研究生學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作 課件 Chapter 3 Literature Review;Chapter 4 Materials and Methods

Chapter3LiteratureReviewGraduateAcademicEnglishWritingContentsDefinitionsofaliteraturereview1Stepsofwritingaliteraturereview3Structureofaliteraturereview4Organizationalpatternsofaliteraturereview5

Functionsofaliteraturereview26Strategiesforwritingaliteraturereview1.Definitionof

aliteraturereview

MultifacetedconstructCriticalsynthesisofexistingknowledgeRoadmapforresearchFrameworkforcontextualizingstudiesSuccinctoverviewofknowledge(Bell,2010)Selectionandevaluationofdocuments(Hart,1998)

ProvidingContextandBackgroundHistoricaldevelopmentCurrentknowledgeBackgroundinformationSubjectunderstandingTheconcentrationofatmosphericcarbondioxide(CO2)hasbeenincreasingthroughoutrecenthistory.Itwassteadyat280ppmuntiltheindustrialrevolution(Wrobelwitzetal.2013),afterwhichitbeganrising,reachingjustover400ppmcurrently(Blocketal.2017).ThischangeinconcentrationofCO2ispredictedtosignificantlyimpacttheglobalenvironment(Fangetal.2017).Bothprecipitationlevelsandmeantemperaturesareexpectedtochangeasaresultofsuchincreases(Fangetal.2017)which,coupledwiththeexpectationofagrowingpopulation(Challinoretal.2014),couldheavilyburdentheabilityoftheglobalagriculturalinfrastructuretoprovide.2.Functionalrolesofaliteraturereview

IdentifyingGapsandResearchQuestionsResearchgapsFormulatingquestionsUnexploredareasNewresearchdirectionsDespitethenumerousstudiesthathaveinvestigatedthetechno-economicaspectsofhydrogenblendinganditseffectsonthedistributiongridandconsumers(e.g.Giehletal.[28]),thereisalackofresearchontheimpactsofhydrogenblendingontheEuropeanenergysystemandinternationaltradeandtransmission.2.Functionalrolesofaliteraturereview

SynthesizingExistingKnowledgeConnectingsourcesWeavingideasExplainingtheoriesBiggerpictureOwingtoAImarkuplanguage,chatbotscannowidentifykeypatterns,topics,andcategoriesinuserinputsandprovidecorrespondingresponses(Wang&Petrina,2013).WiththeadventofAIandmachinelearningtechniques,chatbotscanrespondtoendusers’unstructuredinputswithhuman-likeresponsesandcontinueafavorableconversation,expressagreement,andevenaddressusersbytheirnames(Huangetal.,2022).

2.FunctionalrolesofaliteraturereviewSupportingorChallengingExistingTheoriesInvestigatingknowledgeSupportingtheoriesChallengingperspectivesFurtherinquiryThespectrumofhealth-relatedandsocialconcernsthatchildrenwithdisabilitiespresentmayincreaseparentalstress(Aniolet?al.,2004)causedbytheemotional,physical,economic,andsocialdemandsthatachild’sdisabilitycanplaceonthefamily(Pinheiro,2006;Sidebotham,2001).2.FunctionsofaliteraturereviewStep1.DefiningResearchQuestions

Scopeandpurpose

Identifykeythemes,concepts,gaps3.StepsofwritingaliteraturereviewStep2.SelectingRelevantDatabasesandSources

Journals

Publicationdate

Identifiedauthors

Location

Funding

Researchquestion

Methodologytype

Populationandsamplingmethodology

Intervention3.StepsinwritingaliteraturereviewStep3.CriticalReadingandEvaluation

Quality,relevance,reliability

Strengths,limitations,methodology

Synthesizingdiverseperspectives3.StepsinwritingaliteraturereviewStep4.TakingNotesinReadingLiteratureReview

Activeengagement

ParaphrasingAbbreviationsConceptmaps

Thematiccategorization3.StepsinwritingaliteraturereviewStep5.SummarizingwhileReadingLiteratureComprehendingmainobjectivesLogical,thematicsummarizationObjectiveandneutraltoneConciseyetcomprehensive3.StepsinwritingaliteraturereviewFunnel-shapedStructureIntroductorySection

IntroducethetopicandsetthecontextNarrowdownyourcontext,topic,method,etc.BodySectionAnalyzethepreviousresearchIdentifygapsintheresearchConcludingSectionIntroduceyourresearchobjectivesExplainhowyourresearchaddressesthegapsandoffersnewinsights.4.

StructureofaliteraturereviewThree-partstructureChronologicalPatternDevelopmentovertimeHistoricalperspectiveEvolutionofthefieldKeyturningpoints5.OrganizationalpatternsofaliteraturereviewChronologicalPatternTheearliestEuropeanwrittenaccountsoflanguageteachingmethodsarefromthe5thcenturyCE,referringspecificallytoLatin.ForcenturiesthelanguageoftheRomanswastheprimaryforeigncodethroughoutmuchofEurope,functioningasthelanguageofscholarship,trade,andgovernment.ThefoundingofuniversitiesinthelatterMiddleAgesledtodevelopingtheGrammar-TranslationMethod,basedonthecenturies’longtraditionofreadingLatinandGreeklearnedtexts.Inthe15thcentury,EuropeansbeganshiftingfromLatintousingthecontinent’smodernlanguagesmorewidely.Bythe19thcentury,theDirectMethodwasdeveloped,modeledonfirstlanguageacquisitionandaddressingthegreaterneedforspeakingskillsine.g.French,German,andEnglish.Intheearly20thcentury,researchlargelyineducationalpsychologyledtodevelopingtheAudio-lingualMethodinthe1940s.Believinglanguageusewasanissueofstimulusandresponse,teachingmethodsemphasizedrepetitionanddialoguememorization.Adecadelater,Chomsky’slandmarkresearchoncognitiveaspectsoflanguageacquisitionrecognizedthatchildrendonotacquireaninventoryoflinguisticstimuliandresponses.Instead,deepprocessinginthebrainenablesthemtogeneratesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.ThisledtomodernizingtheDirectMethodbyincorporatingcognitivedimensionsoflanguagelearning.Sincethe1970s,languageisfurtherrecognizedasasocialphenomenonthatinherentlyentailsexpressing,interpreting,andnegotiatingmeaning.Tofostersuchcompetence,thecurrentapproachofCommunicativeLanguageTeachingemphasizeshavinglearnersdomeaningfulactivitiesinvolvingtheexchangeofnewinformation.5.OrganizationalpatternsofaliteraturereviewThematicPatternCentralthemesSub-topicsRecurringpatternsDiverseaspectsAvarietyofexistingreviewpapersonWRAscoverawiderangeofsub-topics,fromreviewingthecurrentinstalledwindenergycapacity[6,11-15]andestimatedwindpotentials[6,7,11,12],tochallengesrelatedtothehighpenetrationofwindenergyliketheeconomicfeasibility[12,13,16],environmentalissues[17],technicalandsocialconcernsinurbanenvironments[18,19],powersystemimpacts[13],andsocio-politicalbarrierstolargescaledevelopment[20,21].Further,severalreviewarticlesanalyzetheavailablesoftware,modelsandtoolsforWRAs[6,11,22-24]anddiscussdatasets[7,22]andtheapplicationofnumericalweatherprediction(NWP)models[6].5.OrganizationalpatternsofaliteraturereviewMethodologicalPatternResearchmethodscomparisonQualitativevs.quantitativeEmpiricalvs.theoreticalDisciplinaryperspectivesAsaresult,morequalitativeapproacheshavebeendevelopedtoassessthequalityandstrengthoffindingsfromdifferenttypesofstudiesandtocompareresults(Greenhalgh,Robert,Macfarlane,Bate,&Kyriakidou,2004).Thisisoftenreferredtoasaqualitativesystematicreview,whichcanbedescribedasamethodofcomparingfindingsfromqualitativestudies(Grant&Booth,2009).5.OrganizationalpatternsofaliteraturereviewTheoreticalPatternTheoriesandmodelsConceptdefinitionsTheoreticalframeworksAdvocacyorintegrationTeletandemisguidedbythreetheoreticalprinciples:separationoflanguages,reciprocity,andautonomy(Vassallo&Telles,2006).Theprinciplesguaranteethatsynchronousinteraction,whetherwrittenorspoken,shouldbedividedintotwopartsandthatparticipantsswitchrolesaslearnersandexperts(Cavalari&Aranha,2016;Tang,Qian,Wang,&Hu,2021).5.Organizationalpatternsofaliteraturereview

Paraphrasingtorephrasethesourcematerial

ChangethestructureofthesentenceEmploysynonymsandalternateexpressionsChangethevoiceofthesentencefromactivetopassiveorviceversa

AdjustthelevelofspecificityCombinevariousparaphrasingtechniquesForexample,

Contrarytothecommonbeliefthatspinningofcarsmainlyoccursonslipperyroadsandathighspeeds,thestatisticsshowthatbyfarmostseveraccidentsoccurondryroadsandatspeedsbetween60km/hand100km/h(vanZanten,2002)Paraphrase:Althoughmanypeoplethinkthatcaraccidentsaremorelikelyduetoslickroadsandhighspeeds,researchshowsthatthemajorityofseriousaccidentsoccurondryroadsatspeedof60to100km/h.(vanZanten,2002)6.StrategiesforwritingaliteraturereviewWritingStrategiesforClarityandCoherenceClearwritingstyleLogicalorganizationTransitionalwordsConciseexpression6.StrategiesforWritingaliteraturereviewProvidingProperTransitionsBetweenSourcesLinguisticbridgesLogicalflowSummarizinginformationStrengtheningargumentsExample:“buildinguponthisperspective,”“contrarytothesefindings,”or“inasimilarvein”6.StrategiesforwritingaliteraturereviewUsingTensesCorrectlyPresenttense(currentrelevance)Pasttense(specificstudies)Futuretense(potentialdevelopments)Consistency6.

StrategiesforaliteraturereviewUsingQuotationMarksEffectivelyRepresentingsourcesAcademicintegrityAvoidingplagiarismEthicalscholarship6.

StrategiesforwritingaliteraturereviewThankYou!

Chapter4MaterialsandMethodsGraduateAcademicEnglishWritingContentsMaterialsandMethodsforanAcademicPaper1StructureofMethods2StepstoBegintheMethods3MovesforWritingMaterialsandMethods4

VoicesandTensesinMaterialsandMethods56QualityassessmentofMaterialsandMethods

1.MaterialsandMethodsforanAcademicPaper

Itgenerallycoverstheproceduralstepsandthematerialsemployedateachstep.Theguidingprinciplesofthispart：accuracyandreplication.Describingthematerialsandmethodsclearly.Makingthedescriptionscompleteandconcise.

GuidelinesandConsiderations

Answeringmostoftherelevantproblems

Describinginalogicalorder

AdvisedproceduresforthispartAnexampleandsampleanalysis2.StructureofMethodsFunnel-shapedStructureTypicalwaysofhowauthorsstartthissection

Anexampleandsampleanalysis3.

StepstoBegintheMethods3.

StepstoBegintheMethodsHowyoubeginwillverymuchdependonyourdiscipline.Tohelpyoudecide,takealookattheMethodssectioninpapersfromyourchosenjournal,andseehowauthorsstartthissection.Typicalwaysinclude:(a)Makingageneralstatementaboutyourmethod.Themethoddescribedhereissimple,rapid,sensitiveand...Thestudyaimstosecureinitialsupportforthehypothesizedmodel...3.

StepstoBegintheMethods(b)Referringtoanotherpaper.Thematerialsusedforisolationandculturearedescribedelsewhere.MaterialswereobtainedinaccordancewithBurgessetal.’smethod.(c)Statingwhereyouobtainedyourmaterialsfrom.Bacterialstrains...wereisolatedandkindlysuppliedby...ThisanalysisofthepublicallyavailablydatasetisfromtheCanadianCommunityHealthSurvey(CCHS)cycle4.1,2009–2010.3.

StepstoBegintheMethods(d)Explaininghowyoufoundyoursubjects,i.e.beginwiththesetting.Subjectswerechosenfromarandomlyselectedsampleof...ParticipantswereselectedfrompatientsattheGynecologyFacultyoftheUniversityof...(e)Indicatingwhere(i.e.ageographicalregion)yourinvestigationwasfocused.OurempiricalinvestigationfocusedonTuscany,acentralregionofItaly,...ThestudywascarriedoutinfourboulevardsinAthens(Greece)and...3.

StepstoBegintheMethods(f)Referringthereadertoafigurewhichshowstheexperimentalset-up.Tohighlighttheadvantagesofthesystem,Fig.1showsthe...InputfeaturesofeachmethodaresummarizedinTable4.(g)Startingdirectlywiththefirststepinyourprocedure.

Frontalcerebralcorticesweredissectedfrom...Core-cellcompositematerialswerepreparedbycolloidalassemblyof...Move1：Overview

ashortsummaryoftheresearchmethod,atornearthebeginningoftheMethodssectionMove2：Researchaims/questions/

hypotheses

descriptionoftheresearchgoals,thequestionstobeanswered,orthehypotheses4.MovesforWritingMaterialsandMethods4.MovesforMaterialsandMethodsMove3：Subjects/materialsinBusiness,LanguageandLinguistics,Law,andPublicandSocialAdministration,adescriptionofthepeopleinthestudy;inthesciences,adescriptionofthematerials,equipmentandsoonMove4：Location

descriptionofwheretheresearchtookplaceandpossiblywhy4.MovesforMaterialsandMethodsMove5：Procedure

discussionoftheprocessusedtoobtainthedatathatwascollectedMove6：Limitations

focusonashortcomingofthemethod,possiblyaccompaniedbyanexplanationMove7：DataAnalysis

descriptionofhowthedatawasanalyzed

Notice：Movesdonotnecessarilyappearintheordergiven.Asampleanalysisofexample3:

Elements

Specificsentences

overview/researchobjective

S1—S4

participants/subjects

S25samplingmethodsS29,S31,S34,S40procedureS34–S41restrictions/limitationunmentioneddataanalysisS45–S58Thefollowingchartisbasedonaclosereadingofexample3.Twobasicverbtenseswidely

usedinthispart:

presentsimple

pastsimple5.VoicesandTensesinMaterialsandMethodsPastsimple

whenyoudescribeactionsthatyoudid,bothbeforeandduringyourexperiments(inthelab,inthefield,whileconductingsurveysetc)Anexplorativeresearchapproachwasadoptedusingasevensurveyonopinionsandreligiousbackground.Thefindingswerecollectedusinganinternetquestionnairesurvey.5.BasicVerbTensesin