度，便集中分布處在地表下20-30厘米的土層。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖根據(jù)分枝部位的不同，茶樹的樹型可分為喬木、小喬木、灌木三種類型。喬木型茶樹植株高大，有明顯主干。小喬木型茶樹，植株較高大，基部主干明顯灌木型茶樹，植株較矮小，無(wú)明顯主干。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖喬木型小喬木型灌木型1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖根據(jù)分枝角度不同，茶樹樹姿即茶樹樹冠類型可分為直立狀、披張狀、半披張狀三種類型。分枝角度小≤30°，為直立狀分枝角度大≥50°，為披張狀。分枝角度介于直立狀和披張狀之間為半披張狀。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖直立狀半披張狀披張狀1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖茶樹枝條按位置和作用可分為主干、側(cè)枝、細(xì)枝、雞爪枝四類。細(xì)枝（生產(chǎn)枝）二級(jí)骨干枝一級(jí)骨干枝主干1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖茶樹枝條按位置和作用可分為主干、側(cè)枝、細(xì)枝、雞爪枝四類。主干是由胚軸生育而成，指根頸至第一級(jí)側(cè)枝的部位。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖側(cè)枝是從主干枝上分生出的枝條。其中一級(jí)側(cè)枝與二級(jí)側(cè)枝構(gòu)成骨干枝。粗度是茶樹骨架健壯的指標(biāo)。一級(jí)側(cè)枝二級(jí)側(cè)枝1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖細(xì)枝（生產(chǎn)枝）是枝冠面上生長(zhǎng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)芽的枝條，對(duì)形成新梢的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量有明顯的影響。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性莖雞爪枝是茶樹樹勢(shì)衰退或過(guò)度采摘后樹冠表層出現(xiàn)的一些結(jié)節(jié)密聚而細(xì)弱的分枝。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性芽按生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)不同，可將茶芽分為休眠芽和活動(dòng)芽。駐芽和尚未活動(dòng)的芽。“駐芽”是指停止生長(zhǎng)的芽。休眠芽正在膨大或展葉的芽?；顒?dòng)芽駐芽活動(dòng)芽1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性芽按著生部位不同，可將茶芽分為定芽和不定芽。指頂芽即生長(zhǎng)在枝條頂端的頂芽和生長(zhǎng)在葉腋的腋芽。定芽頂芽腋芽1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性芽按著生部位不同，可將茶芽分為定芽和不定芽。指在茶樹莖及根頸處非葉腋處長(zhǎng)出的芽。不定芽定芽不定芽1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性芽根據(jù)性質(zhì)不同，可將茶芽分為葉芽和花芽?jī)煞N。葉芽花芽又稱營(yíng)養(yǎng)芽發(fā)育為枝條葉芽發(fā)育為花花芽1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉茶樹的葉分為鱗片、魚葉及真葉三類魚葉無(wú)葉柄，質(zhì)地較硬，呈黃綠或棕褐色，表面有茸毛與蠟質(zhì)，隨著茶芽萌展鱗片逐漸脫落。鱗片形似魚鱗而得名，葉柄寬而扁平，葉緣一般無(wú)鋸齒，側(cè)脈不明顯，每輪新梢基部一般有魚葉1片，多則2-3片。魚葉1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉茶樹的葉分為鱗片、魚葉及真葉三類發(fā)育完全的葉片，其基本特點(diǎn)是主脈明顯，側(cè)脈伸展至葉緣2/3的部位后向上彎曲與上方側(cè)脈相聯(lián)接，形成網(wǎng)狀脈。葉緣有鋸齒，呈鷹嘴狀，隨著葉片老化，鋸齒上腺細(xì)胞脫落，并留有褐色疤痕。嫩葉背面著生茸毛。葉尖常有凹缺。真葉1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉根據(jù)葉面積大小可分大葉種、中葉種、小葉種。大葉：40~60cm2中葉：20~40cm2小葉：<20cm21、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉在葉的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)上，大葉種與小葉種存在一定差異，主要為大葉種，柵狀組織大多數(shù)為1層，且排列稀疏。小葉種有2－3層?xùn)艩罱M織，排列緊密。柵狀組織越厚，層次越多，排列緊密，抗寒性越強(qiáng)，海綿組織愈發(fā)達(dá)，則內(nèi)含物愈豐富，制茶品質(zhì)愈佳。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉葉形可分近圓形、橢圓形、長(zhǎng)橢圓形、披針形等。<2.0近圓形2.0~2.5橢圓形2.5~3.0長(zhǎng)橢圓形>3.0披針形1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉葉色可分淡綠、綠、濃綠、黃綠、紫綠。淡綠濃綠黃綠紫綠1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉葉尖可分漸尖、鈍尖、圓尖。圓尖鈍尖漸尖1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉葉面可分平滑、隆起、微隆。葉面隆起是優(yōu)良品種特征。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性葉葉緣可分平展、波浪。波浪平展波浪1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性花茶花的花萼一般有5－７個(gè)萼片。萼片近圓形，綠色或綠褐色，起保護(hù)作用。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性花花冠多為白色，少數(shù)呈粉紅色，由5－9片花瓣組成，常分2層排列。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性花雄蕊有200－300枚，每個(gè)雄蕊由花藥和花絲組成。雌蕊由子房、花柱和柱頭三部分組成。柱頭，3-5裂，開花時(shí)能分泌黏液，使花粉粒易于黏著，而且有利于花粉萌發(fā)。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性果茶果為朔果，成熟時(shí)果殼開裂，種子落地。果皮未成熟時(shí)為綠色，成熟后變?yōu)樽鼐G或綠褐色。果皮光滑，厚度不一，薄的成熟早，厚的成熟遲。1、茶樹的植物學(xué)特性果茶果形狀和大小與茶果內(nèi)種子粒數(shù)有關(guān)，一般一粒為球形，二粒為腎形，三粒為三角形，四粒為方形，五粒為梅花形。CatalogueChinaistheoriginofteatreeandthefirstteaproducingcountryintheworld.Teahasahistoryofnearly500yearsinChina.BotanicalpropertiesofteaplantTotaldevelopmentcycleoftheteaplantAnnualdevelopmentcycleofteaplant1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantTheteaplantisaperennial,woody,evergreenplant.Theteaplantisawholebodycomposedofroots,stems,leaves,flowers,fruits,seedsandotherorgans.Theroots,stemsandleavesbeartheabsorption,transportation,synthesisandstorageofplantnutrients,water,aswellastheexchangeofgases,whicharecallednutrientorgans.Flowers,fruits,seeds,bearthetaskofplantreproduction,calledreproductiveorgans.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantTherootFixedRoots1,thebotanicalcharacteristicsoftheteaplantTherootAdventitiousroots1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantTherootSeed-propagatingteatreerootswithdistincttaprootscalledstraightroots.Cutting-propagatedteatreeswithnoobvioustaprootsarecalledwhiskerroots.WhiskerrootsystemStraightrootsystem1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantTherootTheteatreerootsystemconsistsoftaproot,lateralroot,absorbentroot,androothair.Taprootistheaxialrootformedbytheradicledevelopmentanddownwardgrowth,andhasstronggeotropism,whichcanreachadepthof1-2meters.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantTherootLateralrootsaretherootsthatoccurfromthetaproot.Themainfunctionsoftaprootsandlateralrootsarefixation,storage,andconduction.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantTherootAbsorbentrootsarethosewithamilkywhitefrontendtothelateralroots.Theroothairisthepartthatabsorbswaterandnutrients.Mostofthesiderootsandabsorptionrootsoftheteatreearemainlydistributedinthedepthof5to50cmintheploughinglayer,andtheyareconcentratedinthesoillayer20-30cmbelowthesurface.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantstemsTheteatreetypecanbedividedintothreetypes,tree,smalltree,andshrub,dependingonthebranchlocation.Thetreetypeteaplantistallandhasadistincttrunk.Smalltreeteaplant,theplantistall,thebasetrunkisobviousShrubtypeteaplant,smallerplants,noobvioustrunk.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsoftheteaplantstemsArborealtypeSmallarborealtypeShrubtype1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantstemsAccordingtodifferentbranchingangles,teatreeposture,thetypeofteatreecrowncanbedividedintothreetypes:upright,draped,andsemi-draped.ThebranchAngleislessthanorequalto30°,andthetreeisuprightIfthebranchAngleisgreaterthanorequalto50°,itisdraped.ThebranchingAnglebetweenverticalanddrapedissemi-draped.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsoftheteaplantstemsUprightSemi-drapedDrape1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantstemsTeatreebranchescanbedividedintofourcategoriesaccordingtotheirpositionandfunction:trunk,sidebranches,thinbranchesandchickenfeetbranches.Twigs(productionbranches)SecondarybackbonebranchesPrimarybackbonebranchesTrunk1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantstemsTeatreebranchescanbedividedintofourcategoriesaccordingtotheirpositionandfunction:trunk,sidebranches,thinbranchesandchickenfeetbranches.Trunkisbornfromthetycotyl,referstotherootnecktothefirstleveloflateralbranchesofthepart.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantstemsLateralbranchesarebranchesderivedfromthemainbranch.Theprimaryandsecondarylateralbranchesformthebackbonebranches.Coarsenessisanindicatoroftherobustnessofteatreeskeleton.PrimarylateralbranchesSecondarylateralbranches1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantstemsTwigs(producingshoots)areshootsthatgrowvegetativebudsonthecrownsurfaceofthebranchandhaveanoticeableeffectonthenumberandqualityofshootsthatform.1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantstemsChickenfootbranchesarenodular,dense,thinbranchesthatappearonthecrownoftheteatreeaftertreedeclineoroverharvesting.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsoftheteaplantbudAccordingtodifferentgrowthstates,teabudscanbedividedintodormantbudsandactivebuds.Stationarybudsandinactivebuds.A"residentbud"isabudthathasstoppedgrowing.DormantbudBudsthatareexpandingorspreadingtheirleaves.ActivebudsResidentBudsActiveBuds1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantbudAccordingtodifferentparts,teabudscanbedividedintodefinitebudsandadventitiousbuds.ReferstothetopbudthatgrowsinTheterminalbudatthetopofabranchAndtheaxillarybudsthatgrowintheaxilsoftheleaves.FixedbudTerminalbudAxillarybuds1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantbudAccordingtodifferentparts,teabudscanbedividedintodefinitebudsandadventitiousbuds.ReferstothestemandrootneckoftheteatreeAbudthatdoesnotappearintheaxillaryoftheleaf.AdventitiousbudDefinitebudAdventitiousbud1,thebotanicalcharacteristicsoftheteaplantbudAccordingtotheirnature,teabudscanbedividedintotwotypes:leafbudsandflowerbuds.LeafBudFlowerBudsAlsoknownasnutrientbudsDevelopintobranchesLeafbudsDevelopingintoflowersFlowerbuds1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantleafTheleavesoftheteaplantaredividedintoscales,fishleavesandtrueleavesFishLeavesLeafless,hardintexture,yellowish-greenorbrown,hairyandwaxyonthesurface,graduallysheddingscalesastheteabuddevelops.ScalesShapedlikefishscaleandnamed,thepetioleiswideandflat,theleafmarginisgenerallynotserrated,thesideveinsarenotobvious,andthebaseofeachroundofnewshootsgenerallyhas1fishleaf,morethan2-3pieces.FishLeaves1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantleafTheleavesoftheteaplantaredividedintoscales,fishleavesandtrueleavesThebasicfeatureofthefullydevelopedleavesisthatthemainveinsareobvious,andthelateralveinsextendto2/3oftheleafmarginandthenbendupwardtoconnectwiththeuppersideveinstoformanetvein.Theleafmarginisserratedintheshapeofanolecranon.Withtheagingoftheleaf,theglandularcellsontheserratedareshedandbrownscarsareleft.Youngleaveshavehairsontheback.Thetipsoftheleavesareoftenconcave.Trueleaves1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantleafAccordingtothesizeoftheleafareacanbedividedintolargeleafspecies,mediumleafspecies,smallleafspecies.Largeleaves:40~60cm2Middlelobe:20~40cm2Lobule:<20cm21.BotanicalcharacteristicsoftheteaplantleafIntheanatomicalstructureofleaves,therearesomedifferencesbetweenmacrophyllumspeciesandmicrophyllumspecies,mainlymacrophyllumspecies,andmostofthegratingtissueis1layer,andthearrangementissparse.Themicrophyllumspecieshad2-3layersofpalisadetissue,whichwerecloselyarranged.Thethickerthegratingtissue,themorelayers,thecloserthearrangement,thestrongerthecoldresistance,themoredevelopedthespongytissue,therichertheinclusionsandthebettertheteaquality.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantleafLeafshapecanbedividedintonearlyround,oval,oblong,lanceolate,etc.<2.0Near-round2.0~2.5Oval2.5~3.0Longoval>3.0Lanceolate1,thebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantleafLeafcolorcanbelightgreen,green,darkgreen,yellowgreen,purplegreen.LightgreenDarkgreenYellowishgreenPurplishgreen1,thebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantleafLeaftipscanbetapered,blunt,orrounded.RoundedtipsBlunttipsTapered1.ThebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantleafTheleafsurfacecanbesmooth,raised,andslightlyraised.Raisedleafsurfaceisagoodvarietycharacteristic.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantleafLeafmargincanbedividedintoflat,wavy.FlatoutWavyWavy1,thebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantflowersThecalyxofthecamelliaflowergenerallyhas5-7sepals.Thesepalsarenearlyround,greenorgreenish-brown,andactasprotection.1.BotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantflowersThecorollaismostlywhite,afewarepink,Consistsof5to9petals,oftenarrangedin2layers.1.Thebotanicalpropertiesoftheteaplantflowers200-300stamens,Eachstamenconsistsofanthersandfilaments.Thepistiliscomposedofthreeparts:ovary,style,andstigma.Stigma,3-5cleft,cansecretemucuswhenflowering,makepollengrainseasytoadhere,andfacilitatepollengermination.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantfruitTheteafruitisanewtreefruit,whenripe,theshellcracksandtheseedsfalltotheground.Therindisgreenwhenimmatureandturnsbrownishgreenorgreenish-brownwhenripe.Theskinsaresmoothandvaryinthickness,ripeningearlyforthinonesandlateforthickones.1.BotanicalcharacteristicsofteaplantfruitTheshapeandsizeoftheteafruitarerelatedtothenumberofseedsintheteafruit,generallyoneisspherical,twoarekidneyshaped,threearetriangular,fouraresquare,andfiveareplumshaped.2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼苗期高等植物的個(gè)體發(fā)育，應(yīng)當(dāng)從受精卵開始，但是，在生產(chǎn)上計(jì)算植物的生物學(xué)年齡，通常是從種子萌發(fā)和扦插苗成活開始的。茶樹幼苗時(shí)期，就是指從茶籽萌發(fā)茶苗出土直至第一次生長(zhǎng)休止為止。無(wú)性繁殖的茶樹，是從營(yíng)養(yǎng)體再生到形成完整植株的時(shí)間，大約需要4—8個(gè)月的時(shí)間。①有性繁殖：種子直播②無(wú)性繁殖：短穗扦插2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼苗期2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼苗期營(yíng)養(yǎng)特點(diǎn)：從單純由子葉供給有機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)過(guò)渡到由葉片光合作用供給有機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。生長(zhǎng)特點(diǎn)：地下部生長(zhǎng)優(yōu)于地上部，主干和主根分枝很少。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼苗期種子苗在幼苗期的營(yíng)養(yǎng)特點(diǎn)：先異養(yǎng)，單純由子葉供給營(yíng)養(yǎng)；到根系能吸收營(yíng)養(yǎng)時(shí)，仍然還需要子葉提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)，因而為雙重營(yíng)養(yǎng)；最后變?yōu)橥耆淖责B(yǎng)，即由根系吸收營(yíng)養(yǎng)和葉片進(jìn)行光合作用。特點(diǎn)：2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼苗期01全株不分枝02葉子較小03幼根長(zhǎng)于幼莖胚芽出土?xí)r，胚根大約是胚芽的2—3倍。04不耐強(qiáng)光05雙重營(yíng)養(yǎng)異養(yǎng)，自養(yǎng)。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼苗期栽培管理重點(diǎn)：主要保證溫度、濕度和通氣條件。浸種追芽：氣溫10℃以上，最適25～28℃；土壤持水量60～70%。淺種薄覆土：有利于幼苗出土，施足基肥，并加施適量的速效肥。防高溫、防干旱：遮蔭、灌溉。無(wú)性繁殖—扦插苗的特點(diǎn)：2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼苗期營(yíng)養(yǎng)特點(diǎn)：在生根以前主要依靠莖、葉中貯藏的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。生根后根系吸收水分、礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)管理重點(diǎn)：水分及時(shí)供水；塑料小棚保濕；遮蔭，降溫、減少葉片蒸騰作用。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼年期從第一次生長(zhǎng)休止到茶樹正式投產(chǎn)這一時(shí)期稱為幼年期，約3—4年，時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短與栽培管理水平、自然條件有著很密切的關(guān)系。完成這一時(shí)期后，茶樹約有3—5足齡。有的茶樹七八齡任然不能正式投產(chǎn)，主要是管理或其他條件不善，因其茶樹生長(zhǎng)衰弱。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼年期生長(zhǎng)特點(diǎn)：生理功能很活躍，根系和枝條均迅速擴(kuò)大地上部生長(zhǎng)旺盛營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)十分旺盛，花蕾少，落花落蕾多，結(jié)果少。枝條的分枝方式為單軸分枝，根系為直根系2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—幼年期管理重點(diǎn)：前期做好1、2年苗防高溫、防干旱等保苗工作后期抓好茶樹的定型修剪，培養(yǎng)粗壯的骨干枝、形成濃密的分枝樹型，為高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—成年期生長(zhǎng)特點(diǎn)：成年期是指茶樹正式投產(chǎn)到第一次進(jìn)行更新改造時(shí)為止的時(shí)期，亦稱青、壯年時(shí)期。這一生物學(xué)年齡時(shí)期，可長(zhǎng)達(dá)20—30年。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—成年期生長(zhǎng)特點(diǎn)：是茶樹生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育最旺盛，產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量都高峰的時(shí)期。前期營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)旺盛后期生殖生長(zhǎng)加強(qiáng)自然更新現(xiàn)象，樹冠形成雞爪植。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—成年期栽培管理重點(diǎn)：目的：盡量延長(zhǎng)這一時(shí)期所持續(xù)的年限，一邊更大限度的獲得高產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)的茶葉。在投產(chǎn)初期，注意采養(yǎng)結(jié)合，培養(yǎng)樹冠，擴(kuò)大采摘面。加強(qiáng)肥培管理，使茶樹保持旺盛的樹勢(shì)。采用輕修剪和深修剪交替進(jìn)行的方法，更新樹冠，整理樹冠面，清除樹冠內(nèi)的病蟲枝、枯枝和細(xì)弱枝。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—衰老期指茶樹從第一次更新開始到植株死亡為止的時(shí)間。骨干枝衰老，根頸枝多。生產(chǎn)枝細(xì)弱，對(duì)夾葉多。生產(chǎn)量小，產(chǎn)量低。營(yíng)養(yǎng)、生殖生長(zhǎng)都弱，但生殖＞營(yíng)養(yǎng)。2.茶樹總發(fā)育周期—衰老期栽培管理重點(diǎn)：目的：延緩每次更新間隔時(shí)間；延長(zhǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)年限。更新修剪后要加強(qiáng)肥培管理，延緩衰老進(jìn)程。進(jìn)行定型修剪，培養(yǎng)樹冠。經(jīng)數(shù)次臺(tái)刈更新后，產(chǎn)量仍不能提高的，應(yīng)及時(shí)挖除改種。2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-seedlingstageTheontogenyofhigherplantsshouldstartfromthefertilizedegg,butthebiologicalageoftheplantinproductionisusuallycalculatedfromthegerminationofseedsandthesurvivalofcuttings.Theseedlingperiodoftheteatreereferstotheperiodfromthegerminationoftheteaseedtotheunearthingoftheteaseedlinguntilthefirstgrowthrest.Thevegetativepropagationofteaplantstakesabout4-8monthsfromtheregenerationofvegetativebodiestotheformationofcompleteplants.①Sexualpropagation:directseedingofseeds②Asexualpropagation:shortearcutting2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-seedlingstage2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-seedlingstageNutritionalcharacteristics:Theorganicnutritionfromcotyledonalonetoleafphotosynthesistransitiontoorganicnutrition.Growthcharacteristics:Theundergroundpartgrowsbetterthantheabovepart,andthetrunkandmainrootbranchesarefew.2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-seedlingstageNutritionalcharacteristicsofseedseedlingsinseedlingstage:Firstheterotrophic,simplybythecotyledonsupplynutrition;Whentherootsystemcanabsorbnutrients,itstillneedscotyledontoprovidenutrients,soitisdoublenutrition.Finally,itbecomescompleteautotrophy,thatis,nutrientsareabsorbedbytherootsystemandphotosynthesisiscarriedoutbytheleaves.Features:2.Teaplanttotaldevelopmentcycle-seedlingstage01Thewholeplantdoesnotbranch02SmallleavesTheyoungrootislongerthantheyoungstemwhenthegermisunearthed,theradicleisabout2-3timesthesizeofthegerm.04Intolerancetobrightlight05Doubletrophicheterotrophic,autotrophic.2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-seedlingstageCultivationmanagementkeypoints:Mainlytoensurethetemperature,humidityandventilationconditions.Soakingseedchasingbud:temperatureabove10℃,themostsuitable25~28℃;Soilwatercapacity60~70%.Shallowseedandthinsoilcover:itisconducivetoseedlingexcavation,applyingsufficientbasefertilizer,andaddingappropriateamountofquick-actingfertilizer.Anti-hightemperature,anti-drought:shade,irrigation.Asexualpropagation-Characteristicsofcuttings:2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteatree-seedlingstageNutritionalcharacteristics:Itmainlyreliesonthenutrientsstoredinthestemsandleavesbeforerooting.Afterrooting,therootsabsorbwaterandmineralnutrientsManagementfocus:waterTimelywatersupply;Plasticshedmoisturizing;Andshade,coolingandreducingleaftranspiration.2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-juvenilestageTheperiodfromthefirstgrowthresttotheformalproductionofteatreesiscalledthejuvenileperiod,about3-4years,andthelengthoftimeiscloselyrelatedtothecultivationandmanagementlevelandnaturalconditions.Afterthecompletionofthisperiod,theteatreeisabout3-5yearsold.Someteatreesstillcannotbeformallyputintoproductionatsevenoreightyearsofage,mainlyduetopoormanagementorotherconditions,becausethegrowthoftheirteatreesisweak.2.Thetotaldevelopmentcycleoftheteaplant-infancyGrowthcharacteristics:Physiologicalfunctionisveryactive,rootsandbranchesarerapidlyexpandingOvergroundgrowthisvigorousVegetativegrowthisveryvigorous,fewerbuds,morefallingflowersandfallingbuds,lessfruit.Thebranchesareuniaxialbranchingandtherootsarestraight2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-juvenilestageManagementfocus:Doagoodjobof1,2yearsseedlingprotectionagainsthightemperature,droughtandotherseedlingprotectionworkInthelaterstage,weshoulddoagoodjobinshapingandpruningteatrees,cultivatethickbackbonebranchesandformdensebranchingtrees,whichlaysagoodfoundationforhighyieldandhighquality.2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-adultstageGrowthcharacteristics:Theadultperiodreferstotheperiodfromtheformalproductionoftheteaplanttothefirstrenewalandtransformation,alsoknownastheyouthandprimeperiod.Thisbiologicalageperiodcanbeaslongas20-30years.2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-adultstageGrowthcharacteristics:Istheteatreegrowthanddevelopmentofthemostvigorous,productionandqualityarepeakperiod.EarlyvegetativegrowthisvigorousLatereproductivegrowthstrengthenedNaturalregenerationphenomenon,treecrownformation

chickenfeetplanting.2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-adultstageCultivationmanagementkeypoints:Objective:Toprolongthedurationofthisperiodasfaraspossible,andobtainhighyield,stableyieldandhighqualityteatoagreaterextent.Intheearlystageofproduction,payattentiontothecombinationofgatheringandbreeding,cultivatethetreecrown,andexpandthepickingsurface.Strengthenthemanagementoffertilizercultivation,sothattheteatreecanmaintainstrongtreepotential.Usethemethodoflightpruninganddeeppruningalternatelytorenewthetreecrown,tidyupthecrownsurface,andremovethediseasedandinsectbranches,deadbranchesandthinandweakbranchesinthetreecrown.2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-senileperiodReferstothetimefromthefirstrenewaloftheteaplanttothedeathoftheplant.Thebackbonebranchesareold,andtherootneckbranchesaremany.Theproductionbranchesarethinandweak,andtheleavesaremany.Theproductionvolumeissmallandtheyieldislow.Nutrition,reproductivegrowthareweak,butreproduction>nutrition.2.Totaldevelopmentcycleofteaplant-senileperiodCultivationmanagementkeypoints:Objective:Todelaytheintervaltimeofeachrenewal;Toprolongtheeconomicproductionlife.Aftertherenewalandpruning,itisnecessarytostrengthenthemanagementoffertilizercultivationanddelaytheagingprocess.Setpruningandcultivatethetreecrown.Afterseveralreapingandupdating,theyieldstillcannotbeimproved,shouldbeexcavatedintimeforplanting.茶樹枝梢的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育：3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期枝條的原始體就是茶芽。茶樹樹冠，由粗細(xì)、長(zhǎng)短不同的分枝及茂密的葉片組成。茶樹分枝方式是從幼年期逐步過(guò)渡到合軸分枝。茶樹新梢一般日平均溫度在10℃以上時(shí)，開始萌動(dòng)，16-30℃生長(zhǎng)迅速。如氣溫降到10℃以下時(shí)，茶芽停止生長(zhǎng)。茶樹的生長(zhǎng)具有周期性變化，即從生長(zhǎng)開始到生長(zhǎng)停止，總是初期生長(zhǎng)緩慢，隨后生長(zhǎng)加快，而后又漸漸減弱，生長(zhǎng)到一定水平時(shí)即相對(duì)停止。這種規(guī)律性稱為生長(zhǎng)周期。新梢生長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程：3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期茶體膨大→鱗片展開→魚葉展開→真葉初展（內(nèi)卷）→真葉半展（外翻）→真葉展開→所有真葉展開→頂芽休眠（形成駐芽）。新梢生長(zhǎng)的輪次：3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期一年中茶樹新梢生長(zhǎng)、休止，再生長(zhǎng)、再休止的周期性現(xiàn)象稱為茶樹的生長(zhǎng)周期性。新梢生長(zhǎng)、休止是茶樹的遺傳特性，是茶樹自身生理機(jī)能上的需要，同時(shí)在器官組織上進(jìn)行分化，為新的生長(zhǎng)作準(zhǔn)備。在我國(guó)大部分茶區(qū)，自然生長(zhǎng)的茶樹，新梢一年的生長(zhǎng)和休止，通常分為3輪，廣西4-5輪。每輪新梢生長(zhǎng)規(guī)律:3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期同一輪新梢葉片上下端小，中間大。同一輪新梢節(jié)間上下端短、中間長(zhǎng)。原因：生長(zhǎng)速度呈現(xiàn)“慢—快—慢”的變化規(guī)律。3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期新梢生長(zhǎng)的輪次：3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期人為采摘可縮短每一輪的生長(zhǎng)周期，輪次增加。一般熱帶8-10輪，亞熱帶5-7輪，暖溫帶4輪。輪次多少，又因生態(tài)條件、品種、采留標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而不同。生產(chǎn)上，及時(shí)采摘，縮短輪次間的間隔時(shí)間，輪次增加，產(chǎn)量提高。相反，如果采摘不及時(shí)，新梢留得太長(zhǎng)，輪次減少，產(chǎn)量不高。每輪新梢生長(zhǎng)規(guī)律:3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期未成熟新梢：正在伸長(zhǎng)和展葉的新梢，也稱為活動(dòng)新梢。成熟新梢：已形成駐芽的，停止生長(zhǎng)的新梢。對(duì)夾葉：葉片節(jié)間短，展葉數(shù)少（2～3片）。3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期1芽3葉以前呼吸消耗量大于光合同化量，1芽3葉以后則相反，當(dāng)達(dá)到成熟時(shí)，凈光合速率最高。隨著新梢和葉片成熟，纖維素含量增加，茶多酚、游離氨基酸等含量降低。3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期展葉速度：春季：5～6天/片葉；夏季：1～4天/片葉；一般多為3～6天。葉片定型時(shí)間：葉片展開后30天左右成熟。葉片壽命：不到一年。春梢葉片壽命比在夏、秋梢葉片長(zhǎng)1～2個(gè)月。落葉在全年都有發(fā)生，不同品種都有一個(gè)大量落葉期。3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期頂芽比腋芽形成新梢所需時(shí)間快3～7天。同樣是腋芽，處于魚葉、鱗片或發(fā)育不充分葉子處的腋芽，發(fā)育形成新梢比較遲緩而瘦小。3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期第一次生長(zhǎng)高峰：當(dāng)春季土溫達(dá)到10℃以上時(shí)，根即迅速生長(zhǎng)，這次發(fā)根主要靠上年貯藏的養(yǎng)分，以后隨著新梢萌發(fā)生長(zhǎng)，根的生長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)入緩慢。第二次生長(zhǎng)高峰：從春梢停止生長(zhǎng)開始，葉子制造的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)入根系。隨著夏梢展開，地上部消耗的養(yǎng)分增多，根的生長(zhǎng)又轉(zhuǎn)入緩慢。3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期第三次生長(zhǎng)高峰：茶季將近結(jié)束，葉子制造養(yǎng)分下運(yùn)積累，根系得到的養(yǎng)分相對(duì)增加，所以，根系生長(zhǎng)最旺，為一年中的最高峰。嗣后隨著地溫下降，根的生長(zhǎng)越來(lái)越弱。3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期適宜茶樹根系生長(zhǎng)的地溫為10-25℃，低于10℃或高于25℃都會(huì)抑制茶樹根系生長(zhǎng)，嚴(yán)重時(shí)，甚至停止生長(zhǎng)。茶樹根系生長(zhǎng)活躍時(shí)期，吸能力也最強(qiáng)，因此，掌握根系生長(zhǎng)開始活躍前，在加強(qiáng)土壤管理的同時(shí)，做到及時(shí)施肥，就能收到較好的效果。3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期花芽分化時(shí)間：6～11月，個(gè)別品種到翌年春季，花芽分化遲的，開花結(jié)實(shí)率低。夏季和初秋分化的花芽，結(jié)實(shí)率較高?；ㄑ糠只介_花，約需100～110天。開花期：

始花期：9～10月下旬；

盛花期：10月中旬～11月中旬；

終花期：11月下旬～12月。開花影響因素：3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期品種：

中小葉種開花早，大葉種開花遲。環(huán)境條件：

當(dāng)年冷空氣來(lái)臨早，開花提早；短日照促進(jìn)提早開花。種子的成熟3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期成熟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：外種皮變?yōu)楹诤稚?，子葉飽滿且很脆，種子含水量40～60%，脂肪含量30%左右，果皮呈棕色或紫褐色，開始自果背裂開，達(dá)到成熟，可以采收。采收時(shí)間：一般在10月份的霜降后。茶樹開花結(jié)實(shí)特點(diǎn)3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期1、從花芽形成到種子成熟，需要一年半左右的時(shí)間，在茶樹上常常是花果同株。2、結(jié)實(shí)率低：開花數(shù)量多，但結(jié)實(shí)率低，僅占開花量的2～4%。茶樹的營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)和生殖生長(zhǎng)3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期茶樹營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)的結(jié)果，導(dǎo)致了生殖器官的形成，促進(jìn)了花果發(fā)育，使茶樹能有效地繁殖后代。當(dāng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官生長(zhǎng)旺盛，消耗養(yǎng)料多時(shí)，生殖生長(zhǎng)就受到抑制；相反，當(dāng)茶樹開花結(jié)實(shí)過(guò)多，營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)就相對(duì)減少。當(dāng)重施氮時(shí)，營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)就旺，生殖生長(zhǎng)相對(duì)受到抑制；當(dāng)磷、鉀營(yíng)養(yǎng)增加時(shí)，開花結(jié)果多，芽葉產(chǎn)量相對(duì)減少。如果這時(shí)摘除花蕾，迫使?fàn)I養(yǎng)物質(zhì)集中向芽葉，就又能促進(jìn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)。果多必然影響芽葉生長(zhǎng)3.茶樹年發(fā)育周期Growthanddevelopmentofteabranchtips:3.AnnualdevelopmentcycleofteatreeTheoriginalbodyofthebranchistheteabud.Thecrownoftheteaplantconsistsofbranchesofvaryingthicknessandlengthandthickleaves.Thebranchingmodeoftheteaplantisgraduallytransitioningfrominfancytoaxialbranching.Whentheaveragedailytemperatureofteatreeshootsisabove10℃,theybegintosprout,andgrowrapidlyat16-30℃.Ifthetemperaturedropsbelow10℃,teabudsstopgrowing.Thegrowthofteatreehasperiodicchanges,thatis,fromthebeginningofgrowthtothestopofgrowth,italwaysgrowsslowlyatthebeginning,thenthegrowthaccelerates,andthengraduallyweakens,andthegrowthstopsrelativelywhenitreachesacertainlevel.Thisregularityiscalledthegrowthcycle.Theprocessofshootgrowth:3.TeatreeannualdevelopmentcycleTeabodyexpansion→scaleexpansion→fishleafexpansion→trueleafinitialdevelopment(innerroll)→trueleafhalfdevelopment(ectropion)→trueleafexpansion→alltrueleavesexpansion→topbuddormancy(formationofresidentbud).Therotationofnewshootgrowth:3.TeatreeannualdevelopmentcycleThecyclicalphenomenonofteatreeshootsgrowing,resting,re-growingandre-restinginayeariscalledthegrowthcycleofteatree.Newshootgrowth,restisthegeneticcharacteristicsoftheteatree,istheneedofthephysiologicalfunctionoftheteatreeitself,atthesametimeintheorganandtissuedifferentiation,topreparefornewgrowth.InmostteaareasinChina,thenaturalgrowthofteatrees,newshootgrowthandrestoftheyear,usuallydividedinto3rounds,Guangxi4-5rounds.Thegrowthruleofeachroundofnewshoots:3.TeatreeannualdevelopmentcycleTheupperandlowerendsofthesameroundofnewtipleavesaresmall,andthemiddleislarge.Theupperandlowerendsofthesameroundofnewtipnodesareshortandthemiddleislong.Reason:thegrowthratepresentsa"slow-fast-slow"changelaw.3.TeatreeannualdevelopmentcycleThecyclesofshootgrowth:3.TeatreeannualdevelopmentcycleArtificialpickingcanshortenthegrowthcycleofeachroundandincreasethenumberofrounds.Generaltropical8-10rounds,subtropical5-7rounds,warmtemperate4rounds.Thenumberofroundsisdifferentduetoecologicalconditions,varietiesandstandardsofcollectionandretention.Intermsofproduction,timelypicking,shorteningtheintervaltimebetweenrounds,increasingrounds,andincreasingyield.Onthecontrary,ifthepickingisnottimely,theshootsarelefttoolong,theroundsarereduced,andtheyieldisnothigh.Thegrowthruleofeachroundofnewshoots:3.TeatreeannualdevelopmentcycleImmatureshoots:Shootsthatareextendingandspreadingtheirleaves,alsoknownasactiveshoots.Matureshoots:Shootsthathaveformedresidentshootsandhavestoppedgrowing.Pairedleaves:leaveswithshortinternodesandfewspreadingleaves(2to3).3.AnnualdevelopmentcycleofteaplantBefore1budand3leaves,therespiratoryconsumptionwaslargerthanthephotocontractedamount,butafter1budand3leaves,thenetphotosyntheticratewasthehighestwhenmaturitywasreached.Withthematurityofshootsandleaves,thecontentofcelluloseincreased,whilethecontentofteapolyphenolsandfreeaminoacidsdecreased.3.AnnualdevelopmentcycleofteaplantLeafdevelopmentspeed:spring:5~6days/leaf;Summer:1~4days/leaf;Generally3to6days.Leafsettingtime:about30daysaftertheleafunfoldstomature.Leaflife:lessthanayear.Theleaflifeofspringtipis1to2monthslongerthanthatofsummerandautumntip.Defoliationoccursthroughouttheyear,anddifferentvarietieshavealargeperiodofdefoliation.3.TeaplantannualdevelopmentcycleApexbudstake3to7daysfasterthanaxillarybudstoformnewshoots.Axillarybuds,whicharelocatedonfishleaves,scales,orunderdevelopedleaves,areslowerandsmallertoformnewshoots.3TeatreeannualdevelopmentcycleThefirstgrowthpeak:whenthesoiltemperaturereachesmorethan10℃inspring,therootgrowsrapidly.Thistime,thehairrootmainlyreliesonthenutrientsstoredinthepreviousyear.Later,withthegerminationandgrowthofnewshoots,thegrowthoftherootturnstoslow.Thesecondgrowthpeak:fromthespringshootsstopgrowing,thenutrientsmadebytheleavesaretransferredtotherootsystem.Asthesummershootsspread,morenutrientsareconsumedintheupperpart,androotgrowthslowsdownagain.3.AnnualdevelopmentcycleofteaplantThethirdgrowthpeak:theteaseasoniscomingtoanend,thenutrientsproducedbytheleavesaretransportedandaccumulated,andthenutrientsobtainedbytherootsarerela