土木工程專業(yè)英語 試卷及答案 考卷二

土木工程專業(yè)英語模擬考卷二（考試時(shí)間：90分鐘）Part1.VocabularyTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理2.銷栓作用3.均布荷載4.反應(yīng)譜5.箱形基礎(chǔ)6.偏心預(yù)應(yīng)力7.和易性8.地震力9.傳感器10.數(shù)據(jù)采集11.立方體抗壓強(qiáng)度12.塑性鉸13.單向板14.預(yù)制混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)15.添加劑PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.cablestayedbridge2.retainingwall3.dynamicnonlineartimehistoryanalysis4.seismicdesign5.modulusofelasticity6.underreinforcedbeam7.progressivecollapse8.weatherresistance9.principleofvirtualwork10.vibrationcontrol11.outriggertrusses12.tsunami13.homogeneousmaterial14.structuraldamping15.slurrywallPart2.SentenceTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Forearthquake-typeexcitations,theresponsereductionislargeforresonantgroundmotionsanddiminishesasthedominantfrequencyofthegroundmotiongetsfurtherawayfromthestructure’snaturalfrequencytowhichtheTMDistuned.Thedevelopmentinperformance-baseddesigninseismicengineeringwillbedirectedtowardsthedefinitionofperformanceobjectives,ageneraldesignmethodology,issuesofgroundmotionmodeling,anddemandandcapacityevaluations.Thetallerastructure,themoresusceptibleitistotheeffectsofhighermodesofvibration,whicharegenerallyadditivetotheeffectsofthelowermodesandtendtohavethegreatestinfluenceontheupperstories.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Therelativelylowdesignforcesarejustifiedbytheobservationsthatbuildingsdesignedforlowforceshavebehavedsatisfactorilyandthosestructuresdissipatesignificantenergyasthematerialsyieldandbehaveinelastically.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.偏心預(yù)應(yīng)力通常比同心預(yù)應(yīng)力更有效。很多年來，北美地區(qū)抗震設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)是建造中震下不壞、大震下不倒的建筑物。被動(dòng)系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強(qiáng)度的材料和裝置。開展鋼筋混凝土或預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析是為了定量確定該結(jié)構(gòu)在生命周期內(nèi)的某一時(shí)刻可能經(jīng)受的最大應(yīng)力。作用在一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮將其布置在最大效應(yīng)處，必要時(shí)應(yīng)考慮包括部分布置，隔跨布置或者全跨布置的情況。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedforofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld.ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistlateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columnsthroughcompositeoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.2.Thereareatleastthreewaystolookattheprestressingofconcrete:(a)asamethodofachievingconcretestresscontrol,bywhichtheconcreteisprecompressedsothattensionnormallyresultingfromtheappliedloadsisreducedoreliminated,(b)asameansforintroducingequivalentloadsontheconcretemembersothattheeffectsoftheappliedloadsarecounteractedtothedesireddegree,and(c)asaspecialvariationofreinforcedconcreteinwhichprestrainedhigh-strengthsteelisused,usuallyinconjunctionwithhigh-strengthconcrete.Eachoftheseviewpointsisusefulintheanalysisanddesignofprestressedconcretestructures.3.Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtoresearchanddevelopmentofstructuralcontroldevices,withparticularemphasisonalleviationofwindandseismicresponseofbuildingsandbridges.Inbothareas,seriouseffortshavebeenundertakentodevelopthestructuralcontrolconceptintoaworkabletechnology,andtodaywehavemanysuchdevicesinstalledinawidevarietyofstructures.Thefocusofthisstate-of-the-artpaperisonpassiveandactivestructuralcontrolsystems.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.Activesystems,whichincludeactive,hybridandsemi-activesystems,employcontrollableforcedevicesintegratedwithsensors,controllersandreal-timeinformationprocessing.Thispaperincludesabriefhistoricaloutlineoftheirdevelopmentandanassessmentofthestate-of-the-artandstate-of-the-practiceofthisexciting,andstillevolving,technology.Alsoincludedinthediscussionaretheiradvantagesandlimitationsinthecontextofseismicdesignandretrofitofcivilengineeringstructures.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)大部分組成材料，除了水泥和添加劑，通常都可在當(dāng)?shù)鼗蚓徒氖┕龅匾院艿土膬r(jià)格獲得。像天然的石頭一樣，它的抗壓性能很高，所以適合于制造主要承受壓力的構(gòu)件，如柱和拱。另一方面，又因?yàn)樗裉烊坏氖^，因此它是相對(duì)較脆的材料，其抗拉強(qiáng)度低于抗壓強(qiáng)度。對(duì)于結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，地震烈度通常用地面加速度峰值來描述，即部分的重力加速度，如0.lg,0.2g，或0.3g。雖然加速度峰值是一個(gè)重要的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)，但是頻率特性和地震的持續(xù)時(shí)間也是很重要的，地震運(yùn)動(dòng)的頻率與結(jié)構(gòu)的固有頻率越接近、地震持續(xù)時(shí)間越長，則損壞的可能性就越大。ProjectmanagerDowelactionDistributedloadResponsespectrumBoxfoundationEccentricprestressWorkabilitySeismicforceSensorDataacquisitionCubiccompressivestrengthPlastichingeOne-wayslabFabricatedconcretestructureadditive斜拉橋擋土墻動(dòng)力非線性時(shí)程分析抗震設(shè)計(jì)彈性模量少筋梁連續(xù)性倒塌耐候性虛功原理振動(dòng)控制伸臂桁架海嘯各向同性材料結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼地下連續(xù)墻PAGE5PAGE1.對(duì)于地震類型的激勵(lì)，當(dāng)共振時(shí)反應(yīng)的削弱程度是最大的，并且隨著地面運(yùn)動(dòng)的控制頻率遠(yuǎn)離結(jié)構(gòu)的自振頻率（TMD調(diào)諧的頻率），反應(yīng)的削弱程度降低。2.在地震工程領(lǐng)域基于性能的設(shè)計(jì)的進(jìn)步主要得方向是性能目標(biāo)的定義，普遍設(shè)計(jì)的方法，地面運(yùn)動(dòng)的模擬，需求和能力估計(jì)。3.結(jié)構(gòu)越高，它越容易受高階振動(dòng)模態(tài)的影響，而高階模態(tài)通常是低階模態(tài)的附加效應(yīng)，并且通常對(duì)于上部樓層有著最大的影響。4.在頻域方法，假設(shè)荷載是周期的，并且通過傅里葉變換分解成離散的簡諧成分5.相對(duì)較低的設(shè)計(jì)荷載是可以接受的，如果觀察到在較低的荷設(shè)計(jì)載下結(jié)構(gòu)的表現(xiàn)比較令人滿意，并且結(jié)構(gòu)可以隨著材料屈服和發(fā)生非線性從而消耗大量的能量1.Eccentricprestressisusuallymuchmoreefficientthanconcentricprestress2.Formanyyears,thegoalofearthquakedesigninNorthAmericahasbeentoconstructbuildingsthatwillwithstandmoderateearthquakeswithoutdamageandsevereearthquakeswithoutcollapse.3.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength4.Thestructuralanalysisofareinforcedorprestressedconcretestructureisundertakentoquantifytheorderofthemaximumforcesorstressesthatthestructuremightbeexpectedtoexperienceatsometimeinitslife.5.Liveloadwhenappliedtoastructureshouldbepositionedtogivethemaximumeffect,includingpartialloading,alternatespanloading,orfullspanloadingasmaybenecessary.中國上海金茂大廈結(jié)構(gòu)體系復(fù)雜，依據(jù)抗臺(tái)風(fēng)、抗震、適應(yīng)差的地質(zhì)條件來設(shè)計(jì)，同時(shí)有一個(gè)非常細(xì)長的塔供辦公和旅館使用。金茂大廈結(jié)構(gòu)部分在1997年8月完成，預(yù)計(jì)1998年8月投入使用。它是中國最高的建筑，世界第三。塔的上部結(jié)構(gòu)橫向受力體系是由鋼筋混凝土剪力墻核心筒和巨型復(fù)合柱通過三個(gè)兩層高的復(fù)合懸臂桁架連接而組成的。豎向荷載由建造于型鋼巨柱、核心筒以及組合巨柱的組合樓板抵抗。基礎(chǔ)形式是鋼管樁筏基礎(chǔ)，地下連續(xù)墻作為場地周圍基礎(chǔ)的一部分，有暫時(shí)和長久的承載作用。對(duì)預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土至少有3種觀點(diǎn)：（a）作為一種控制混凝土應(yīng)力的方法，通過預(yù)壓混凝土來減小或者消除一般外加荷載產(chǎn)生的拉應(yīng)力，（b）作為一種在混凝土構(gòu)件內(nèi)產(chǎn)生等效荷載的方法，從而外加荷載的作用得以控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi)，以及（c）作為一種鋼筋混凝土的特殊變形體，在其中配合使用預(yù)張拉的高強(qiáng)鋼筋和高強(qiáng)混凝土。每一種觀點(diǎn)都在預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和分析中有用。近年來，結(jié)構(gòu)控制裝置的研發(fā)引起了大量的重視，其中格外重視減輕房屋和橋梁在風(fēng)荷載和地震荷載下的反應(yīng)。在這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域，人們努力將結(jié)構(gòu)控制概念發(fā)展為一個(gè)可施行的技術(shù)，并且今天我們已經(jīng)有這樣的裝置安裝在許多結(jié)構(gòu)上。這篇文獻(xiàn)綜述的關(guān)注點(diǎn)在被動(dòng)和主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)控制系統(tǒng)。被動(dòng)系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強(qiáng)度的材料和裝置。主動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，包括主動(dòng)，混合和半主動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，運(yùn)用可控荷載裝置與傳感器組合在一起，控制器和信息處理系統(tǒng)。這篇文章包括了對(duì)于它們發(fā)展的歷史概述，對(duì)于這一激動(dòng)人心又仍在不斷發(fā)展的技術(shù)的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀以及應(yīng)用狀況的評(píng)估。同樣也包含了對(duì)于它們在土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)和改進(jìn)方面優(yōu)點(diǎn)和不足的討論。Mostoftheconstituentmaterials,withtheexceptionofcementandadditives,areusuallyavailableatlowcostlocallyoratsmalldistancesfromthec