專題09 閱讀理解長(zhǎng)難句及C篇考點(diǎn)揭秘（解析版） -【高頻考點(diǎn)解密】2024年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)高頻考點(diǎn)追蹤與預(yù)測(cè)（上海專用）

專題09閱讀理解長(zhǎng)難句及C篇考點(diǎn)揭秘01專題網(wǎng)絡(luò)·思維腦圖02考情分析·解密高考03高頻考點(diǎn)·以考定法04核心素養(yǎng)·微專題05創(chuàng)新好題·分層練高考閱讀文章均選自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英語閱讀C篇除了生詞量大、篇幅長(zhǎng)、信息量大以外．就是文中句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，攙雜了大量的長(zhǎng)難句，對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的理解會(huì)直接影響我們的閱讀水平。那么如何破解閱讀理解中的長(zhǎng)難句？長(zhǎng)難句構(gòu)成特征如下：EQ\o\ac(

,●)帶有較多成分的簡(jiǎn)單句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有插入成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有省略成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句考點(diǎn)一：簡(jiǎn)單句中包含有復(fù)雜的修飾成分【考例】Swimmingpools，winetasting，andpinksunsets（atnormaleveninghours，not4intheafternoon）filledtheweekend，butthebestpart—particularlytomytaste，dulledbymonthsofcold-weatherrootvegetables—wasa7a.m.adventuretotheSarasotafarmersmarketthatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywake-upcall.分析：第二個(gè)分句的主語“thebestpart”后帶修飾成分“particularlytomytaste，dulledbymonthsofcold-weatherrootvegetables”，表語“a7a.m.adventure”后，帶修飾成分“totheSarasotafarmersmarket和thatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywake-upcall”。考點(diǎn)二：.兩個(gè)句子成分之間被插入語等分隔?！究祭緿elightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight，myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrownsGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty，anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton，where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.分析：先行詞JackDusty和定語從句“where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight”之間插入同位語“anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton”?？键c(diǎn)三：從句套從句，環(huán)環(huán)相扣?！究祭縄twascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint，thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons—anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates，makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdintheworld.分析：主語從句中包含一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句?？键c(diǎn)四：某些特殊句式或特殊語法現(xiàn)象。【考例】Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess，givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.分析：本句考查了V-ing形式作狀語和虛擬語氣的用法。找謂語，定主語一般情況下，一個(gè)謂語形式的動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)其動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者（主語），我們可以根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞的意義來確定其主語。而且，如果一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語形式的動(dòng)詞，則該句可以是并列句或復(fù)合句（并列謂語動(dòng)詞的情況除外）。如Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment---althoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.【簡(jiǎn)析】此句中的謂語形式的動(dòng)詞及其對(duì)應(yīng)的主語有：wasopposed--he;ordered--he;(should)notbeused---federal--funds;hadproposed---noone;asked--he(asked前面有and,說明asked與前面某個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞并列，根據(jù)邏輯意義asked應(yīng)與ordered并列)。這一句的主干為“heordered...asked....”,“Declaringthat...”作狀語。句意：他宣布自己反對(duì)使用這種非同尋常的蓄牧繁殖技術(shù)來克隆人類，并下令不準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗(yàn)——盡管還沒有人建議這么做——他還請(qǐng)一個(gè)普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)HaroldShapiro為首的獨(dú)立專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議。提主干，去枝葉（從句等）一般情況下，一個(gè)句子中的主句所表達(dá)的信息為主要信息，從句所表達(dá)的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂，主次不分。如：First

put

forward

by

the

French

mathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury，thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds，includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem，andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

able

to

study

at

theEco-labPolytechnique.【簡(jiǎn)析】本句夾雜分詞短語、動(dòng)名詞及兩個(gè)定語從句。“FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFormatinthe17thcentury”為過去分詞短語作狀語;“including...”為介詞短語作狀語;“whomade...andwhohadto...”為兩個(gè)并列的定語從句，修飾aFrenchwomanscientist。所以句子的主干為thetheoremhadbaffled

andbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds此為主要信息。句意：這個(gè)定理，先是由十七世紀(jì)法國數(shù)學(xué)家PierredeFormat提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難，其中包括一個(gè)法國女科學(xué)家，她在解決這個(gè)難題方面取得了重大的進(jìn)展。為了能夠在Eco-labPolytechnique理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)她曾女扮男裝。尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨邏輯一些長(zhǎng)句其實(shí)是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句。而這些并列句或復(fù)合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來連接。如果我們找準(zhǔn)這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，就能夠分辨出句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長(zhǎng)句就容易對(duì)付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對(duì)英語中的常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriage

was

inserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecould

sleeponthesofa.【簡(jiǎn)析】“whereas”提示前后對(duì)比;notunusual=usual;not...until...直到……才……。句意：一個(gè)女人最親密的女性朋友最可能是第一個(gè)告訴她離開一次失敗的婚姻的人;而聽見一個(gè)男人說，直到他的朋友一天晚上問他是否可以睡在他家的沙發(fā)上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，這是很平常的事?？创钆洌栏綦x有時(shí)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句或難句是由一個(gè)或多個(gè)搭配構(gòu)成，而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目，則對(duì)句意的理解就會(huì)發(fā)生偏差。如：Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts，tosomedegree，theirmainsellingpointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.【簡(jiǎn)析】其實(shí)本句是一個(gè)“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”句型“make+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”，即“使……成為……”，只不過賓語和賓補(bǔ)被“tosomedegree”隔開而已。句意：一些公司把生產(chǎn)的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產(chǎn)品，從某種程度上說，當(dāng)作他們的賣點(diǎn)，并在廣告中強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵詞，抓線索有時(shí)某些句子句意模糊，讀者理不清頭緒，這時(shí)讀者只能依靠關(guān)鍵詞來抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意?？傊?，在碰到長(zhǎng)句和難句時(shí)，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活運(yùn)用上述方法，在平時(shí)閱讀過程中要加強(qiáng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)句和難句的句法分析訓(xùn)練。有時(shí)要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood，meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,which

shows

thefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.【簡(jiǎn)析】本句夾雜多種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而且包含對(duì)比。句子的主干為“Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefoods，meatinparticular”;“dependingon...”為分詞短語作狀語;“whetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked”作dependingon的賓語;“which”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句指代上述內(nèi)容“thefact”后為其同位語，即同位語從句說明fact的具體內(nèi)容。句意：我們甚至對(duì)某些食物用不同的單詞表達(dá)，特別是肉類，這取決于它是長(zhǎng)在田野時(shí)，還是在家里準(zhǔn)備煮著吃，這就表明一個(gè)事實(shí)，即薩克森農(nóng)民在農(nóng)田干活，而上層階級(jí)的諾曼人在大口地吃。長(zhǎng)難句分析除障礙---結(jié)構(gòu)分析法高考閱讀理解和完形填空文章一般會(huì)有一些結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子，增加了句子的長(zhǎng)度和難度，干擾了學(xué)生正常的閱讀速度和思維方式，其實(shí)，長(zhǎng)難句并不可怕，在正確劃分句子成分的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁為簡(jiǎn)、化長(zhǎng)為短。一、長(zhǎng)難句的常見形式1．復(fù)合句這些句子往往較長(zhǎng)，一個(gè)從句套著另一個(gè)從句。其實(shí)，不管句子有多長(zhǎng)、多復(fù)雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾成分。主干主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)(如：Iwantaticket.)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)(如：Themanisateacher.)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補(bǔ)充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。應(yīng)通過仔細(xì)分析，將每個(gè)修飾成分劃出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。Iurgeyoutocontactyourstatelegislatorstomovethislegislationforwardsothatthisweekendwillbeoneofthelasttimeswhenwehaveto“fallback”．分析此句的主語為I，謂語是urge,sothat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。在結(jié)果狀語從句中when引導(dǎo)定語從句。2．分隔結(jié)構(gòu)高考試題中出現(xiàn)較多的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)是插入語、用破折號(hào)插入的新話題或補(bǔ)充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)后置，也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象?！癟heresultsareprettyexciting—stronglevelsofreductions—butthereclearlyaregoingtobethingstobelearnedfromtheareaswherethereductionsarenotasgreat.”saidPennStateUniversityprofessorElizabethMcGraw.提醒分析長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)務(wù)必注意這些非限制性修飾成分，它們打斷了原來的行文邏輯，插入補(bǔ)充了一些額外的信息。3．成分省略或倒裝在英語句子中，用詞簡(jiǎn)潔是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子表達(dá)的重心，對(duì)句子進(jìn)行倒裝。Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.分析此句正常語序?yàn)椋築ytheendofthecentury,ifitisnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.二、長(zhǎng)難句突破策略通過語法分析，迅速弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握句子的基本框架的基本步驟是：首先，判斷該句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子的附屬成分。方法一：較復(fù)雜單句的處理方法——找主謂語，即找主干成分較復(fù)雜單句在高考試卷中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，所以應(yīng)引起同學(xué)們的足夠重視。Akeyskillsetforsuccessispersistence,acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.分析主語是Akeyskill，謂語是is，表語是persistence,acharacteristic是同位語，解釋說明persistence。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，解釋名詞characteristic。方法二：并列復(fù)合句的處理方法——找并列連詞Therewasabitofmethatdidn'twanttolovethiswheneveryoneelseontheplanetdid,butthehorrorstoryisbrilliant.分析句中的but是并列連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列單句。方法三：主從復(fù)合句的處理方法——找從屬連詞Akeyfindingisthatovertime,childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence,whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.分析該句主語是Akeyfinding,that引導(dǎo)表語從句，從句中含有which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，修飾名詞persistence。方法四：并列和主從復(fù)合句并存的處理方法——先讀懂并列復(fù)合句，再看主從復(fù)合句“It'llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange，”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecoloroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”分析but引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的主從復(fù)合句，but前的主從復(fù)合句中是before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，該從句中show后是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；but后的主從復(fù)合句中，主語是thechange，謂語是willbe,that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，解釋說明名詞signals的內(nèi)容?！鹃L(zhǎng)難句】1.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為簡(jiǎn)單句。主干為Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'ability。目的狀語todistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressions，方式狀語byshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimages，后置定語totallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining修飾名詞images.【翻譯】研究人員隨后測(cè)試了狗辨別人類面部表情的能力，方法是在與訓(xùn)練時(shí)使用的圖像完全不同的圖像上向狗展示人的另一半面部表情。2.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為復(fù)合句。主句為Theresearchersfound，that往后都是賓語從句。在賓語從句中thedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyface為主干，bytouchingapictureofit為方式狀語，withtheirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance為伴隨狀語?！痉g】研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，狗能夠通過用鼻子觸摸照片來挑選憤怒或快樂的面孔，比人們隨機(jī)預(yù)期的要多。3.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為復(fù)合句，showed后是省略that的賓語從句，在賓語從句中howtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage做figuredout的賓語，此句中whattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtraining是apply的賓語，是applyAtoB的結(jié)構(gòu)?！痉g】這項(xiàng)研究表明，這些動(dòng)物已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了如何在測(cè)試階段將他們?cè)谟?xùn)練中學(xué)到的關(guān)于人臉的知識(shí)應(yīng)用到新面孔上。4.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans.Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為復(fù)合句。此句為復(fù)合句，it做形式主語，真正的主語是why引導(dǎo)的主語從句whydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans。suggest后面的that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，其中thesuccessfuldogsrealized是主干，thatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes共同做realized的賓語，and連接兩個(gè)并列賓語，分別是asmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes和thesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes?！痉g】目前，尚不清楚為什么狗似乎具備識(shí)別人類不同面部表情的能力。相反，我們的研究結(jié)果表明，成功的狗意識(shí)到微笑的嘴和微笑的眼睛的意思是一樣的，同樣的規(guī)則也適用于憤怒的嘴和憤怒的眼睛的意思是一樣的。5.DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight,myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrown’sGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty,anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton,where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句，從句用了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表語前置；when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句；在時(shí)間狀語從句中包含了由where引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，修飾先行詞restaurant?！痉g】眼前的西紅柿令我欣喜不已，當(dāng)我聽說布朗的格魯夫農(nóng)場(chǎng)是杰克達(dá)斯蒂餐廳的供應(yīng)商之一時(shí)，我更加高興了。杰克達(dá)斯蒂餐廳是薩拉索塔麗思卡爾頓酒店新開張的一家餐廳——我感到很幸運(yùn)——那天晚上我計(jì)劃去那吃晚飯。6.Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為復(fù)合句，主句為themostlikelyexplanationappearstobe，表語從句thatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans，其中which非限制性定語從句指代theirlivingwithhumans?！痉g】對(duì)我們來說，最可能的解釋似乎是，它們與人類生活在一起，這讓它們有機(jī)會(huì)接觸到人類的面部表情。7.Sciencecan'texplainthepowerofpets,butmanystudieshaveshownthatthecompanyofpetscanhelplowerbloodpressureandraisechancesofrecoveringfromaheartattack,reducelonelinessandspreadall-roundgoodcheer.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是由表轉(zhuǎn)折but連接的并列句。前一分句是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，but的后一分句中，主干是manystudieshaveshownthat,that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句，而這個(gè)賓語從句又是由一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成：動(dòng)詞help后面接的是四個(gè)省略to的并列賓語lower…andraise…,reduce…andspread…?！痉g】科學(xué)無法解釋寵物的力量，不過很多研究表明，有寵物的陪伴能幫助降低血壓和增加心臟病發(fā)作后康復(fù)的機(jī)會(huì)，減少孤獨(dú)感，并向周圍傳遞喜悅的心情。8.Todaythe“Fringe”,oncelessrecognized,hasfaroutgrownthefestivalwitharound1,500performancesoftheatre,musicanddanceoneveryoneofthe21daysitlasts.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句中“oncelessrecognized”為省略句，省略了itwas；此外還含有一個(gè)withsth.on結(jié)構(gòu)，on在此處意為“上演”，“itlast”是定語從句，修飾先行詞21days?！痉g】曾經(jīng)不被怎么人們認(rèn)可的“藝穗節(jié)”如今的規(guī)模已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越了藝術(shù)節(jié)，在藝為期21天的活動(dòng)中，每天要上演約1500場(chǎng)戲劇、音樂和舞蹈。9.Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint,thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons–anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates,makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdsintheworld.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句在“Itbe+過去分詞+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)；從句中含有when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句；3billionpassengerpigeons和anumberequal…是同位關(guān)系。此外，還有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語“making…”作結(jié)果狀語。【翻譯】據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)旅鴿數(shù)量達(dá)到最多時(shí)，曾超過了30億只，這個(gè)數(shù)量相當(dāng)于美國鳥類總數(shù)的24%-40%，使旅鴿成為世界上數(shù)量最為龐大的鳥類。10.Thisupsetsmetonoendbecausewhilealltheexpertsarebusydebatingaboutwhichoptionisbest,thepeoplewhowanttoimprovetheirlivesareleftconfusedbyalloftheconflictinginformation.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句中because引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語從句，從句中while引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句；此外，which引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作about的賓語；who引導(dǎo)賓語從句，修飾先行詞people。【翻譯】這讓我陷入無休無止的煩惱之中，因?yàn)楫?dāng)所有的專家們都在忙著辯論哪個(gè)選擇最好時(shí)，那些想改善自己生活的人們卻被所有這些矛盾的信息弄得困惑不堪?！鹃喿xC篇】1.【上海市楊浦高級(jí)中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高三下學(xué)期3月月考英語試題】Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?It’saquestionthatthelateecologistDonellaMeadowswouldaskherstudentsatDartmouthCollegebackinthe1970s.Shesetouttocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingbigglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,networkscientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicalsandthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking—which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpowerandstatus.Butthefoodsystemisnotanequalone.TherehavebeencallsforaWorldFoodandNutritionOrganization,sothatlegallybindingpoliciescanbeappliedtoallitsmembers.AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Ateamofresearchershasdonejustthat,throughtheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram.Studentsfromdisciplinesincludingagriculture,ecologyandeconomicslearntogetherbydrawingontheircollectiveexpertiseintacklingreal-worldproblems,suchashowtoreducefoodwaste.Sinceitslaunchin2015,theprogramhastrainedmorethan1,500studentsfrom45universitydepartments.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandembraceasystemsapproach,astheeditorsofNatureFoodadvocateintheirlauncheditorial.Meadowsknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.43.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.howtoconductresearchefficiently B.howtobuildaworldfoodorganizationC.anapproachtosolvingreal-worldproblem D.anapproachtoapplyingscientificfindings44.Accordingtoparagraph3,thestudyconductedbynetworkscientistsrevealedthat________.A.artificialintelligenceismoreusefulthantraditionalmethodsB.achievingsystemsthinkingrequiresidentifyingmorecomponentsC.weareunabletogainthoroughunderstandingofournutritioussystemD.somebiochemicalsarerelatedwiththeoccurrenceofcommondiseases45.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoweknowabouttheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram?A.Itistheonlywayofsolvingimbalanceinourfoodsystem.B.Itaimstourgethegovernmentstocarryoutitsfoodpolicies.C.ItseekstosolvetheoreticalissuesaboutfoodandnutritionD.Ithascultivatedmanyinterdisciplinarytalentssinceitslaunch.46.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?A.Resultscan’tbeproduced. B.Visionbringsaboutchange.C.Actionmattersmorethansaying. D.Systemsthinkingistoodifficulttorealize.重點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)難句：1."Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety."【翻譯】系統(tǒng)思維對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)零饑餓和更好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)等目標(biāo)至關(guān)重要，因?yàn)樗枰紤]食物的生產(chǎn)、加工、運(yùn)輸和消費(fèi)方式，并且關(guān)注這些事物與人類健康、環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的關(guān)系。【分析】這句話是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主要由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成。第一個(gè)分句是"Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutrition"，其中"Systemsthinkingiscrucial"是主語+謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，表示系統(tǒng)思維的重要性；"toachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutrition"是不定式短語作后置定語，修飾主句中的"crucial"。第二個(gè)分句是"becauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety"，其中"because"引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句；"itrequires"是主語+謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，表示系統(tǒng)思維的要求；"consideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety"是動(dòng)詞不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示系統(tǒng)思維所需要考慮的內(nèi)容。2."Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases."【翻譯】以營(yíng)養(yǎng)為例。聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織追蹤了食物和各種數(shù)據(jù)庫中的150種生化物質(zhì)，這些追蹤結(jié)果揭示了卡路里、糖分、脂肪、維生素與常見疾病之間的關(guān)系?！痉治觥窟@句話是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成。第一個(gè)分句是"Takenutritionforexample"，其中"Take"是謂語動(dòng)詞；"nutrition"是名詞，表示營(yíng)養(yǎng)；"forexample"是介詞短語，表示引出例子。第二個(gè)分句是"TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases"，其中"TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganization"是名詞短語，表示聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織；"tracked"是謂語動(dòng)詞，表示追蹤；"150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases"是名詞短語，表示食物中的150種生化物質(zhì)和各種數(shù)據(jù)庫；"whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases"是非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的名詞短語，表示追蹤結(jié)果。3."AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach."【翻譯】解決權(quán)力失衡的另一種方式是更多的大學(xué)效仿梅多斯的做法，教導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)方法進(jìn)行思考?！痉治觥窟@句話是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成。第一個(gè)分句是"Anotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalances"，其中"Anotherway"是名詞短語，表示另一種方式；"toaddresspowerimbalances"是不定式短語作后置定語，修飾前面的名詞短語，表示解決權(quán)力不平衡。第二個(gè)分句是"formoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach"，其中"formoreuniversitiestodo"是不定式短語作主語；"whatMeadowsdid"是名詞性從句，作不定式短語的賓語，表示梅多斯所做的事情；"andteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach"是并列連詞連接的并列分句，其中"teachstudents"是謂語動(dòng)詞；"howtothinkusingasystemsapproach"是不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示教導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)方法進(jìn)行思考?！敬鸢浮?3.C44.B45.D46.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文，文章主要介紹了解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維?！?3題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第一段中“Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingbigglobalchallenges.(其結(jié)果——一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法——現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對(duì)重大全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵)”可知，文章主要介紹了系統(tǒng)思維對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)零饑餓和改善營(yíng)養(yǎng)等目標(biāo)至關(guān)重要，并以營(yíng)養(yǎng)為例說明這種方法如何發(fā)揮作用。由此可知，本文主要是關(guān)于“一種解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問題的方法”。故選C項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking—which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.(這表明，在實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思維的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)之前，我們還有一段路要走——在這個(gè)例子中，系統(tǒng)思維的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)是識(shí)別營(yíng)養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)的更多組成部分)”可知，這項(xiàng)研究表明實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思維需要識(shí)別更多的組成部分。故選B項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Studentsfromdisciplinesincludingagriculture,ecologyandeconomicslearntogetherbydrawingontheircollectiveexpertiseinaddressingreal-worldproblems,suchashowtoreducefoodwaste.Sinceitslaunchin2015,theprogramhastrainedmorethan1,500studentsfrom45universitydepartments.(來自農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等學(xué)科的學(xué)生通過利用他們的集體專業(yè)知識(shí)來解決現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的問題，例如如何減少食物浪費(fèi)，從而共同學(xué)習(xí)。自2015年啟動(dòng)以來，該項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)培訓(xùn)了來自45個(gè)大學(xué)院系的1500多名學(xué)生)”可知，跨學(xué)科食品系統(tǒng)教學(xué)項(xiàng)目自啟動(dòng)以來培養(yǎng)了很多跨學(xué)科的人才。故選D項(xiàng)?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段劃線部分前的“visionsalonedon’tproduceresults(只有遠(yuǎn)見是不會(huì)產(chǎn)生結(jié)果的)”可知，光有遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí)無法產(chǎn)生結(jié)果，but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，所以后文強(qiáng)調(diào)遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí)的重要性，即雖然光有遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí)無法產(chǎn)生結(jié)果，但是不具有遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí)就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生結(jié)果。由此推知，愿景帶來改變。故選B項(xiàng)。2.【上海市閔行區(qū)七寶中學(xué)2022學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中英語試卷】AsFransdeWaal,aprimatologist(靈長(zhǎng)動(dòng)物學(xué)家),recognizes,abetterwaytothinkaboutothercreatureswouldbetoaskourselveshowdifferentspecieshavedevelopeddifferentkindsofmindstosolvedifferentadaptiveproblems.Surelytheimportantquestionisnotwhetheranimalscandothesamethingshumanscan,buthowthoseanimalssolvethecognitive(認(rèn)知的)problemstheyface,likehowtoimitatetheseafloor.Childrenandsomeanimalsaresointerestingnotbecausetheyaresmartlikeus,butbecausetheyaresmartinwayswehaven’tevenconsidered.Sometimesstudyingchildren’swaysofknowingcancastlightonadult-humancognition.Children’spretendplaymayhelpusunderstandouradulttasteforfiction.DeWaal’sresearchprovidesanotherinterestingexample.Wehumanbeingstendtothinkthatoursocialrelationshipsarerootedinourperceptions,beliefs,anddesires,andourunderstandingoftheperceptions,beliefs,anddesiresofothers—whatpsychologistscallour“theoryofmind.”Inthe80sand90s,developmentalpsychologistsshowedthatpre-schoolersandeveninfantsunderstandmindsapartfromtheirown.Butitwashardtoshowthatotheranimalsdidthesame.“Theoryofmind”becameacandidateforthespecial,uniquelyhumantrick.YetdeWaal’sstudiesshowthatchimps(黑猩猩)possessaremarkablydevelopedpoliticalintelligence—theyaremuchinterestedinfiguringoutsocialrelationships.Itturnsout,asdeWaaldescribes,thatchimpsdoinfersomethingaboutwhatotherchimpssee.Butexperimentalstudiesalsosuggestthatthishappensonlyinacompetitivepoliticalcontext.Theevolutionaryanthropologist(人類學(xué)家)BrainHareandhiscolleaguesgaveajuniorchimpachoicebetweenpiecesoffoodthatadominantchimphadseenhiddenandotherpiecesithadnotseenhidden.Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen.Anyonewhohasgonetoanacademicconferencewillrecognizethatwemaybeinthesamesituation.Wemaysaythatwesignupbecausewe’reeagertofindoutwhatotherhumanbeingsthink,butwe’rejustasinterestedinwho’sontop.Manyofthepoliticaljudgmentswemaketheredon’thavemuchtodowithourtheoryofmind.Wemayshowourrespecttoafamousprofessorevenifwehavenorespectforhisideas.Untilrecently,however,therewasn’tmuchresearchintohowhumansdevelopandemploythiskindofpoliticalknowledge.Itmaybethatweunderstandthesocialworldintermsofdominance,likechimps,butwe’rejustnotusuallyaspoliticallymotivatedastheyare.Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics.43.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingshowsthatananimalissmart?A.Itcanbehavelikeahumankid.B.Itcanimitatewhathumanbeingsdo.C.Itcanfindasolutiontoitsownproblem.D.Itcanfigureoutthoseadaptiveproblems.44.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesour“theoryofmind”?A.Wetalkwithinfantsinawaythattheycanfullyunderstand.B.Wemakeguessesatwhatothersthinkwhileinteractingwiththem.C.Wehideouremotionswhenwetryestablishingcontactwithastranger.D.Wetrytounderstandhowkids’pretendplayaffectsourtasteforfiction.45.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Neitherhumannoranimalsdisplaytheirpreferencefordominance.B.Animalslivinginacompetitivepoliticalcontextaresmarter.C.Bothhumansandsomeanimalshavepoliticalintelligence.D.Humansaremoreinterestedinwho’sontopthananimals.46.Bytheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph,thewritermeansthat________.A.weknowlittleabouthowchimpsarepoliticallymotivatedB.ourpoliticalknowledgedoesn’talwaysdeterminehowwebehaveC.ourtheoryofmindmightenableustounderstandourtheoryofpoliticsD.moreresearchshouldbeconductedtounderstandanimals’socialworld重點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)難句：1."Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen."翻譯：年幼的黑猩猩看著所有的藏匿過程，遠(yuǎn)離了霸主黑猩猩看過的食物，但拿走了它沒看過的食物。分析：該句子為并列句，前半句為主句，后半句為并列分句。主語為“Thejuniorchimp”，謂語為“stayedaway”，賓語為“thefood”。后半句的主語為“but”，謂語為“took”，賓語為“thefood”。該句子使用了定語從句“whowatchedallthehiding”修飾主語“Thejuniorchimp”。2."Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics."翻譯：我們不應(yīng)該問我們是否擁有更好的日常心智理論，而應(yīng)該想知道他們是否擁有更好的日常政治理論。分析：該句子為并列句，前半句為主句，后半句為并列分句。主語為“We”