翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題14

翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題14EnglishChineseTranslationInternetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyof（江南博哥）theworld'sbusinesses,institutions,andindividuals.

1

TheInternet,whichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworks,linkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwords,images,andsounds.

TheInternethasinformationonvirtuallyeverytopic.

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Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards",whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet'strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Interactusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnews,joiningelectronicdebates,andplayingelectronicgames.

3

OnefeatureoftheInternet,knownastheWorldWideWeb,providesgraphics,audio,andvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics.

PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables.

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Thesecablescontainhair—thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelines,mostofwhichconsistofcopperwires.

Inthefuture,theInternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.

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ManyexpertsbelievetheInteractmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.

Thisnetwork,stillunderdevelopment,wouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompanies,cabletelevisionstations,andothercommunicationsystems.Peoplecouldbank,shop,watchTV,andperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork.1.

正確答案：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的意思就是互相連接的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它連接著數(shù)十萬計(jì)更小的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)以文字、圖像以及聲音的形式傳輸巨大的信息量。

2.

正確答案：網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用者能夠搜索各種資源。這些資源大到巨大的資料庫(kù)，小到使用者可以在上面圍繞共同興趣進(jìn)行小組討論的小型電子“公告板”。

3.

正確答案：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一個(gè)組成部分，即萬維網(wǎng)，能提供圖形、聲音以及視頻，用以強(qiáng)化其文件中的信息。這些文件囊括了大量的話題。

4.

正確答案：這些電纜中有一股細(xì)如發(fā)絲的玻璃絲，它們以光脈沖形式傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。它們能夠傳遞比本地電話線(大多是用銅線制成)多上萬倍的數(shù)據(jù)。

5.

正確答案：許多專家相信，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可能會(huì)成為被稱作信息高速公路的大網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分。這一網(wǎng)絡(luò)仍然在開發(fā)中，它將使計(jì)算機(jī)與電話公司、有線電視臺(tái)以及其他通訊系統(tǒng)相連接。

Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnout,andifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynew,theyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.

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Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon't,andifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformation,alongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.

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TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.Indeed,Iregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itis,initsway,anilluminatingpieceofnews.Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.

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Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.

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Inearliertimes,weeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblem,orsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.

Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare,andhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant.Thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorance,theworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspots,butnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.

Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan'tbeanswered,soonerorlater,includingeventhematterofconsciousness.Tobesure,theremaywellbequestionswecan'tthinkup,ever,andthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellect,butthatisanothermatter.

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Withinourlimits,weshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenough,andpayattention.6.

正確答案：你要么擁有科學(xué)，要么沒有。如果你擁有科學(xué)的話，你在接受那些系統(tǒng)有序、迅速、及時(shí)而有用的數(shù)據(jù)的同時(shí)，還必須接受那些令人驚訝又煩惱的信息。

7.

正確答案：我完全確信的唯一可靠的科學(xué)事實(shí)是，我們對(duì)自然界有著很深的無知。的確，我把這看作是生物學(xué)在過去一百年的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)。

8.

正確答案：正是對(duì)人類無知的深度和廣度的這一突然認(rèn)識(shí)，代表了20世紀(jì)科學(xué)對(duì)人類智能研究的最大貢獻(xiàn)。

9.

正確答案：在更早些時(shí)期，我們不是裝作了解事物是怎么運(yùn)作的或者忽視問題的存在，就是虛構(gòu)一些故事來填補(bǔ)我們的無知?，F(xiàn)在，我們開始熱情地探索，我們也隱約明白這個(gè)問題有多么巨大，以及距離這個(gè)問題得到回答有多么遙遠(yuǎn)。

10.

正確答案：在我們的智力范圍以內(nèi)，如果我們堅(jiān)持足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，給予足夠重視，我們應(yīng)該能夠通過努力得到所有的答案。

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Theincreaseininternationalbusinessandinforeigninvestmenthascreatedaneedforexecutiveswithknowledgeofforeignlanguagesandskillsincross-culturalcommunication.Americans,however,havenotbeenwelltrainedineitherareaand,consequently,havenotenjoyedthesamelevelofsuccessinnegotiationinallinternationalarenaashavetheirforeigncounterparts.

Negotiatingistheprocessofcommunicatingbackandforthforthepurposeofreachinganagreement.

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Itinvolvespersuasionandcompromise,butinordertoparticipateineitherone,thenegotiatorsmustunderstandthewaysinwhichpeoplearepersuadedandhowcompromiseisreachedwithinthecultureofthenegotiation.

Inmanyinternationalbusinessnegotiationsabroad,Americansareperceivedaswealthyandimpersonal.

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ItoftenappearstotheforeignnegotiatorthattheAmericanrepresentsalargemultimillion-dollarcorporationthatcanaffordtopaythepricewithoutbargainingfurther.TheAmericannegotiator'srolebecomesthatofanimpersonalsurveyorofinformationandcash.

InstudiesofAmericannegotiatorsabroad,severaltraitshavebeenidentifiedthatmayservetoconfirmthisstereotypicalperception,whileunderminingthenegotiator'sposition.

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Twotraitsinparticularthatcausecross-culturalmisunderstandingaredirectnessandimpatienceonthepartoftheAmericannegotiator.Furthermore,Americannegotiatorsofteninsistonrealizingshort-termbenefits.Foreignnegotiators,ontheotherhand,mayvaluetherelationshipestablishedbetweennegotiatorsandmaybewillingtoinvesttimeinitforlong-termbenefits.

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Inordertosolidifytherelationship,theymayoptforindirectinteractionswithoutregardforthetimeinvolvedingettingtoknowtheothernegotiator.

Clearly,perceptionsanddifferencesinvaluesaffecttheoutcomesofnegotiationsandthesuccessfornegotiators.ForAmericanstoplayamoreeffectiveroleininternationalbusinessnegotiations,theymustputforthmoreefforttoimprovecross-culturalunderstanding.11.

正確答案：國(guó)際貿(mào)易和海外投資的增加產(chǎn)生了對(duì)具有外語知識(shí)和跨文化交流技巧的經(jīng)理人員的需求。

12.

正確答案：談判包括說服和妥協(xié)。但是為了進(jìn)行說服和妥協(xié)，談判者必須懂得在談判的文化中怎樣說服別人和怎樣達(dá)成妥協(xié)。

13.

正確答案：在外國(guó)談判者看來，似乎美國(guó)人代表著一個(gè)龐大的擁有數(shù)百萬資財(cái)?shù)拇笃髽I(yè)，不用進(jìn)一步地討價(jià)還價(jià)就能出得起價(jià)錢。美國(guó)談判者的角色變成了一個(gè)沒有個(gè)人感情的信息及現(xiàn)金的供應(yīng)者。

14.

正確答案：尤其引起跨文化誤解的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)是美國(guó)談判者的直截了當(dāng)和缺乏耐心。

15.

正確答案：為了鞏固這種關(guān)系，他們會(huì)選擇非直接的交流而不計(jì)較投入用于了解談判對(duì)方的時(shí)間。

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.

16

Skillacquisitionisconsideredasanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

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Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinanicalofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancestomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirmhierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandotheJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.

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Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.

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IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.

20

Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.16.

正確答案：技能的獲得被認(rèn)為是個(gè)人的責(zé)任。勞動(dòng)力不過是為了生產(chǎn)而雇用的另一個(gè)因素——以盡可能低的成本租用——就像是購(gòu)買原材料或者設(shè)備。

17.

正確答案：對(duì)人力資源管理缺乏重視這一點(diǎn)可以從公司等級(jí)制度中看出。在一家美國(guó)公司里，首席財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)幾乎總是位居第二。

18.

正確答案：而且在工人培訓(xùn)上的有限投資也更加局限于進(jìn)行下一項(xiàng)工作必須的專門技能上，而不是在那些使對(duì)新技術(shù)的吸收變得可能的基本技能上。

19.

正確答案：舉例說，如果美國(guó)的工人比德國(guó)工人花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)如何操作新型靈活的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備(事實(shí)如此)，那么這些設(shè)備的有效成本在德國(guó)就會(huì)比在美國(guó)低。

20.

正確答案：設(shè)備裝配完畢并以最大的生產(chǎn)能力運(yùn)行需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，大范圍的再度培訓(xùn)的需要會(huì)增加成本并且形成限制新設(shè)備投入使用的障礙。

Inasense,thenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatall,atleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.

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Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevices,suchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis,itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.Thenewprotectionism,infact,referstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstillthere,thuscametheterm"protection".

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Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations.

TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternWorldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionist,orwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites,"Theoldprotectionism...coexisted,withoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism—indeed,protectionistsaswellas(ifnotmorethan)freetradersstoodforlaissez-faire.

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Now,asinthe1930's,protectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocieties'satisfaction."

Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomy,economicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionofresouresandincomes.

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The