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第10講:句子還原六選四之三維度快讀巧解

知識(shí)梳理

【考情鏈接】

六選四閱讀文章一般以說(shuō)明文和議論文為主,選文邏輯嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),突出對(duì)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的整體理解,側(cè)

重考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力。設(shè)空題型分布以■為主,段首和段周為輔,以考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系為主,

考查段落主題句為輔,間或考查段屬的結(jié)論概括性語(yǔ)句。六個(gè)備選項(xiàng)意義都與文章內(nèi)容相關(guān),有一定的干

擾迷惑性。試題主要依據(jù)句子在上下文中銜接情況來(lái)命制,銜接手段分為三種:結(jié)構(gòu)銜接、邏輯銜接、g

匯銜接。

【要點(diǎn)梳理】

句子銜接手段分為三種:結(jié)構(gòu)銜接、邏輯銜接、詞匯銜接。可按這幾個(gè)原則判斷空格與選項(xiàng)是否匹配。

1、結(jié)構(gòu)銜接一一根據(jù)空格的位置福

1)若空格句出現(xiàn)在段首,則通常是段落主題句。

這句往往是對(duì)下面整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容的概括和總結(jié),反映整個(gè)段落的主旨和大意認(rèn)真閱。讀后文內(nèi)容,鎖

定線(xiàn)索信號(hào)詞,然后在選項(xiàng)中查找相關(guān)特征詞。關(guān)注每段首尾句,了解大意知主題。

【例題】(2024楊浦一模)

A.There911stillbetimeswhenoldthoughtscausesadness,oryou'reanxiousaboutwhafsnext.

B.Theusefulnessofnostalgiaseemstovarywithage.

C.Todaywehaveamuchmorepositiveattitudetonostalgia.

D.You'llgetfasteratfindingit,andaddextralayersofdetaileachtime.

E.Theanswerliesinconnectingwithyourpastandfutureselves.

F.Butthere?salsoagrowingbodyofresearchintotimetravelcttheotherway”.

(70)Butthemoreyoulearntocontrolyourmemory,thebetteryou'llbeat

miningyourpast,andshapingyourfuture,tobeyourbestselfnow.

【答案】A

【解析】空格處位于本段段首,應(yīng)引出下文;根據(jù)下文“Butthemoreyoulearntocontrolyourmemory,thebetter

you'llbeatminingyourpast,andshapingyourfuture,tobeyourbestselfnow.(但是你越是學(xué)會(huì)控制你的記憶,

你就能更好地挖掘你的過(guò)去并塑造你的未來(lái),成為現(xiàn)在最好的自己)”可知,空格處應(yīng)描述利用記憶的過(guò)程中

會(huì)遇到的的困難;選項(xiàng)A.There911stillbetimeswhenoldthoughtscausesadness,oryou'reanxiousaboutwhafs

next.(有時(shí)舊的想法仍然會(huì)引起悲傷,或者你會(huì)對(duì)接下來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么感到焦慮)描述了利用記憶的過(guò)程中遇到

的困難。故選Ao仍然會(huì)有一些舊思緒帶來(lái)悲傷,或者你會(huì)對(duì)接下來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么感到焦慮。這一句提到了

在利用記憶的過(guò)程中可能遇到的困難,即舊思緒引起的悲傷和對(duì)未來(lái)的焦慮。因此,A選項(xiàng)與文章的內(nèi)容

和語(yǔ)境相符。

2)若空格句在段尾,則多屬總結(jié)本段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)句或引出下一段內(nèi)容的過(guò)渡句。

A:在選項(xiàng)中看能否找到對(duì)前文整段的總結(jié)句。如果在段尾提出主題,會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞如轉(zhuǎn)折詞引出來(lái),

正確答案中應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞。段尾通常是結(jié)論、概括性語(yǔ)句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)

等的信號(hào)詞,如therefore,asaresult,thus,hence,inshort,tosumup,toconclude,inaword等詞語(yǔ),選項(xiàng)中也

可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。

B:與下一段開(kāi)頭是否有一定的銜接。認(rèn)真閱讀下一段開(kāi)頭幾句,看是否與選項(xiàng)的最后一句緊密連接起

來(lái)。分析與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折或是對(duì)比關(guān)系。此時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比的關(guān)聯(lián)詞,同時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)

中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對(duì)立、對(duì)比關(guān)系。如果第一段的段尾是空白,要認(rèn)真閱讀,看此

處是細(xì)節(jié)還是主題。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題。

【例題】(2024黃埔一模)

A.DoIevenwantthem?Onwhoseclock?

B.Whyshouldyouchallengethatsecrettimelineofmilestonesinyourhead?

C.Thistime,quittingherjobledtoherfirstalbum,televisionappearancesandsold-outshows.

D.Insteadoffeelingpressuretohitlifeeventsonsomeoneelse'stimeline,maybeit'sfinetomakeourown.

E.Peoplearefeelinglikethey'refallingbehind,wheninfactthey'reprobablydoingexactlywhattheyshould.

F.Shespentyearsfeelinglikeanoutsiderandfailureasshewatchedherpeersriseinschoolandwork,figuring

she'dnevercatchup.

“Yougotocollegerightoutofhighschool.Thafstherule,right?^^saysNikkiIvey,asalestrainerand

consultantoutsideJacksonville,Fla.However,ifsnotthecaseforher.Actually,shegotherundergraduatedegree

at28.—67—

【答案】67.F

[67題詳解】前文""Yougotocollegerightoutofhighschool.Thafstherule,right?"saysNikkiIvey,asales

trainerandconsultantoutsideJacksonville,Fla,However,it'snotthecaseforher.Actually,shegotherundergraduate

degreeat28.(佛羅里達(dá)州杰克遜維爾市的銷(xiāo)售培訓(xùn)師兼顧問(wèn)尼基?艾維說(shuō),“高中一畢業(yè)就去上大學(xué)。這是

規(guī)則,對(duì)吧?”。然而,她的情況并非如此。事實(shí)上,她28歲才拿到了本科學(xué)位。)”提到了她沒(méi)有像大多

數(shù)人一樣順利,F(xiàn)項(xiàng)(多年來(lái),當(dāng)她看著同齡人在學(xué)校和工作中奮起直追時(shí),她感覺(jué)自己是個(gè)局外人,是個(gè)

失敗者。想著她永遠(yuǎn)追不上。)承接上文,說(shuō)明她求學(xué)和工作的不容易。故選F項(xiàng)。

【例題】(2024虹口一模)

Mostofusdomultitaskingalmostdaily.Butifstimetochangethat.Yourattentionisalreadybeingpulledin

millionsofdirectionsdaily,soyoureallydon'tneedtoaddmultitaskingtothelist.Lefstakethesmartphonefor

example.Onaverageyoucheckyourphone110timesaday-thatmeansyou'respending23dayseveryyear

gluedtoyoursmartphone!Howproductivedoyouthinkthatmakesyou?___47___.

Butit'shardtoletgoofthesehabitsbecauseyou'veconditionedyourbraintosendmisleadingsignalstoyour

body.Researchhasshownthatwhenyoumultitask“successfully”,youactivatetherewardmechanisminyour

brainthatreleasesdopamine,thehappyhormone.

A.Focusontheonethingyouaredoing.

B.Habitslikethesewhichencourageyoutomultitaskmakeyoumentallyexhaustedandunproductive.

C.Makesurethatyoualsotakebreaksinyourmonotasking,becausethat'swhathelpsyourbraintostayfocused.

D.Soifsawin-winforeveryone!

E.Thelittleinformationwedotakeinwhenwe'remultitaskingismoredifficulttorememberatalaterstage.

F.Youfeelsogoodthatyoubelieveyou'rebeingeffectiveandfurtherencouragesyourmultitaskinghabit.

【答案】47.B

【解析】前文“Mostofusdomultitaskingalmostdaily.Butit'stimetochangethat.Yourattentionisalreadybeing

pulledinmillionsofdirectionsdaily,soyoureallydon'tneedtoaddmultitaskingtothelist.(我彳門(mén)大多數(shù)人幾乎

每天都要同時(shí)處理多項(xiàng)任務(wù)。但現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候改變這種狀況了。你的注意力已經(jīng)被每天數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的方向所

吸引,所以你真的不需要在列表中添加多任務(wù)處理。)“以及下文"Researchhasshownthatwhenyoumultitask

“successfiilly”,youactivatetherewardmechanisminyourbrainthatreleasesdopamine,thehappyhormone.(研究

表明,當(dāng)你“成功地”完成多項(xiàng)任務(wù)時(shí),你會(huì)激活大腦中的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制,釋放多巴胺,一種快樂(lè)激素。)”說(shuō)明大

腦釋放的快樂(lè)多巴胺讓你感覺(jué)很好,認(rèn)為自己很有效率,鼓勵(lì)這種一心多用的習(xí)慣。B項(xiàng)“像這樣的習(xí)慣會(huì)

讓你一心多用,使你精神疲憊,效率低下。

故選B。

3)若空格句在段中,則需根據(jù)空格前后的句子內(nèi)容及邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)確定答案。

【例題】(2024長(zhǎng)寧一模)

A.Itwillnotbelongbeforehe'sbackinprisonagain.

B.We'reallrelievedthatthecriminalisbeingpunishedforhismisdeeds.

C.Communityserviceislikelytoturnprisonersintobetterpersons.

D.Offendersaretriedandsentencedaccordingtothelegalsystem.

E.Thethreatofanotherspellinjailwillstophimfrombreakingthelawagain.

F.Putthemoneyintosupportingdeprivedareaswhicharethegroundsforcrime.

Butwhathappensnext?Weallhopetheprisonerwillbenefitfromsociety'sretribution.Aspell(一陣子)inprison

willreformhimandmakehimabetterperson.Weallhopehe'llreformandbecomelikeus.Weallhopethatwhen

heiseventuallyreleased,hewillbeagoodcharacter.68But,lefsfaceit.

Therealityisusuallyverydifferent.Theprisonermaybereleasedonparole(假釋?zhuān)゜eforetheendofhissentence.

Hewilltrytore-entersociety.Butthenheoftenbecomesavictimhimself,unabletofindworkandisrejectedby

society.

【答案】E

[68題詳解】

前文“Weallhopetheprisonerwillbenefitfromsociety'sretribution.Aspell(一陣子)inprisonwillreformhimand

makehimabetterperson.Weallhopehe'llreformandbecomelikeus.Weallhopethatwhenheiseventually

released,hewillbeagoodcharacter.(我們都希望犯人能從社會(huì)的懲罰中獲益。在監(jiān)獄里呆一段時(shí)間會(huì)改造他,

使他成為一個(gè)更好的人。我們都希望他會(huì)改過(guò)自新,變得像我們一樣。我們都希望當(dāng)他最終被釋放時(shí),他

會(huì)是一個(gè)好人)”描述人們對(duì)被懲罰過(guò)的罪犯的美好期待,后文"But,lefsfaceit.Therealityisusuallyvery

different"但是,讓我們面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)吧?,F(xiàn)實(shí)通常是截然不同的)”說(shuō)明實(shí)際情況并非如人們所期待的那樣。因

此E項(xiàng)“Thethreatofanotherspellinjailwillstophimfrombreakingthelawagain.(再次入獄的威脅會(huì)阻止他

再次違法)”符合語(yǔ)境,同樣是人們的美好期待,承接前文,和后文形成轉(zhuǎn)折。故選E。

2、邏輯銜接一一根據(jù)前后文邏輯關(guān)系判斷

1)因果關(guān)系(Eg:Asaresult/thus/therefore/so(such)...)

因果關(guān)系主要指前后的句子有著原因和結(jié)果之間的關(guān)系,這種關(guān)系往往說(shuō)明了前因后果或者前果后因等情

況。

2)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(Eg:However/nevertheless/nonetheless/though/yet/inspiteof/onthecontrary/incontrast/by

contrast/incomparison/otherwise/not...but)

轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系主要指英語(yǔ)行文中后句對(duì)前句構(gòu)成逆轉(zhuǎn)邏輯關(guān)系。如果空格前后兩句話(huà)之間是邏輯上的逆轉(zhuǎn),則

空格處很有可能是個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯的句子。

3)并列關(guān)系(Eg:first/second/third/tobeginwith/toconclude)

并列關(guān)系主要指前后的句子間是平等的關(guān)系,可以互換位置。

4)遞進(jìn)關(guān)系(Eg:also/furthermore/similarly/moreover/inaddition/whafsmore)

遞進(jìn)關(guān)系主要指英語(yǔ)行文中后句對(duì)前句是一種順承邏輯關(guān)系。如果空格前后兩句話(huà)之間是邏輯上的層進(jìn)關(guān)

系,則空格處很有可能是個(gè)遞進(jìn)的句子。

5)例證關(guān)系(Eg:suchas/forexamples/Oneoftheexamplesis...)

前后句的某句是為了證明另一句而舉的例子。例證的形式多樣,但就其本質(zhì)而言無(wú)非是思維上的形象(例

子、類(lèi)比等)和抽象(觀點(diǎn))的辯證關(guān)系,用到的思維過(guò)程無(wú)非就是基本的歸納(從例子到觀點(diǎn))和推理

(從觀點(diǎn)到例子)。

【例題】(2024徐匯一模)

InLosAngelesin2015,only33percentofyouthslivedwithinwalkingdistanceofapark,accordingtothe

L.A.NeighborhoodLandTrust.Lower-incomeneighborhoodstendtohavethefewestpublicplayspaces,despite

oftenhavingahighpopulationdensity.___70___

A.Movingmoremaynotpreventachildfrombecomingoverweight,butstudiesshowclearlythatithelpsboth

physicalandmentalhealth.

B.Andalthoughruralareashavemoreundevelopedoutdoorspace,theyoftenlackplaygrounds,tracksandexercise

facilities

C.Alackofsafeplacesforthemtoplayoutsidethehomealsocontributestokidsobesity.

D.Italsosuggestedprescribingweight-lossdrugstochildren12andolderandsurgerytoteens13andolder.

E.Increasedscreentimeandchangingnormsaroundlettingkidsplayoutdoorsareunsupervised.

ETheyhavesignificantsideeffectsforbothkidsandadults.

【答案】70.B

【解析】根據(jù)上一段末“andalackofsafeplacesforthemtoplayoutsidethehome(他們?cè)诩乙酝獾姆秶狈Π?/p>

全的玩耍場(chǎng)所)''以及本段中“InLosAngelesin2015,only33percentofyouthslivedwithinwalkingdistanceofa

park,accordingtotheL.A.NeighborhoodLandTrust.Lower-incomeneighborhoodstendtohavethefewestpublic

playspaces,despiteoftenhavingahighpopulationdensity.(根據(jù)洛杉磯社區(qū)土地信托的數(shù)據(jù),2015年,洛杉磯

只有33%的年輕人住在步行可達(dá)的公園內(nèi)。低收入社區(qū)往往擁有最少的公共游戲空間,盡管那里的人口密

度通常很高)”可知,本段是對(duì)上一段提到的“孩子們?cè)诩乙酝獾姆秶狈Π踩耐嫠?chǎng)所”舉例說(shuō)明,B項(xiàng)“盡

管農(nóng)村地區(qū)有更多未開(kāi)發(fā)的戶(hù)外空間,但他們往往缺乏操場(chǎng)、跑道和鍛煉設(shè)施”符合語(yǔ)境,故選B。

3、詞匯銜接一一從詞匯關(guān)系上判斷

1)代詞

英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高,代詞的作用無(wú)非是指代前面提及的名詞或形容詞概念,巧妙利用這樣的

指代關(guān)系和根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)差異可以準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。例如it可指代單數(shù)名詞或整個(gè)句子;they或them

指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞;one指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞;that指代不可數(shù)名詞或句子;this指代單數(shù)名詞或句子;these或those

指代前句的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

2)詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)/同義詞/反義詞

英語(yǔ)前言后語(yǔ)之間往往有同義詞、近義詞、近義表達(dá)語(yǔ)甚至相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用,這是我們解題的一個(gè)很

好的判斷線(xiàn)索。其實(shí)就其本質(zhì)而言,上文講的代詞和下文將涉及的上下義詞和同一范疇詞都是特殊的同義/

近義詞。

3)同一范疇詞(上下義詞)

上下義詞和同一范疇詞就是前者包含了后者,或可以說(shuō)后者是前者的一個(gè)子集。利用前后句中這樣的特殊

的同義關(guān)系常??梢院茌p松地解題。你可以在選項(xiàng)中找到與此詞匯最接近的詞,從而達(dá)到快而準(zhǔn)。一般來(lái)

說(shuō),上下文中詞匯聯(lián)系越接近,上下文的銜接關(guān)系越緊密。

【例題】(2024閔行一模)

48Onerespondentbelievesthereisnotrueemotionalbondingwithoutsmellingalovedone.Infants

recognizetheirmothers9odourssoonafterbirth.Individualswereabletodistinguishbythesmellaloneclothing

wornbytheirpartnersfromsimilarclothingwornbyotherpeople.

A.Odoursarealsoessentialsignalsinsocialbonding.

B.Besides,odoursaregranteddifferentculturalvalues.

C.Human'sperceptionofsmellfacilitatesthespreadofhumanculture.

D.Ournosescanperceiveodourspresentinextremelysmallquantities.

E.Manyrespondentsnotedmanyoftheirolfactorylikesanddislikeswerebasedonemotionallinks.

F.Somerespondents9preferenceforaparticularodourwasinfluencedbyemotionalassociations.

【答案】48.A

[48題詳解】

I艮據(jù)后文“Onerespondentbelievesthereisnotrueemotionalbondingwithoutsmellingalovedone.Infants

recognizetheirmothers,odourssoonafterbirth.Individualswereabletodistinguishbythesmellaloneclothing

wornbytheirpartnersfromsimilarclothingwornbyotherpeople.(一位受訪(fǎng)者認(rèn)為,如果沒(méi)有聞到愛(ài)人的氣味,

就沒(méi)有真正的情感聯(lián)系。嬰兒在出生后不久就能認(rèn)出母親的氣味。個(gè)體僅憑氣味就能分辨出伴侶穿的衣服

和其他人穿的相似的衣服)”可知,本段的主旨是氣味可以幫助人分辨社會(huì)關(guān)系。故A選項(xiàng)“氣味也是社會(huì)關(guān)

系的重要信號(hào)”符合語(yǔ)境,故選A。

④課堂精練

一、讀懂段意定兩頭——段首、段尾題

(1)挖空在段首,常是主題句或承上啟下句

假如挖空出現(xiàn)在段首,通常為主題句。要認(rèn)真閱讀空后內(nèi)容,根據(jù)段落一致性原則,推斷出主題句。若

不是主題句,則考慮是承上啟下句。

(2)挖空在段尾,常是結(jié)論句或承上啟下句

挖空出現(xiàn)在段尾,通常是所在段的結(jié)論和概括。解題時(shí)注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞

(如:therefore,asaresult,thus,inshort,tosumup,toconclude,inaword)或句子;挖空在段尾的空格可以起

到承上啟下的作用,即通過(guò)空格把本段與下一段有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)。這時(shí),我們不光要看空格前面的句子,

對(duì)于下一段的內(nèi)容也要特別關(guān)注。(段首類(lèi)的承上啟下句同樣適用此法)

例1:

49"Ifanimalsbecomeaccustomedtotouristsandiftourismpracticesenhancethistaming,we

mightcreateunintendedconsequences-affectingthebehaviororpopulationofaspeciesandinfluencingthe

species'functioninitscommunity,9,theresearcherswrite.

A.Asanimalslearntorelaxinthepresenceofhumans,theymaybecomebolderinothersituations.

F.Interactingwithpeoplecancausegreatchangeinthecharacteristicsofvariousspeciesovertime.

分析:根據(jù)設(shè)空位置可知,該空應(yīng)填本段的段落主旨句。根據(jù)后面的“wemightcreateunintendedconsequences

-affectingthebehaviororpopulationofaspeciesandinfluencingthespecies,functioninitscommunity,“可知,

本段主要談?wù)撆c人類(lèi)互動(dòng)行為對(duì)動(dòng)物的影響”,故選F。

例2:

IfHarryPotterandHuckleberryFinnwereeachtorepresentBritishversusAmericanchildren'sliterature,a

curioussituationwouldemerge:Inaliterarycompetitionfortheheartsandmindsofchildren,oneisawizard(巫

Jl幣)-in-trainingataboardingschoolintheScottishHighlands,whiletheotherisabarefootboydriftingdownthe

Mississippi,botheredbycheats,slavehunters,andthieves.Onedefeatsevilwithamagicstick,theothertakestoa

raft(筏)torightasocialwrong.67

A.Itallgoesbacktoeachcountry'sdistinctculturalheritage.

F.Bothorphanstookovertheworldofchildren'sliterature,buttheirstoriesunfoldinnoticeabledifferentways.

分析:本空位于段落最后,可推測(cè)應(yīng)該是對(duì)前文敘述的總結(jié)??崭袂懊婷枋隽擞?guó)和美國(guó)的兒童文學(xué)的代

表作品中的主人公的事跡,此處承接前文語(yǔ)意,對(duì)前兩種故事的展開(kāi)方式予以評(píng)價(jià),故選F項(xiàng)“兩個(gè)孤兒

都接管了兒童文學(xué)的世界,但是他們的故事以明顯不同的方式展開(kāi)”。

例3:

DoyouprefertowatchTVorlistentotheradio?Therewasatimewhensomepeoplethoughtmovingpictures

wouldspelltheendoftuningintotheradioforentertainmentandinformation.Butradiosurvivedandboomed.

67.____________

Perhapsthegrowthinpodcastingisnotsurprising-itoffersadigitalaudiofilethatcanbedownloadedand

storedforlisteningatanytime.ItcanalsobestreamedfromtheinternetandplayedonacomputerorMP3player.

Andifsnotjustbroadcasters,liketheBBC,whoareproducingpodcasts:nowcommercialbroadcasters,

individualsandcompanieswithnoconnectiontobroadcastingaremakingthem.Infact,anyonewithsomethingto

say,andafewpoundstospendontheequipment,cangetinvolved.

C.Andnow,despitethegrowthinsmartphonesofferinghigh-definitionpictures,thepopularityofpodcastsis

booming.

E.Podcastsofferachancetospeaktoaverypreciseselectionofpeople.

分析:本題為段尾題。本句起承上啟下的作用,設(shè)空所在段提到“有一段時(shí)期,一些人認(rèn)為動(dòng)畫(huà)的出現(xiàn)會(huì)

導(dǎo)致以收音機(jī)為娛樂(lè)和獲取信息的方式的終結(jié)。但是收音機(jī)幸存了下來(lái),并火了起來(lái)?!笨蘸笙乱欢握f(shuō)“或

許,播客的增長(zhǎng)在意料之中”故選C。

二、細(xì)辨關(guān)系定中間一一段中題

一般說(shuō)來(lái),文章的行文通常需要一定的銜接手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),而該題型的銜接手段主要有以下兩種渠道:

是詞匯線(xiàn)索,二是行文邏輯。

(1)從詞匯線(xiàn)索上判斷

詞匯線(xiàn)索主要包括代詞和詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)兩種情況。

a.代詞

英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中,代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高。代詞主要用于指代前面提到的人或物,有時(shí)也是為了區(qū)別前面提到

的名詞或概念。巧妙利用這樣的指代關(guān)系及差異可以準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。

例:

Afreshlemoncanbepurchasedforlessthan$1.Butin2008,Cowan'sAuctionsinCincinnatisoldalemon

blackenedwithagefor$2,350.

Whatwassospecialaboutthislemon?67Accordingtoahandwrittennoteininkattachedtoa

partlysealedbottlecontainingthelemon,thefruitwaspickedinMay1842byWashington's"oldgardener"some

43yearsafterthefirstpresidentsdeath

C.ItwassaidtobefromatreeplantedbyGeorgeWashingtonatMountVernon.

D.Theauctionresultsurelydrewtheattentionfromboththebusinessandeconomicsworlds.

分析:本題可利用代詞作為解題線(xiàn)索。根據(jù)"Whatwassospecialaboutthislemon?”可知,此段主要講述了

被拍賣(mài)的檸檬特殊在哪里。C選項(xiàng)中的代詞“it”指代前面提到的“thislemon”,故選C。

b.詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)

作者在文章中會(huì)對(duì)同一個(gè)概念重復(fù)描述,從而使得同樣的意思在文章不同的地方重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)可

以指相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用、同義詞和近義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)以及同一范疇詞匯的復(fù)現(xiàn)。解題時(shí)可以利用這些詞作為

解題線(xiàn)索。

例:

69.Dotheychoosetorob?Dotheysitathomeandwait?Whathappenstopeoplewhorelyontheir

cellphonestoprocessmoneydealingswhencellserviceandtheInternetareinterrupted?Aworldaffectedby

terrorismandincreasinglyviolentweathermaynotyetbereadytoabandoncurrency."

D.Clearingupcashpaymentshasseveraladvantagesaswell.

E.However,somepeopledoubtwhatmembersofacashlesssocietywilldowhenthepowergoesoff.

分析:本題可利用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)作為解題線(xiàn)索。本段最后一句中的“abandoncurrency”與E項(xiàng)中acashlesssociety

相呼應(yīng),故選E。

(2)從行文邏輯上判斷

英語(yǔ)行文離不開(kāi)邏輯關(guān)系,一篇沒(méi)有邏輯的文章只能是一盤(pán)散沙。邏輯關(guān)系主要包括:并列關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)

關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系等。

a.并列關(guān)系

表示并列關(guān)系的詞有:first(ly),second(ly)first,then/nextinthefirstplace,inthesecondplacefor

onething,foranother(thing)tobeginwith,toconclude等標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ),則表明前后兩句是邏輯上的并列關(guān)

系,空格處很有可能是個(gè)并列的句子。

b.遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

遞進(jìn)關(guān)系主要指英語(yǔ)行文中后句對(duì)前句是一種順承邏輯關(guān)系。表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞有:too,also,besides,

further,furthermore,moreover,apartfrom,what*smore,inaddition,aswell,tomakemattersworse,not...but

notonly...butalso等。

c.因果關(guān)系

表示因果關(guān)系的詞有:so/therefbre,thus,hence,consequently(結(jié)果),asaresult,forthatreason,

so/such...thatsothat…等。

d.轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系

表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的詞有:but,however,yet,while/though,or/otherwise,onthecontrary,instead,

nevertheless(然而),incontrast/bycomparison等。

e.表示解釋關(guān)系

表示解釋關(guān)系的詞有:inotherwords,infact,asamateroffact,forexample,forinstance,thatistosay等;

例1:

Inordertofinishprojects,youmustalsoplanoutthestepsyouwilltake.Breakyourbigtaskintosmallerones,

andgiveyourselfashort-termdeadlineforeachofthem.___48___.

C.Whateveritis,ifyoudon'tknowwhatyourgoalis,you'renotlikelytoreachit.

E.Thencommittofollowingyourplantotheend.

分析:本題可利用并列關(guān)系解題。本段主要講述了要完成項(xiàng)目應(yīng)該如何有步驟地去做,這里是按照順序排

列,此處應(yīng)該是第三條,與E項(xiàng)Then…followingyourplantotheend”相呼應(yīng),故選E。

例2:

However,thereisanegativesidetoboxing.Itislikelytothreatenpersonalsafetyofpeople.Althoughboxers

wearglovesduringthefights,andamateurboxersevenhavetowearhelmets,therehavefrequentlybeenaccident

inbothprofessionalandamateurboxing,sometimeswithdramaticconsequences.Boxershavesufferedfromhead

injuries,andoccasionally,fightershaveevenbeenkilledasaresultofbeingknockedoutinthering.___49___

Sometimesevenifaboxerhasneverbeenknockedout,hemighthavesufferedseverebraindamagewithout

knowingit.

D.Professionalboxersaremuchmoreatriskthantheiramateurcounterparts.

E.Furthermore,studieshaveshownthatthereareoftenlong-termeffectsofboxing

分析:本題可利用遞進(jìn)關(guān)系解題。本段是總分結(jié)構(gòu),空前和空后均說(shuō)明了拳擊帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響,故空格處

也不例外應(yīng)該繼續(xù)說(shuō)明拳擊的負(fù)面影響,故選E。

例3:

ThisunequaldistributionindicatesasituationofseverefoodinjusticeinSouthAfrica.Yetfromtheresearch

withifsclearthatpeopledonotknowoftherighttofood,anddon'tseeunequalaccesstonutritiousfoodasan

injustice.68Whiletherearefrequentprotestsaroundaccesstojobs,education,housing,waterand

electricity,werarely,ifever,seeprotestsaboutaccesstofood.

A.Asaresult,questionsofhungerarelargelyabsentinSouthAfricanpolitics.

B.Handlingfoodinjusticerequiresatransformationoftheundesirablestructureofthefoodsystem.

分析:本題可利用因果關(guān)系解題??崭袂皟删渲v述了:“在南非,食物的不均衡分配反映了食物極度不公的

現(xiàn)象。然而,對(duì)城市農(nóng)民的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),人們對(duì)食物的權(quán)益并不了解,并不認(rèn)為不能平等地獲得有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食

物是一種不公平”;與A項(xiàng)"Asaresult,questionsofhungerarelargelyabsentinSouthAfricanpolitics.,,相呼

應(yīng)。故選A.

例4:

Yourpersonalcircumstancesareequallyimportant.Forexample,youmaywanttobeaPilotbutcan'tbecomeone

becauseyoureyesightisnotgoodenough.70Youshouldreassessyourgoals,andmotivateyourselfto

setafreshgoal.

A.Thiscanaffectyourwork.

C.However,thisshouldnotdiscourageyou.

分析:本題可利用轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系解題??崭袂傲信e了你想成為一名飛行員,但是,你的視力不夠好導(dǎo)致你不能

成為飛行員的例子;空格后又用了youshould句式表示建議,使結(jié)果峰回路轉(zhuǎn),所以此處空格的感情色彩

應(yīng)與下一句相呼應(yīng),故選C。

例5:

68.Forinstance,theprintingandhandlingofmoneyisexpensive.Cashpaymentscanbe

anonymous(匿名的)anditishardtotrackcriminalactivitiesconductedinsecret.Manygovernmentsfavor

reducingcashdealingsinordertobettermonitorandunderstandtheactivitiesoftheircitizens.TheSwedish

governmenthasbeendiscussingtheremovingofcashsince2010.

A.There*snowaitingforitandnocountingofcash.

D.Clearingupcashpaymentshasseveraladvantagesaswell.

分析:本題可利用解釋關(guān)系解題。本空格后由forinstance引出無(wú)現(xiàn)金支付的2個(gè)比較優(yōu)勢(shì),與D項(xiàng)“Clearing

upcashpaymentshasseveraladvantages相呼應(yīng),故選Do

課后反饋

模擬基礎(chǔ)練?

(2024年奉賢區(qū)二模)

RainCollection

Whatdoyouliketodoonarainyday——sitinsideandlistentothepitter-patterontherooforsplashoutsideand

feelthecolddropsonyourface?Whateveryouchoose,rainisvitallyessentialinthenature.

47Itfillsriversandlakes,slowlysinksintotheearth,nourishesourplants,andkeepsthelandalive

andbeautiful.Inthepast,peopleobtainedtheirwaterfromrain,wells,ornearbyrivers.Now,manyofuslivein

placeswherewaterispipedin,sometimesfromfaraway.Removingsomuchwaterfromnatureandsendingitto

greatdistancesharmthelivingthingsthatalsoneedthatwater.

Asclimatechangeheatsuptheplanetandcausesextremeweather,moreplacesfacewatershortages.

48.Oneeasyplacetolookformorewateristhesky!

Humanshavecollectedrainsinceancienttimes.49.Theyaretappingintothiscleanandrichsourceof

waterprovidedbynature.Byharvestingtherainwecanreducetheamountofwaterwetakefromriversandoutofthe

ground.

Evenindryclimates,thereisalotofpotentialrainwaterthatcanbeeffectivelyharvestedandutilized.Thisrich

yetoftenoverlookedresourcehasthepotentialtosignificantlycontributetowaterconservationefforts,especiallyin

regionsfacingwatershortages.Justoneinchofrainfallingonamedium-sizedhouseproducesover600gallonsof

water.50.

Nowadays,rainwaterisstillusedasaprimarysupplyinmanyplacesintheworld,likeVietnamandHawaii.In

placeswithpiped-inwater,rainwaterisnotcommonlyused,butthisischanging.Rainwaterharvestingisgetting

morepopularsinceifseasytodoandhelpscreatewatersecurity.

A.Largeroofscan,hence,collectgreateramountofwater.

B.Rainwatercanalsobeusedforfountainsandponds.

C.Wealldeeplydependonthenourishmentofrain.

D.Tosecurefuturewatersupply,weneednewsources.

E.Now,manypeoplearereturningtothispractice.

F.Rainwateriscleanbutitgetsdirtyfromtheroof.

【答案】47.C48.D49.E50.A

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文為一篇說(shuō)明文,介紹了在水資源短缺的地區(qū)可以通過(guò)雨水收集來(lái)獲得水資源。

[47題詳解】

上段最后一句"Whateveryouchoose,rainisvitallyessentialinthenature.(無(wú)論你選擇什么,雨在大自然中都是

必不可少的)”描述雨水對(duì)于大自然的重要性,空后“Itfillsriversandlakes,slowlysinksintotheearth,nourishes

ourplants,andkeepsthelandaliveandbeautiful.(它填滿(mǎn)河流和湖泊,慢慢地滲入土壤,滋養(yǎng)我們的植物,保

持土地的生機(jī)和美麗)”具體展開(kāi)說(shuō)明雨水的用途,C選項(xiàng)“我們都深深依賴(lài)雨的滋養(yǎng)”概括下文,符合語(yǔ)境。

故選C。

[48題詳解】

空前“Asclimatechangeheatsuptheplanetandcausesextremeweather,moreplacesfacewatershortages.(隨著氣

候變化使地球變暖并導(dǎo)致極端天氣,越來(lái)越多的地方面臨水資源短缺)”表明缺水的現(xiàn)象越來(lái)越多,空后“One

easyplacetolookformorewateristhesky!(一個(gè)容易找到更多水的地方是天空)”為提出了一個(gè)找到水的方案,

D選項(xiàng)“為了保證未來(lái)的水供應(yīng),我們需要新的水源”引出下文從天空中找水資源的方法,且為第二段說(shuō)明的

取水方法之外的方法,newsources此處符合語(yǔ)境。故選D。

[49題詳解】

空前“Humanshavecollectedrainsinceancienttimes.(自古以來(lái),人類(lèi)就開(kāi)始收集雨水)”表示人們自古以來(lái)就收

集雨水,空后“Theyaretappingintothiscleanandrichsourceofwaterprovidedbynature.Byharvestingtherain

wecanreducetheamountofwaterwetakefromriversandoutoftheground.(他們正在利用大自然提供的這種

清潔而豐富的水源。通過(guò)收集雨水,我們可以減少?gòu)暮恿骱偷叵氯∷臄?shù)量)”表明人們正在收集雨水取水及

這樣做的好處,E選項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在,許多人又回到了這種做法”中returnto與前文sinceancienttimes呼應(yīng),this

practice指代前文收集雨水的做法。故選E。

【50題詳解】

前文“Justoneinchofrainfallingonamedium-sizedhouseproducesover600gallonsofwater.(一英寸的雨水落

在一座中等大小的房子上,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生600加侖的水)”具體舉例子說(shuō)明一個(gè)中等大小的房子能獲得多少水,A

選項(xiàng)“因此,大屋頂可以收集更多的水”與前一句產(chǎn)生對(duì)比,表示大屋子可以收集更多的水。故選A。

(2024年黃浦區(qū)二模)

AntarcticTourism:ShouldWeJustSayNo?

MorepeoplearevisitingAntarctic,thefrozencontinentthaneverbefore.___67___Thishasbroughtanew

urgencytothequestionofhowmuch,ifany,tourismshouldbeallowedontheicycontinent.

ThedistancemostvisitorstraveltoreachAntarcticamakescarbonemissionsaseriousproblem.___68___One

studycalculatedthateachtouristbetween2016and2020waseffectivelymeltingaround83tonnesofsnow,due

largelytoemissionsfromvacationships.

___69___TheAntarcticTreaty,establishedin1961toprovidegovernanceforthecontinent,operatesona

consultativebasis,whichmeansall56partieshavetoagreebeforeachangecanbeputintoaction.Thelastmajor

decisionontourismwasameasurepassedin2009thatprohibitsvacationshipscarryingmorethan500passengers

frommakinglandings.Thatregulationhasstillnotofficiallybeencarriedoutasnoteverysignatorycountryhas

accepteditdomestically.

Thereisclearagreementthatsomethingneedstochange,butnoagreementonwhatthosechangesshouldbe.

―70―

A.Thenumberofvisitorshit100,000forthefirsttimethistouristseason,a40%jumpoverthepreviousrecord.

B.TheAntarcticisatrisknotjustbecauseofthebreakabilityofitsenvironment,butduetothelackofasingle

governingbody.

C.Shouldlandingsbemadeatalargernumberofsitesforinstanceorshouldweaimtokeepthehumanfootprintas

smallaspossible?

D.Ifwhatyoureallywantistoconnectwithsnowandiceandyou5reinthenorthernhal£canyoucatchatraintothe

nearestsnowregioninstead?

E.Theaverageper-personcarbonemissionsforanAntarctictouristare3.76tonnes-aboutthetotalsumthatan

individualtypicallygeneratesinanentireyear.

F.Thereissolittleregulationnowthatalmostanythingthatwillprotecttheareasbyanofficiallegalsourcerather

thanself-regulatedwouldbereallypositive.

【答案】67.A68.E69.B70.C

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了南極旅游正在變得流行,但也引發(fā)了環(huán)境問(wèn)題。

【67題詳解】

根據(jù)上文“MorepeoplearevisitingAntarctic,thefrozencontinentthaneverbefore"比以往任何時(shí)候都有更多的

人去南極這個(gè)冰凍的大陸旅游)”可知,本句承接上文,具體說(shuō)明去南極旅游的情況。故A選項(xiàng)“本旅游季游

客人數(shù)首次突破10萬(wàn)人,比之前的紀(jì)錄高出40%”符合語(yǔ)境,故選A。

【68題詳解】

根據(jù)上文“ThedistancemostvisitorstraveltoreachAntarcticamakescarbonemissionsaseriousproblem」大多數(shù)

游客前往南極洲的距離使碳排放成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題)“以及后文"Onestudycalculatedthateachtourist

between2016and2020waseffectivelymeltingaround83tonnesofsnow,duelargelytoemissionsfromvacation

ships.(一項(xiàng)研究計(jì)算出,2016年至2020年期間,每位游客實(shí)際上融化了約83噸雪,這主要是由于度假船的

排放)“可知,本句主要說(shuō)明游客導(dǎo)致的環(huán)境問(wèn)題,故E選項(xiàng)“南極游客的人均碳排放量為3.76噸——大約是

一個(gè)人一整年的碳排放總量”符合語(yǔ)境,故選E。

【69題詳解】

根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容“TheAntarcticTreaty,establishedin1961toprovid

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