2023年中考英語專項復習：閱讀理解說明文議論文（江蘇專用）

專題04閱讀理解說明文&議論文-備考2023年中考英語一模分項講

解和真題練習(江蘇專用)

說明文選材通常是各學科的前沿問題;高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果;人們比較關(guān)心的社會問題;人文方面的經(jīng)典。

說明文是試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的，通常后置。通常要求考生做到以下幾個方面：

①理解語篇主旨要義

②理解文中具體信息

③根據(jù)上下文提供的線索推測生詞的詞義

④根據(jù)文中事實和線索作出簡單的判斷和推理

⑤理解文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和文脈邏輯關(guān)系

⑥理解作者的觀點、意圖和態(tài)度

說明文閱讀及解題策略：

1.略讀

通過整體粗讀，領(lǐng)略內(nèi)容大意，幫助理解，為細讀做準備。尋找主題句，獲取大意，找出每段的主題。

每一篇說明文通常都是圍繞一個中心展開的。所以找出主題句，抓住中心，理解主題句與文章的具體事實

細節(jié)的關(guān)系，對文章進行整體理解，獲取文章表達的正確信息。

2.跳讀

尋找所需信息，如年代、數(shù)字、人名、地名等，把握住關(guān)鍵詞，利用語法過渡詞、語氣轉(zhuǎn)折詞及時態(tài)

等，抓住文章脈絡(luò)。

3.細讀

分段細讀，注意細節(jié)，注意語言結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住關(guān)鍵信息，解釋文章結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，幫助深化理解。一

片文章就是一個有機的整體，段落與段落之間存在著內(nèi)在的緊密聯(lián)系，而每段的內(nèi)容都與主題有著很重要

的聯(lián)系，所以弄清文章結(jié)構(gòu)上的問題，對于把握文章主題，文章大意非常重要。

議論文的閱讀方法：

1.抓論點、尋論據(jù)

閱讀議論文我們要抓住論題，即作者提出的觀點、給出的例證及最后得出的結(jié)論。抓住了論題，我們就把

握了中心。

2.重文章結(jié)構(gòu)，理清文章脈絡(luò)。把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，有利于對文章大體的理解。

文章結(jié)構(gòu)：

(1)一般來說，議論文會在第一或第二段提出論點，有的時候第一段是闡述一個現(xiàn)象或者提出一個問題，

目的為了引出論點或者引起讀者興趣。

(2)一般情況下會有實驗。細節(jié)題容易針對實驗過程及實驗結(jié)果提問。

(3)關(guān)注專家所說的話。

題目類型：

一、主題題型

1.問mainidea,primarypurpose,title等等。

(1)正確選項必須具備三個特征：①有focus；②無細節(jié)；③態(tài)度與原文一致

能找到主題句則直接看同義句，找不到依據(jù)這三個特征使用排除法。

(2)先看選項的主體動詞，迅速排除干擾項：

?presentation型的文章：present,describe,explain,illustrate,pointout?

?argumentation型的文章：evaluate,criticize,refute,challenge,counter,correct

以上動詞出現(xiàn)則優(yōu)先選(只是技巧，并不絕對)

2.問focus應(yīng)直接定位主題句。

需要注意以下幾點：

后面出現(xiàn)大段無關(guān)論述時：主題“從前不從后”；

前面主題句已對某事物給了正態(tài)度，末尾再作轉(zhuǎn)折，說一些毛病，缺點，這是倒讓步，而不是文章的重點，

不用考慮！

二、作者態(tài)度題型

1.判斷依據(jù)：

(1)判斷句(系動詞、情態(tài)動詞、自由褒貶詞)通過找自由褒貶詞對判斷作者態(tài)度很有作用，但前提是要

對全文的結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯把握的比較好，單純通過自由褒貶詞的判斷還是不很保險，但這是一個思路。

(2)某些名人說話引號中的形容詞或副詞表評價：

asthat...作者的意見和名人的一致，要注意全文的起承轉(zhuǎn)合，比較明顯的詞forexample,suchas等等很

多。二是作者的意見和名人的不一致，有時名人的話只是給文章好開個頭，批的就是他。這就是觀點對立

式主題文章的類型，在文中的明顯的詞有：istemptedtosay,itispreviouslybelievedthat…等等。注意觀點對

立式這里就一定會出現(xiàn)意思的強轉(zhuǎn)折，例如however,but,while,onthecontrary等等。

(3)一些實義動詞表評價，尤其在講原理，或研究的文章中：

負：failto/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook

正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine

(4)從大不從小原則：從全文來講，看前面、開頭或主題講的是什么評價。

【真題詳解】

【常州漂陽市南渡初級中學2022年中考英語一模試題】

A

Myopia(近視)inChildren

Howdochildrengetmyopia?

Ifachildspends7+hoursaweekon

13computerormobilephone,hemayhave

myopia.

02/53

Feweroutdooractivitiesincreasetheriskof

二瘠二

gettingmyopia.

Parentswhohavemyopiamayhavea

zmyopiachild.

Howmanychildrenhavemyopia?

14.5%ofthechildrenunder6

36.0%oftheprimaryschoolstudents

53.6%ofthechildreninChina

hadmyopiain2021.

71.6%ofthejuniorhighschoolstudents

81.0%oftheseniorhighschoolstudents

▲

Atleast2hoursofoutdooractivitieseveryday.

20/20/20rulewhenusingthecomputerormobilephone:Every20minutes,lookatsomething20

feetawayfor20minutes.

Getenoughsleep.

23.Whichcanshowthechangeinthenumberofmyopicchildrenastheygrow?

24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeputin"”?

A.Whereshouldchildrenhavefun.B.Whyshouldchildrendosports.

C.Whenshouldchildrenread.D.Whatshouldchildrendo.

25.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

?Reasonsformyopia.②Thenumberofmyopickids.

③Waystostayawayfrommyopia.?Properfoodformyopickids.

A.①②④B.①③④C.①②③D.②③④

【答案】23.C24.D25.C

【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了兒童近視的原因、近視的人數(shù)以及預(yù)防近視的一些方法。

[23題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二個表格中“14.5%ofthechildrenunder6”、“36.0%oftheprimaryschoolstudents”、

“71.6%ofthejuniorhighschoolstudents"和"81.0%oftheseniorhighschoolstudents”可知，隨著年齡的增

長，近視人數(shù)也不斷上漲，選項C的圖片符合。故選C。

[24題詳解】

推理判斷題。通讀第二個表格中的下半部分內(nèi)容可知，此部分主要介紹了一些預(yù)防近視的方法，由此可知

此部分在告訴兒童“應(yīng)該做什么”。故選D。

[25題詳解】

推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，第一個表格介紹了兒童近視的原因，第二個表格的上半部分介紹了近視兒童

的數(shù)量，第二個表格的下半部分介紹了一些預(yù)防近視的方法。故選C。

AnartistusesteatohelphimrelaxwhenpractisinginMountEmeiinSichuanProvince.Ayoungcouplein

Malaysiaserveteatoexpressthankstotheirparentsattheweddingceremony（儀式）.Thesescenesaboutteaare

fromtheBBCdocumentary,OneCup.AThousandStories.

Ittook3yearstocompleteCup.ACup.ThousandStoriesin13countriesacrosssixcontinents（大洲）.Itgives

viewersachancetolearnabouttea'sinfluenceondailylifeindifferentplaces.Someancienttalesarealsotold.

ThesearerarelyheardbyyoungChinesepeopletoday.

Accordingtothedocumentary,teahasbecomemorepopularanddifferentdrinkingmethodsareenjoyedbybillions

ofpeopleworldwide.TeaisChina?sgreatgifttomankind.Itprovidescalm,energyandenjoymentforpeople.For

manypeopleitispartoftheirdailylife.Wewantedtoexplorethisrichworldofteacultureanditsinfluenceon

people'slifearoundtheworld,“saysMatthewSpringford,thedocumentary^producer.

Thedocumentaryisfullyfunded（資助）byChinesecompanyMigu.MiguandBBClistedalotofthemesatfirst,

suchastraditionalChinesemedicineandnewtechnologies.Butteawasfinallypickedasthesubject.a4Teaisa

subjectclosetobothChineseandBritishpeople'shearts,sinceweareallteadrinkerswithalonghistoryofsocial

teadrinking.^^saysSpringford.

04/53

TomMcDonald,managingdirectoratBBCStudios,saysmorethan20teamsweresenttodifferentplacestoshoot

thedocumentary,witheachplacehavingaround25members.stFmquiteproudofthedocumentary.Ifsanexcellent

pieceofworkwithreallyhighproductionvalues.We'rebestknownfbrourworkinnaturalhistoryandscience,but

Ithinkteaisagoodexampleofwhatwecanachievewhenweputoureffortsinit,“saysMcDonald.

ThedocumentaryhasalreadywonpraisefrommanyviewersinChina.Ayoungmansaysthatthescenesshowthe

beautyofChineseteaculture,makinghimlookforwardtoaslow-pacedlife.

26.Howdoesthewriterstartthepassage?

A.Bydescribingscenes.B.Bylistingnumbers

C.Byshowingpoints.D.Byusingsayings.

27.Whywasthesubjectchosenfinally?

A.BecauseitiseasyforBBCStudiostoexploreteaculture

B.BecauseChinahasalonghistoryofsocialteadrinking

C.BecauseteaispopularamongbothChineseandBritishpeople

D.BecausethedocumentaryisfundedbyaChinesecompany

28.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedocumentary?

A.Itshowssomenewtechnologiesbesidestea.

B.Thedirectorisnotsatisfiedwiththeirwork

C.25peopleflewtodifferentplacestocompleteit.

D.ItisthoughthighlyofbymanyChineseviewers.

【答案】26.A27.C28.D

【解析】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了BBC紀錄片《一葉茶千夜話》。

【26題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中“AnartistusesteatohelphimrelaxwhenpractisinginMountEmeiinSichuan

Province.AyoungcoupleinMalaysiaserveteatoexpressthankstotheirparentsattheweddingceremony

（儀式）.ThesescenesaboutteaarefromtheBBCdocumentary,OneCup.AThousandStories.“可知，作者通

過描述場景來開始文章。故選A。

[27題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中'“'TeaisasubjectclosetobothChineseandBritishpeople'shearts,sincewearealltea

drinkerswithalonghistoryofsocialteadrinking.^^saysSpringford.”可知，最終選擇了"茶"這個主題，是

因為因為茶在中國人和英國人中都很受歡迎。故選C。

[28題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中“ThedocumentaryhasalreadywonpraisefrommanyviewersinChina.Ayoungman

saysthatthescenesshowthebeautyofChineseteaculture,makinghimlookforwardtoaslow-pacedlife/9

可知，這部紀錄片受到許多中國觀眾的高度評價。故選D。

D

Nowmoreandmorepeoplewhowanttolearnanewlanguageturntomobileappsforhelp.Whiletheselanguage

learningappsallowuserstostudyanewlanguageanywhereatanytime,howeffective（有效的）arethey?

ThatisaquestionShawnLoewen,aprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity（MSU）,istryingtoanswer.Herecently

madeastudyfocusingonBabbel,apopularlanguagelearningapp,toseeifitreallyworkedatteachinganew

language.

""Millionsaroundtheworldarealreadyusinglanguagelearningapps,butfewstudieshaveresearchedwhetherthey

canhelpimproveone'sspeakingskills,^Loewensaid."Therearealmostnootherstudiesthathavelookedatmobile

languagelearningapps.So,thisstudyisveryimportanttothefield.^^

Inthestudy,85studentsatMSUusedBabbelfor12weekstolearnSpanish.Atthebeginningofthestudy,the

studentstookatesttoassess（評價）theirspeaking,vocabularyandgrammarinSpanish.After12weeks,the54

studentswhocompletedallstudyrequirementstookthesametestagaintoseehowmuchknowledgetheyhad

gained.

ThestudyshowedthatnearlyallthestudentswhocompletedtherequirementsimprovedtheirSpanishlanguage

knowledgeandabilitytocommunicateafter12weeksofusingBabbel.

“Onthewhole,learnersinthisstudyincreasedtheiroralproficiency（口語能力）Loewensaid."Theseresultsshow

thatBabbelnotonlyhelpsteachknowledgeofgrammarandvocabulary,butalsospeedsupthedevelopmentoforal

communicationskills.^^

Also,learninggainsinoralproficiency,grammarandvocabularywereconnectedwithhowmuchtimestudents

spentusingtheapp.59%ofstudentsimprovedspeakingskillsbyatleastonelevelinanAmericanforeignlanguage

proficiencyassessingsystem.Thepercentageoflearnerswhoimprovedroseevenhigheramongthosewhospent

moretimeusingtheapp.Forthosewhostudiedatleastsixhours,69%increasedatleastonelevel,risingto75%for

thosewhostudiedforatleast15hours.

33.WhatdoesLoewensayabouthisappstudy?

A.Itisbasedonalotofpublishedstudies.

B.Itcomparesmanylanguagelearningapps.

06/53

C.Itanswersaquestionaboutlearningnewlanguages.

D.Itmaybethefirsttostudyifappshelplanguagelearning.

34.Whatdidthestudentsdointhestudy?

A.TheylearntSpanishinclassusingBabbel.

B.Theytriedusingdifferentlanguagelearningapps.

C.Someofthemtooktwotestsbeforeandafter12weeks

D.Someofthemfinishedtheirstudyrequirementsin24weeks.

35.WhatdidLoewen'sstudyfindaboutBabbel?

A.Itcanbeusefulforjustsomeofitsusers.

B.Iteffectivelyhelpsteachanewlanguage.

C.ItmightbethebestSpanishlearningtoolsofar.

D.Itdoesbetterinimprovingskillsthanknowledge.

36.Whatdothenumbersinthelastparagraphshow?

A.Therelationshipbetweenappusetimeandprogress.

B.Thedisadvantagesofusinglanguagelearningapps.

C.Thebigdifferencesinstudents9learninghabits.

D.Thedifficultiesoflearninganewlanguage.

【答案】33.D34.C35.B36.A

【解析】本文告訴讀者研究應(yīng)用程序是否有助于語言學習。

【33題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句“Therearealmostnootherstudiesthathavelookedatmobile

languagelearningapps.So,thisstudyisveryimportanttothefield.”可知，它可能是第一個研究應(yīng)用程序是

否有助于語言學習的公司。故選D。

【34題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段第一句"Inthestudy,85studentsatMSUusedBabbelfor12weekstolearn

Spanish?”及“After12weeks,the54studentswhocompletedallstudyrequirementstookthesametestagain

toseehowmuchknowledgetheyhadgained.”可知，有些人在12周之前和之后進行了兩次測試。故選Co

【35題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段""Onthewhole,learnersinthisstudyincreasedtheiroralproficiency（□

語能力）"Loewensaid.”可知，它能有效地幫助教授一門新語言。故選B。

【36題詳解】

app…根據(jù)文章最后一段“Also,learninggainsinoralproficiency,grammarandvocabularywereconnected

withhowmuchtimestudentsspentusingtheapp...69%increasedatleastonelevel,risingto75%forthose

whostudiedforatleast15hours.”可知，應(yīng)用程序使用時間與進度的關(guān)系。故選A。

[2022?江蘇揚州市江都區(qū)中考英語一模試題】

C

Doestheendlessmessagesandthethoughtofreplyingtounopenedtextsmakeyoustressed?Textingstressisareal

thing,andmorecommonthanyou'dthink.

Inthelast25years,textinghasalreadychangedthewaywecommunicate.FromQQtoWeChat,likes,sharesand

groupchatsjointraditionalformsofcommunicationlikeemailandtexting.Manyfindthemselvestiredoutfromthe

endlessnoticesandgroupconversations.

Theaveragepersonin2022checkstheirphone262timesaday,upfromadailyaverageof80in2016.Onaverage,

eachpersonwillhave47unreadtextmessagesand1,602unopenedemails.Yettheaveragephonescreentimeis

morethaneverbefore,at4.2hoursperday.

LeahAguirre,apsychotherapistexplainsthattextconversationsareusuallyacauseofstressastheycomewithalot

ofuncertainty.t4Wedon'tknowhowsomeonewillreply,iftheywillreply,orhowquicklytheywillreply.Wecan't

controlotherpeople'sactionsorbehaviourorhowtheythink,andforpeoplethataremorelikelytobestressedthis

canbehardtodealwith.”

Textstresscaninfluenceyourrelationshipswithfriendsandlovedones.A2018studyfoundthatfriendshipsarefar

moresuccessfulwhenyouandtheotherpersonhaveasimilartextingstyle.Ifbothofyoureplytotextsquickly,the

relationshipislesslikelytohittherocks.Similarly,ifeveryoneishappytogohours,days,evenweekswithreplying

totexts,thentherelationshipisbetter.

Aguirresuggestslimitingthetimeyouareonyourphonewillhelpyoufeelrelaxed.t4Youcantellyourselfthatyou

havenocontroloveranotherperson'sreactionorbehaviour.Remindyourselfthatthisisjustaphoneoratext

messageandthatyouareokayandwillbeokay,^^shesaid.

Now,timetogettoallthoseunansweredtexts.

38.Thewriterlistedthedata（數(shù)據(jù)）inParagraph3totellus.

A.textinghastakenuptoomuchofourtime

B.technologyhasdevelopedfastovertheyears

C.cellphonehasbecomeausefultoolindailylives

08/53

D.peoplewouldliketocommunicatethroughmessages

39.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Itmaybeimpolitenottoreplyallthetextmessages.

B.Peopledon'tgetstressediftheyhavesimilartextingstyles.

C.Groupconversationsaremorelikelytomakepeoplestressed.

D.Whetherpeoplegetstresseddependsonhowsomeonereplies.

40.AccordingtoAguirre,wecanreducetextingstressby.

?spendinglesstimeonthephone

?payingnoattentiontomessages

?communicatinginanotherway

?remindingourselvestorelax

A.①③B.②④C.②③D.①④

41.Whichpartofthenewspaperisthepassageprobablyfrom?

A.Education.B.Science.C.Society.D.Culture.

【答案】38.A39.C40.D41.C

【解析】本文主要介紹了短信造成的壓力及其應(yīng)對方法。

[38題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Theaveragepersonin2022checkstheirphone262timesaday,upfromadailyaverage

of80in2016.Onaverage,eachpersonwillhave47unreadtextmessagesand1,602unopenedemails.Yet

theaveragephonescreentimeismorethaneverbefore,at4.2hoursperday.”可知，人們花費在看手機、收

發(fā)短信上的時間在不斷增長，第三段列這些數(shù)據(jù)是為了告訴我們“發(fā)短信占用了我們太多的時間九故選Ao

【39題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)“ManyHndthemselvestiredoutfromtheendlessnoticesandgroupconversations.”可知，

許多人發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被沒完沒了的通知和群組對話弄得筋疲力盡。由此推出群組對話更容易讓人感到壓力。故

選C。

[40題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"Aguirresuggestslimitingthetimeyouareonyourphonewillhelpyoufeelrelaxed.“可知,

Aguirre建議花費更少時間在手機上，再由"Remindyourselfthatthisisjustaphoneoratextmessageand

thatyouareokayandwillbeokay”可知,要提醒自己放松。故選D。

[41題詳解】

推理判斷題。本文主要介紹了短信造成的壓力及其應(yīng)對方法，這最可能出現(xiàn)在“社會”欄。故選C。

D

Themomenttheyarepickedupfromkindergarteneachday,TanXinyanandherfriendsrushedintoaplayground

withnewswings,climbingframesandslides.

'Tmsurprisedthatsuchasmallchangecanbringthechildrensomuchjoy,“saysTan'smotherHuYufengwhile

talkingabouttheplaygroundinhercommunity.

Theappearanceinoldneighborhoodsofwell-equippedchildren'splaygroundsshowsthatChinaistakingstepsto

createbetterconditionsforraisingachild.

Thecountrywiththelargestpopulationispreparingforthelowfertilityofrates（生育率），atalowlevelof1.3in

2020.

In2015,Chinabegantoallowallcouplestohaveasecondchild.In2021,thiswas▲tothreechildrenfor

eachfamily.Itwasfollowedbyaseriesofsupportiveactions.Thecountry9snewpopulationandfamilyplanning

lawwasalsomadetobuildamorebirth-friendlysociety.

Evenso,mostofthecouplesdon'twanttoasecondorathirdchildmainlybecauseoftheheavystressofbearing,

raisingandeducatingchildren.Asaresult,supportfromlocalgovernmentincludeslongerpaternityleave（產(chǎn)彳發(fā)），

extraparentalleaveandbetterpublicservices.

Havinggrownupastheonlychildinherfamily,the35-year-oldmotheralwaysenviedthosewhohadsiblingsto

playwithandoffersupport.However,shedoubtedwhethertohaveasecondchildinthebeginning,worryingthat

herparentsandparents-in-lawarealreadyintheirlate60s,andsheandherhusbandbothhavebusycareers.

“Ifwecouldnotofferthechildrentheattentionandcaretheyneedforahappyandhealthychildhood,wewouldn't

haveasecondchild“Husays.

Asitturnsout,shefoundmorehappinesswithtwochildren.uWhatdoubledisnottheworkload,butthejoyand

goodmemoriestheycreated/9Husays.

Withsupportiveactionsbeingtaken,moremothers-to-beaimingfortwoorthreechildrenareexpectedtofeelthe

sameway.

Ingeneral,childrenarethecreatorsofourfuture,andifsthejobofusgrown-upstocreateanenvironmenttomake

10/53

thiscometrue.

42.Whafsthepurposeofthefirstthreeparagraphs?

A.Toexpressopinions.B.Tointroducethetopic.

C.Toshowfeelings.D.Todrawaconclusion.

43.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbeputintheblank▲?

A.Returned.B.Included.C.Reduced.D.Increased.

44.Whafsthemainreasonwhymostcouplesdon'twantasecondorathirdchild?

A.Theirparentsandparents-in-lawarealreadyintheirlate60s.

B.Mostcoupleshavebusycareersandonlycareaboutthemselves.

C.Thestressofbearing,raisingandeducatingchildrenisheavy.

D.Theycannotofferthechildrentheattentionandcaretheyneed.

45.Theunderlinedword“siblings“means.

A.relativesandfriendsB.fatherandmother

C.teachersandstudentsD.brothersandsisters

【答案】42.B43.D44.C45.D

【解析】

【導語】本文主要介紹了國家為了鼓勵多孩政策所創(chuàng)造的一些便利條件，同時介紹了家長對二胎或三胎的

不同看法和擔憂。

【42題詳解】

段落大意題。根據(jù)前三段的內(nèi)容可知，從社區(qū)一些娛樂項目的改變引出現(xiàn)在政府為了提高生育率所創(chuàng)造的

一些便利條件這個主題，故選B。

【43題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)“In2015,Chinabegantoallowallcouplestohaveasecondchild.In2021,thiswas...to

threechildrenforeachfamily”可知，2015年開始開放二胎，2021年增加到三胎，故選D。

【44題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)"Evenso,mostofthecouplesdon5twanttoasecondorathirdchildmainlybecauseof

theheavystressofbearing,raisingandeducatingchildren.”可知，主要是因為生育、撫養(yǎng)和教育孩子的巨

大壓力，故選C。

[45題詳解】

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)"Havinggrownupastheonlychildinherfamily,the35-year-oldmotheralwaysenvied

thosewhohadsiblingstoplaywithandoffersupport.”可知，作為獨生女總是會羨慕別人有兄弟姐妹可以

一起玩耍和互相支持，所以siblings表示“brothersandsisters",故選Do

【2022年南京市金陵中學中考英語一模試題】

B

倒

Acastlewasthefortress（堡壘）andhomeofakingornobleman.

MostofthecastleswethinkoftodaywerebuiltinEurope.Theywerebuiltfromabout1,000ADtoabout1,

500AD,duringaperiodknownastheMiddleAges.

CastlesplayedanimportantroleafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire.Whenakinggrantedlandtonobles,the

noblespromisedinreturntoservethekingandprovidehimwithsoldiers.Noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgivento

them.Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonit.Thatwasaskingfortrouble.There

weremanypowerstrugglesbetweennoblesandkings,andamongthenoblesthemselves.

Atypicalstonecastlehadseveralmainparts.Atthecentreofthecastlewasatallandverystrongbuilding

calledthekeep.Thisiswherepeopleinthecastlemadetheirlaststandiftheouterdefences（防御）failed.Thekeep

wassetinacourtyard,wheretherewereworkshops,stables,andakitchen.

High,thickwallssurroundedthekeepandthecourtyard.Strong,rounddefensivetowersstoodatthecornersof

thewalls.Guardswalkedalongthetopsofthewallsandtowers.

Manystonecastlesweresurroundedbyawideditchcalledamoat（護城河）.Somemoatswerefilledwith

water,butmanywerenot.Theonlywayintothecastlewasacrossawoodendrawbridgeoverthemoat.Ifenemies

attacked,thedefendersraisedthebridge.Thentheyloweredaheavyiron-and-woodbarriercalledaportcullisto

blocktheentrancetothecastle.

Awell-builtcastlewasaprettysafeplacetobe.Attackershadahardtimegettingin.Buttheystillhadsome

options.Theycouldgooverthewallsusingladders.Theycouldsmash（撞碎）throughthewallsordoors.Orthey

coulddigunderthewallsandtrytogetpartofthewalltofalldown.Ifnoneofthosethingsworked,theycouldjust

campoutsideuntilthedefendersranoutoffood.

Attackerssometimesbroughtlargemachinescalledsiegeengineswiththemtobreakthroughcastledoorsor

walls.Thiswasaheavywoodenbeamwithametalcap.Intheearly1500s,cannonsenteredwideuseinwarfare.

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Cannonballscoulddigintothebaseofstonewallsandweakenthem.Thewallsthenfellundertheirownweight.As

aresult,castleswerenolongerneeded.

29.Theunderlinedword"That"referstothefactthat.

A.noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgiventothemB.thenoblespromisedtoservethekinginreturn

C.somenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownD.thenoblesprovidedthekingwithsoldiers

30.Howmanychoicesarementionedtooccupyacastlebeforethesixteenthcentury?

A.3B.4C.5D.6

31.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Somecastleswerebuilttoattractmorevisitors.

B.KingsinancientEuropeweremoregenerous.

C.Portculliseswereusedtobreakthroughcastledoors.

D.Warfaremustbecommonfrom1,000ADtoabout1,500AD.

32.Whatisthebestsubtitleofthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.AttackingacastleB.VisitingacastleC.AprettysafeplaceD.Weaknessofacastle

【答案】29.A30.B31.D32.A

【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述的是城堡的歷史。

【29題詳解】

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)"Noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgiventothem.Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandas

theirownandbuiltacastleonit.”可知，此處是說但有些貴族干脆宣稱土地是自己的，并在上面建了一座

城堡。這引起很多麻煩，由此可知“That”指的是貴族們在給他們的土地上建造城堡。故選A。

[30題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段"Theycouldgooverthewallsusingladders.Theycouldsmash（撞碎）through

thewallsordoors.Ortheycoulddigunderthewallsandtrytogetpartofthewalltofalldown.”和

“Attackerssometimes...Intheearly1500s,cannonsenteredwideuseinwarfare.”可知，攻擊城堡的方式有：

用梯子翻墻、砸碎墻壁或門、或者在墻下挖掘讓墻的一部分倒塌以及使用大炮。因此是4種方式。故選Bo

[31題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)"Theywerebuiltfromabout1,000ADtoabout1,500AD,duringaperiodknownasthe

MiddleAges."和"CastlesplayedanimportantroleafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire.”可知，此處是說城堡

大多建于公元1000年至公元1500年以及說城堡在羅馬帝國滅亡后發(fā)揮了重要作用。由此可推斷在這一時

期有很多戰(zhàn)爭。故選D。

【32題詳解】

標題歸納題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段開頭“Awell-builtcastlewasaprettysafeplacetobe.Attackershadahard

timegettingin.Buttheystillhadsomeoptions.”和最后一段“Attackerssometimesbroughtlargemachines

calledsiegeengineswiththemtobreakthroughcastledoorsorwalls.”可知，最后兩段主要是講述攻擊者

怎么攻擊城堡的。因此A項“攻擊一座城堡”符合題意。故選A。

C

Doyouknowsomepeoplehavememoriesthatarecompletelywrong?Theyrememberthingsthatnever

happened.Sometimes,manypeoplehavethesamewrongmemory.Whenthishappens,ifsbelievedthatitis

becauseoftheMandelaEffect.

PeoplefirstnoticedtheMandelaEffectin2013.Thatyear,NelsonMandelapassedaway.However,thousands

ofpeoplerememberedhimdyinginthe1980s.Theydescribedwatchinghisfuneral（葬禮）onTVButinfact,

Mandelalivedtobe95yearsold.Howcouldthatbe?Howcouldsomanypeoplehavethesamewrongmemory?

MostexpertsexplaintheMandelaEffectusingbrainscience.Whenwemakememories,ourbrainskeepthem

ingroups.Eachgroupincludesmemoriesthataresimilartoeachother.Sometimes,ourbrainsmessedup（混舌L）.

Theymixtwosimilarmemoriestogether.ThafswhypeoplethoughtNelsonMandeladiedinthe1980s.Theyknew

hewasimprisoned（坐牢）duringthe1980s.Forsomereason,theymixedhisimprisonmentwithhisdeath.

Thatwouldexplainwhysomanypeoplein2013thoughtNelsonMandelawasalreadydead.Butwouldit

explainwhyallthosepeoplegavesimilardescriptionsofhisfuneral?Couldallthosepeoplehavemixedupthe

sametwomemories?

TherearemanyotherexamplesoftheMandelaEffect.HaveyoueverseentheMonaLisa?Manypeople

rememberthewomaninthepaintingwithafrown（皺眉）.Otherssayshewasstraight-faced.IfyoulookattheMona

Lisatoday,you511findshe'ssmiling.Didyoueverreadaseriesofchildren'sbooksaboutTheBerensteinBears?No,

youdidn't.Inourreality,thebooksareaboutTheBerensteinBears,spelledwithan"a"insteadofan“e”.Still,

thousandsofpeoplebelievetheyrememberthenamespelleddifferently.

Arethesewrongmemoriestheresultofmixedmemories,oristhereanotherexplanation?Withoutfurther

scienceresearch,wecan'tsayforsure!

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33.WhatistheMandelaEffect?

A.Somepeoplehaveworsememorythanothers.

B.Somepeoplem