專題09- 閱讀表達(dá) (解析版) 五年（2018-2022）北京高考真英語真題+兩年模擬題分項(xiàng)匯編詳解

專題09 閱讀表達(dá)序號(hào)內(nèi)容PartIPassage1-Passage2--5年真題過關(guān)PartIIPassage3-Passage20--模擬能力提升（北京各區(qū)模擬試題）PartI-5年真題過關(guān)Passage1（2022年北京）Tom,a15-year-oldinventorandentrepreneur(創(chuàng)業(yè)者),witnessedathisownschoolthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykids.Heknewtherehadtobeabetterportabledrinksolutionanddecidedtoinnovatefromsomethinghesawinhisownhome:fruitinfused(浸泡)water.Tomwatchedhismummakehealthyfruitinfusionsbutthenstruggleforatake-alongoption.Fromobservinghismumandfromhisdesiretogivekidsbetterdrinkoptions,hecameupwithhisoriginalmodelfortheFunBottle.“Iwantedtocomeupwithahealthy,naturalwayforpeopletodrinkwhenonthego.Abigpartofmymissionistogetpeopleofallagesoffsugarydrinks,”Tomexplains.Thebottleismadewithastrainer(濾網(wǎng))thatallowsthegreattastesandnaturalsugarsofthevariousfruitsandvegetablesyouchoosetocomethroughthewater,withoutanyoftheseedsorskinsflowingthrough.TomisproudofhisdesignandexcitedtobesellingtheFunBottleonhiswebsiteandinstores,butthis15-year-oldismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothers.Ithelpstoprovidehealthyalternativestosugarydrinks;andalsoTomdonatespartoftheprofitstotheOrganisationforaHealthierGeneration(OHG).Tomhasbeenawardedseveralprizes,butthisteenageinnovatorremainshumble.Whenaskedwhatadvicehe’dgiveotherentrepreneurialyouth,hesays,“Prepareandhaveyourfamily’ssupport.Itisimportanttoknowfromthebeginningthattherearealotofhighsandlows,andthereisnosuchthingasovernightsuccess.”40.WhatdidTomwitnessathisownschool?41.WheredidTomgettheideafortheoriginalmodelfortheFunBottle?42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatementthenunderlineitandexplainwhy.TomismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothersbecausehenotonlyprovideshealthyalternativestosugarydrinksbutalsodonatesalltheprofitstotheOHG.43.AmongTom’squalities,whichone(s)doyouthinkwillbeimportantforus?Why?(Inabout40words)【解題導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述15歲的湯姆看到自己學(xué)校的學(xué)生喝含糖的飲料，隨后發(fā)明了一種適合所有年齡的人們可以喝的無糖的健康飲料。40.【答案】Tomwitnessedthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykidsathisownschool.【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Tom,a15-year-oldinventorandentrepreneur(創(chuàng)業(yè)者),witnessedathisownschoolthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykids.”（湯姆，一個(gè)15歲的發(fā)明家和企業(yè)家，在他自己的學(xué)校目睹了孩子們大量消費(fèi)含糖飲料）可知，作為15歲的發(fā)明家和創(chuàng)業(yè)者，湯姆在學(xué)校目睹了孩子們廣泛消費(fèi)含糖飲料。故答案為Tomwitnessedthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykidsathisownschool.41.【答案】Tomgottheideafromobservinghismummakehealthyfruitinfusionsbutthenstruggleforatake-alongoption.【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段第一句中“Tomwatchedhismummakehealthyfruitinfusions”（湯姆看著他的媽媽制作健康的水果飲料）第二句“Fromobservinghismumandfromhisdesiretogivekidsbetterdrinkoptions,hecameupwithhisoriginalmodelfortheFunBottle.”（從觀察他的母親和他要給孩子們更好的飲料選擇的愿望，他想出了他的原始模型的FunBottle）可知，湯姆在觀察母親制作水果飲料的過程中得到啟發(fā)，才有了FunBottle的原始模型。故答案為Tomgottheideafromobservinghismummakehealthyfruitinfusionsbutthenstruggleforatake-alongoption.42.【答案】【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中“butthis15-year-oldismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothers.Ithelpstoprovidehealthyalternativestosugarydrinks;andalsoTomdonatespartoftheprofitstotheOrganisationforaHealthierGeneration(OHG).”（但是這個(gè)15歲的孩子最感到自豪的是FunBottle帶給其他人的機(jī)會(huì)。它有助于對(duì)含糖飲料提供健康的替代品。而且湯姆還捐贈(zèng)了部分利潤為一個(gè)名為OHG的組織）可知，湯姆把自己產(chǎn)品的部分利潤，并非全部利潤，捐給了OHG。所以錯(cuò)誤在于“alltheprofits”，應(yīng)修改為“partoftheprofits”，故答案為TomismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothersbecausehenotonlyprovideshealthyalternativestosugarydrinksbutalsodonatesalltheprofitstotheOHG.TomdonatespartoftheprofitstotheOHG.43.【答案】TomismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothersbecausehenotonlyprovideshealthyalternativestosugarydrinksbutalsodonatesalltheprofitstotheOHG.TomdonatespartoftheprofitstotheOHG.43.Ithinkthequalityofperspicacitywillbeimportant,becausethisinsightcanhelpusconstantlyfindourownshortcomingsinourlives,whichinturncanhelpusimproveourselves.(31)【解析】開放題，言之有理即可。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Tom,a15-year-oldinventorandentrepreneur(創(chuàng)業(yè)者),witnessedathisownschoolthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykids.”（湯姆，一個(gè)15歲的發(fā)明家和企業(yè)家，在他自己的學(xué)校目睹了孩子們廣泛消費(fèi)含糖飲料）第二段中““Iwantedtocomeupwithahealthy,naturalwayforpeopletodrinkwhenonthego.Abigpartofmymissionistogetpeopleofallagesoffsugarydrinks,”Tomexplains.”（“我想出一種健康、自然的方式，讓人們?cè)诼猛局泻?。我的一大任?wù)就是讓所有年齡段的人都不再喝含糖飲料,”湯姆解釋說）可知，湯姆在看到學(xué)生喝含糖的飲料時(shí)，他想到要發(fā)明出一種適合所有年齡段都能喝的不含糖的飲料，可推知，湯姆是一個(gè)很有聰穎的，有洞察力的人。這種洞察力在我們的生活中可以幫助我們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的不足，進(jìn)而幫助我們提升自己。故答案為：Ithinkthequalityofperspicacityimisportant,becausethisinsightcanhelpusconstantlyfindourownshortcomingsinourlives,whichinturncanhelpusimproveourselves.(31)Passage2（2021年北京）Recentresearchsuggeststhatifanargumentgetsresolved，theemotionalresponsetiedtoitissignificantlyreducedoralmostcompletelyerased．Thus，itmaybeworthbringingupissueswithyourfriends，familymembers，orclassmatesratherthanholdingthemback．Thereisadifferencebetweenarguingandfighting．Arguingisthatyouandyouropponentpresentyourconcernsanddiscussthefeelingsandissuesrelatedtothoseconcerns．Youcanengageinanargumentrespectfullywithoutstirringup（激起）anger．Fighting，however，usuallyinvolvespersonalattacks，raisingofvoices，andstormingout．Discussingyourissuesandresolvingtheminsteadofstuffingthemdowncanimproveyouremotionalhealth．Inastudy，2.000peoplewereaskedtorecordtheirfeelingsandexperiencesforeightdaysinarow．Whenpeoplehadanargumentthattheyconsideredresolved，theyhadhalfthereactivity（情緒反應(yīng)）ofthosewhoavoidedanargument．Reactivityisanincreaseinnegativeemotionsoradecreaseinpositiveemotions．Inotherwords，resolvinganargumentcutsyournegativefeelingsbyhalf．Onedaylater，peoplewhohadaresolvedargumentreportednoincreaseofnegativeemotionscomparedwiththosewhoavoidedanargument．Thismeansthatresolvinganargumentcanfeellikeyouhavereachedastateofresolution——andyouarelesslikelytobeannoyed．Moreover，theolderyouare，themorelikelyyouwillcometoaresolutionafteranargument．Thismaybebecausemorelifeexperienceusuallyleadstomoredefinedpriorities．Youaremorelikelytodistinguishbetweenwhatmattersandwhatdoesnot．Itiseasiertoavoidadiscussion，butriskingtalkingaboutitmayeventuallyleadtoabetteroutcome．40.Accordingtothispassage，whatisarguing？41.Whyisitthat“theolderyouare，themorelikelyyouwillcometoaresolutionafteranargument”？42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement，thenunderlineitandexplainwhy．Resolvingargumentscanimproveyouremotionalhealth，becauseitincreasesyourreactivityandreducesthechanceofyougettingangry．43.Inadditiontoimprovingemotionalhealth，whatdoyouthinkaresomeotherbenefitsofresolvinganargument？（Inabout40words）【答案】40.Arguingisdiscussingyourworries，relatedfeelingsandproblemswiththeotherparty．41.Itisbecausemorelifeexperiencemayhelppeoplebetteridentifyprioritiesinlife．42.Resolvingargumentscanimproveyouremotionalhealth，becauseitincreasesyourreactivityandreducesthechanceofyougettingangry．Resolvingargumentshelpstodecreaseyourreactivity．43.Resolvingargumentscanalsoimprovepeople'slogicalthinkingandresilience,andimprovetheirrelationshipwitheachother.（參考答案）【分析】這是一篇說明文。最近的研究表明，如果爭吵得到解決，與之相關(guān)的情緒反應(yīng)會(huì)顯著減少或幾乎完全消除。因此，向你的朋友、家人或同學(xué)提出問題可能是值得的，而不是阻止他們。40.【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段“Arguingisthatyouandyouropponentpresentyourconcernsanddiscussthefeelingsandissuesrelatedtothoseconcerns．”（爭論是你和你的對(duì)手提出你的擔(dān)憂，并討論與這些擔(dān)憂相關(guān)的感受和問題。）可知，爭論是提出你的擔(dān)憂，并討論與這些擔(dān)憂相關(guān)的感受和問題。故答案為Arguingisdiscussingyourworries，relatedfeelingsandproblemswiththeotherparty．41.【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段“Moreover，theolderyouare，themorelikelyyouwillcometoaresolutionafteranargument．Thismaybebecausemorelifeexperienceusuallyleadstomoredefinedpriorities．Youaremorelikelytodistinguishbetweenwhatmattersandwhatdoesnot．”（而且，年紀(jì)越大，越有可能在爭吵后找到解決辦法。這可能是因?yàn)楦嗟纳罱?jīng)歷通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致更明確的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。你更有可能區(qū)分什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。）可知，更多的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以幫助人們更好地確定生活中的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。故答案填I(lǐng)tisbecausemorelifeexperiencemayhelppeoplebetteridentifyprioritiesinlife．42.【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段“Recentresearchsuggeststhatifanargumentgetsresolved，theemotionalresponsetiedtoitissignificantlyreducedoralmostcompletelyerased．”（如果爭吵得到解決，與之相關(guān)的情緒反應(yīng)會(huì)顯著減少或幾乎）可知，解決爭吵可以改善你的情緒健康，因?yàn)樗黾幽愕姆磻?yīng)，減少你生氣的機(jī)會(huì)。解決爭論有助于降低你的反應(yīng)性，而不是增加你的反應(yīng)力。故答案為Resolvingargumentscanimproveyouremotionalhealth，becauseitincreasesyourreactivityandreducesthechanceofyougettingangry．Resolvingargumentshelpstodecreaseyourreactivity．43.【解析】考查開放思維。解決爭吵也可以提高人們的邏輯思維能力和應(yīng)變能力，使得相互之間的關(guān)系得到升華。故可能答案版本一為Resolvingargumentscanalsoimprovepeople'slogicalthinkingandresilience,andimprovetheirrelationshipwitheachother.PartII-模擬能力提升（北京各區(qū)模擬試題）Passage3（2022·北京房山·二模）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問題。Isitpossibletoimproveyourbrainfunction?Theansweris“yes”.Informationinyourbrainiscollected,storedandrecalledbyneuralpathways.Thesepathwaysareresponsibleforyourabilitiestosolveproblems,rememberfamiliarfacesandtasks,withoutpayingatonofefforts.Millionsoftheseneuralpathwaysbegindevelopingfromthetimewhenyouaregrowingintoababy.Tokeepourmemoryhealthy,weneedtocreatenewpathwayscontinually.Asweage,ourlifestylesoftenchange,stoppingthosepathwaysfrombeingdeveloped.Twofrequentchangesareadecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontoourdiet,whichhaveanegativeeffectonourbrainandmemory.Ourbrainrequiresconsistentstimulation,regardlessofourage,andlookingforwaystoexcitetheproductionofnewpathwaysiscritical.Justlikeyourphysicalmusclesneedtobeusedindifferentwaystomakethemstronger,ourbrainneedschangetohelpchallengeitsabilities.Onesimplewaytostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysistryingsomethingnew.Challengeyourbrainwithpuzzles,anewlanguageorlearninghowtoplayaninstrument.Anythingdifferentandnewcanstimulateyourbrainandmemory.Thebestactivitiesaretheonesoutsideofyourcomfortzone.Theypushyouasyoudevelopnewneuralpathways.Theeffortinvolvedinlearningandcommittingtomemoryanewskill,withnewtermsandlanguage,isagreatwaytoexerciseyourbrain.Anotherwaytostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysisdoingexercise.Whenyouexerciseyourbody,youarealsoworkingoutyourmind,becauseregularactivityhelpstoimprovethechemicalsinyourbrainandtoprotectbraincells.1．Accordingtothepassage,whatcannegativelyaffectourbrainandmemory?2．Whyarethebestactivitiestheonesoutsideofyourcomfortzone?3．Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.Thetwowaysmentionedinthepassagetohelpcreatenewpathwaysaretryingsomethingnewandexercisingyourbrainbychallengingyourbrainwithdifferenttasks.4．Whatelsecanyoudotoimproveyourbrainfunction?(Inabout40words)【答案】1．Adecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontothediet.

Becausetheycanstimulateone’sbrainandmemorytodevelopnewneutralpathways.

Thetwowaysmentionedinthepassagetohelpcreatenewpathwaysaretryingsomethingnewandexercisingyourbrainbychallengingyourbrainwithdifferenttasks.Becausetheotherwaymentionedinthepassagetostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysisdoingexercise。

4．Toimprovebrainfunction,weshouldpaymoreattentiontothediet.Andweshouldgetenoughmentalexerciselikereadinganddoingmath.Inaddition,mediationisagoodwaytoimprovememoryandlearning.【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章指出大腦的功能是可以主動(dòng)提升的，并介紹了兩種促進(jìn)神經(jīng)通路形成、提升大腦功能的方法。1．【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Twofrequentchangesareadecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontoourdiet,whichhaveanegativeeffectonourbrainandmemory.(兩種常見的改變有，體育鍛煉的減少和對(duì)自身飲食的不加注意，它們對(duì)我們的大腦和記憶力都有著消極的影響)”可知，體育鍛煉減少和不注意自身飲食會(huì)對(duì)大腦和記憶力產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。故答案為Adecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontothediet。2．【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中“Thebestactivitiesaretheonesoutsideofyourcomfortzone.Theypushyouasyoudevelopnewneuralpathways.Theeffortinvolvedinlearningandcommittingtomemoryanewskill,withnewtermsandlanguage,isagreatwaytoexerciseyourbrain.(最好的活動(dòng)是那些舒適區(qū)之外的活動(dòng)。它們會(huì)促使你發(fā)展新的神經(jīng)通路。那些用于學(xué)習(xí)和致力于記住一項(xiàng)新技能、新術(shù)語或是語言所付出的努力，是鍛煉大腦的極佳方式)”可知，舒適區(qū)之外的活動(dòng)，也就是新奇的活動(dòng)和經(jīng)歷可以激勵(lì)大腦和記憶力，使人發(fā)展出新的神經(jīng)通路，因此是最好的活動(dòng)。故答案為Becausetheycanstimulateone’sbrainandmemorytodevelopnewneutralpathways。3．【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Onesimplewaytostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysistryingsomethingnew.(一種簡單的刺激新通路形成的方式是，嘗試新鮮的事物)”和第七段中“Anotherwaytostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysisdoingexercise.(另一個(gè)刺激新通路形成的方式是體育鍛煉)”可知，文中提到的兩種促進(jìn)新的神經(jīng)通路形成的方式分別是嘗試新鮮事物和增加體育鍛煉，即所給句子中“exercisingyourbrainbychallengingyourbrainwithdifferenttasks”部分有誤，應(yīng)畫線，故答案（所述理由）為Thetwowaysmentionedinthepassagetohelpcreatenewpathwaysaretryingsomethingnewandexercisingyourbrainbychallengingyourbrainwithdifferenttasks.Becausetheotherwaymentionedinthepassagetostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysisdoingexercise。4．【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Twofrequentchangesareadecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontoourdiet,whichhaveanegativeeffectonourbrainandmemory.(兩種常見的改變有，體育鍛煉的減少和對(duì)自身飲食的不加注意，它們對(duì)我們的大腦和記憶力都有著消極的影響)”可知，不注意自身飲食會(huì)阻礙新的神經(jīng)通路形成，因此要避免這種行為，此外根據(jù)文中已經(jīng)提到的提高大腦功能的方法還可聯(lián)想到，適當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行一些頭腦訓(xùn)練，比如閱讀、做數(shù)學(xué)題、練習(xí)冥想等。故答案為Toimprovebrainfunction,weshouldpaymoreattentiontothediet.Andweshouldgetenoughmentalexerciselikereadinganddoingmath.Inaddition,mediationisagoodwaytoimprovememoryandlearning。Passage4（2022·北京市十一學(xué)校三模）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求回答問題。Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetterorworse.What’ssadisthatevenifit’sthelatter,weoftenfollowacertainpathanywaybecausewearesousedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Psychologistscallthisphenomenonfunctionalfixedness.Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworks–andasenseofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxoftacks(大頭釘)andsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallsothatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewallorlightingittofixitwithmeltedwax(石蠟).Thetacksaretooshort,andthecandledoesn’tfastentothewall.Sohowcanyouaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxasacandleholder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.Tothinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox’susualroleasacontainerjustfortacksandreimagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficultbecauseweallsuffer–toonedegreeoranother–fromfunctionalfixedness.Theinabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycornerofsociety.ThepoliticaltheoristHannahArendcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribedeeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt’seyes,thecomplacentrelianceonsuchaccepted“truths”alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthatdidn’tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid,“Itcanbefoundinhighlyintelligentpeople.”Anothercontextinwhichfrozenthinkingcanturntrulydangerousismedicine.Ifyoulandinthehospital,it’snaturaltowanttobetreatedbythemostexperiencedphysiciansonstaff.Butaccordingtoa2014studyintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation(JAMA),you’dbebetteroffbeingtreatedbytherelativenovices.5．Whatdoes“functionalfixedness”mean?6．Howisthecandleattachedtothewall?7．Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.?FrozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeoplebutlessfoundinthosewithhighIQ.8．Howcanyouavoidfrozenthoughtsinyourdailylife?(Inabout40words)【答案】5．Itmeansweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.

Thesuccessfultechniqueistoplaceitintotheemptiedtackboxthatisfastenedtothewall.

7．Frozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeopleaswellasthosewithhigh10althoughfrozenthinkinghasmuchtodowithintelligence.Becausefrozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence.

8．Therearetwowaystoavoidfrozenthoughts.Firstly,Icantalktopeoplewhodisagreewithme,whichisgoodformybrain.What’smore,Ialwaysthinkoutsidethebox,whichcanbroadenmythinkingincountlessways.【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。作者介紹了一種心理學(xué)家稱之為功能固著的現(xiàn)象。5．【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段的“What’ssadisthatevenifit’sthelatter,weoftenfollowacertainpathanywaybecauseweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Psychologistscallthisphenomenonfunctionalfixedness.(可悲的是，即使是后者，我們通常還是會(huì)走一條特定的道路，因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)習(xí)慣了事物本來的樣子，甚至沒有意識(shí)到它們可能是不同的。心理學(xué)家稱這種現(xiàn)象為功能性固著)”可知，功能固著指的習(xí)慣了事物本來的樣子，甚至沒有意識(shí)到它們可能是不同的。故答案為Itmeansweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.6．【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段的“Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxasacandleholder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.(成功的方法是把大頭釘盒當(dāng)作燭臺(tái)。你把它倒空，釘在墻上，把蠟燭放在里面)”可知，成功的方法是把大頭釘盒當(dāng)作燭臺(tái)，釘在墻上，把蠟燭放在里面。故答案為Thesuccessfultechniqueistoplaceitintotheemptiedtackboxthatisfastenedtothewall.7．【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“Frozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid,“Itcanbefoundinhighlyintelligentpeople.”(她說，思維僵化與智力無關(guān)，“它可以在高智商的人身上找到?！?”可知，“Frozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeopleaswellasthosewithhighalthoughfrozenthinkinghasmuchtodowithintelligence.”的錯(cuò)誤之處是“hasmuchtodowithintelligence”，因?yàn)樗季S僵化和智力無關(guān)。故答案為Frozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeopleaswellasthosewithhigh10althoughfrozenthinkinghasmuchtodowithintelligence.Becausefrozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence.8．【解析】開放性問題。題干意為“你如何避免日常生活中的思維僵化？”，結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容，答案符合邏輯即可，注意詞數(shù)限制。例如：Therearetwowaystoavoidfrozenthoughts.Firstly,Icantalktopeoplewhodisagreewithme,whichisgoodformybrain.What’smore,Ialwaysthinkoutsidethebox,whichcanbroadenmythinkingincountlessways.Passage5（2022·北京師大附中三模）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問題。請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡指定區(qū)域作答。Almosteverycommunityintheworldhassomeformofrulesandsomewayofcarryingthemout.Acommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoareunitedbyanumberoffactors,includinggeography,language,andvalues.Sowhydowehaverules,andwhatmakespeoplefollowthem?Studieshavesuggestedthatthereasonwedon’tlikecheatingandrule-breakingisthatfairnessisprogrammedintoourbrains.Theyhavefoundthatthebrainreactsinaparticularwaywhenwefeelwearebeingtreatedunfairly.Thefindingsconcludedthatfairnessisabasichumanneedalongwithfoodandsocialcontact.Oursenseoffairnessdependsontheinfluencesinourculture,theimmediatesituationwearein,andourownself-interest.Arrivingatafeelingoffairnessmeansconsideringdifferent,oftenconflicting,pointsofview.Regardlessofthedisagreement,peoplealmostalwaysneedtocompromise.Butitcanbedifficulttoarriveatacompromise(妥協(xié))whenthereareconflictinginterests.Thisiswhycommunitieshaverulesthateveryonemustfollow.Socialcontrolsareanimportantfactorinsettingandfollowingrules.Theyinfluencethewaywebehaveandcanbeinternalorexternal.Internalcontrolscomefromwithinandarebasedonourvaluesandfears.Mostofusdon’tsteal,forexample,becausewebelievethattheftisunfairandwrong.Inotherwords,ourinternalcontrolskeepusfrombehavinginwaysthatcauseconflict.Externalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Theydonotcomefromwithinbutareimplementedbyanauthority—thiscouldbethegovernment,thepolice,ateacherorparents,dependingonthesituation.Rewards,suchasjobpromotions,awards,andpraise,aredesignedtoencouragepeopletobehaveandactintheinterestofthewholecommunity.Punishments,suchaspublicembarrassment,fines,andevenimprisonmentcanpreventpeoplefromactingagainstthecommunity’sbestinterests.Peopleneedtheircommunitiestofunctionsmoothly.Becauseofthis,humansmostoftenbehaveinorderly,fair,andpredictableways.Iftherewerenorules,themajorityofpeoplewouldprobablycontinuetointeractpositively.However,therewouldalwaysbeaminoritywhowouldnot,withseriousconsequences.Thisiswhyasocietywithoutrulesisunlikelytobecomearealityanytimesoon—atleastnotintherealworld.(390words)9．Whydowehaverulesandfollowthem?10．Howdosocialcontrolsinfluenceourbehavior?11．Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenchangeitandexplainwhy.Ourinternalcontrolcomesfromrewardsandpunishmentsfromanauthoritylikeourschool.12．Ifyoucouldchangearuleatyourschool/home/community,whichonewouldyouliketochange?Why?(Inabout40words)【答案】9．Topromotefairness.

Socialcontrolsinfluencethewaywebehaveandcanbeinternalorexternal.

11．Ourexternalcontrolscomesfromrewardsandpunishmentsfromanauthoritylikeourschool.Becauseexternalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Theydonotcomefromwithinbutareimplementedbyanauthority—thiscouldbethegovernment,thepolice,ateacherorparents,dependingonthesituation.

12．Inmyhome,allhouseworkisdonebymymom,whichIthinkshouldbechanged.Becauseitisunfairtodoallthehouseworkbymymom.Weshoulddoitwithhertoshowfairness,ourloveandshareofresponsibility.【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章主要講述一項(xiàng)研究表明，人們生活的社區(qū)和社會(huì)都需要有規(guī)則來促進(jìn)公平，沒有規(guī)則，社會(huì)就無法運(yùn)行。9．【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Oursenseoffairnessdependsontheinfluencesinourculture,theimmediatesituationwearein,andourownself-interest.Arrivingatafeelingoffairnessmeansconsideringdifferent,oftenconflicting,pointsofview.Regardlessofthedisagreement,peoplealmostalwaysneedtocompromise.Butitcanbedifficulttoarriveatacompromise(妥協(xié))whenthereareconflictinginterests.Thisiswhycommunitieshaverulesthateveryonemustfollow.”(我們的公平感取決于我們文化的影響，我們當(dāng)前的處境，以及我們自身的利益。達(dá)到一種公平的感覺意味著考慮不同的，經(jīng)常是相互矛盾的觀點(diǎn)。不管有什么分歧，人們幾乎總是需要妥協(xié)。但當(dāng)利益沖突時(shí)，可能很難達(dá)成妥協(xié)。這就是為什么社區(qū)有每個(gè)人都必須遵守的規(guī)則。)可知，我們每個(gè)人之所以要遵守規(guī)則，原因在于要實(shí)現(xiàn)公平。故答案為Topromotefairness。10．【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Socialcontrolsareanimportantfactorinsettingandfollowingrules.Theyinfluencethewaywebehaveandcanbeinternalorexternal.”(社會(huì)控制是制定和遵守規(guī)則的一個(gè)重要因素。它們影響我們的行為方式，可以是內(nèi)在的，也可以是外在的。)可知，社會(huì)控制從內(nèi)在和外在影響我們的行為方式。故答案為Socialcontrolsinfluencethewaywebehaveandcanbeinternalorexternal.11．【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Internalcontrolscomefromwithinandarebasedonourvaluesandfears.”(內(nèi)部控制來自內(nèi)部，基于我們的價(jià)值觀和恐懼。)和第四段“Externalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Theydonotcomefromwithinbutareimplementedbyanauthority—thiscouldbethegovernment,thepolice,ateacherorparents,dependingonthesituation.”(外部控制包括獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和懲罰。它們不是來自內(nèi)部，而是由一個(gè)權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)執(zhí)行——這可能是政府、警察、教師或家長，具體取決于具體情況。)可知，內(nèi)部控制來自內(nèi)部，基于我們的價(jià)值觀和恐懼；而外部控制是來自像學(xué)校這樣的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)執(zhí)行的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和懲罰。所以，這句話“Ourinternalcontrolcomesfromrewardsandpunishmentsfromanauthoritylikeourschool.”(我們的內(nèi)部控制來自于像我們學(xué)校這樣的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和懲罰。)是錯(cuò)誤的，主語internalcontrol應(yīng)該改成externalcontrol。故答案為Ourexternalcontrolscomesfromrewardsandpunishmentsfromanauthoritylikeourschool.Becauseexternalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Theydonotcomefromwithinbutareimplementedbyanauthority—thiscouldbethegovernment,thepolice,ateacherorparents,dependingonthesituation.12．【解析】開放性試題，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。題干問的是：如果您可以更改學(xué)校/家庭/社區(qū)的規(guī)則，您希望更改哪一條？為什么？可以自選一條更改，注意字?jǐn)?shù)。參考答案為Inmyhome,allhouseworkisdonebymymom,whichIthinkshouldbechanged.Becauseitisunfairtodoallthehouseworkbymymom.Weshoulddoitwithhertoshowfairness,ourloveandshareofresponsibility.Passage6（2022·北京通州·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）閱讀下面的短文和問題，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，在相應(yīng)題號(hào)后的橫線上寫下相關(guān)信息，完成對(duì)該問題的回答。答語要結(jié)構(gòu)正確，書寫工整，字跡清楚。Somanythingscankeepyoufromseeingyourlovedonesinperson,frombusyschedulestolongdistancestoaratherunexpectedpandemic(流行病).Fortunately,thankstomodemtechnology,thepeoplewemissareoftenonlyaphonecallortextmessageaway.Butifyou’resomeonewhopreferstypedoutmessagestoverbalones,youmaywanttoreconsider.Accordingtoscience,ifyouwanttofeelmoreconnectedtothepeopleyou’retalkingto,youshouldcalltheminsteadoftexting.Anewstudy,publishedintheJournalofExperimentalPsychology,foundthatcommunicationinteractionsthatincludedvoice,likeaphonecallorvideochat,createdstrongersocialbondsthancommunicationthroughtyping,liketextmessagingoremail.Inthestudy,researchersusedvariousexperimentstogaugeconnectedness.Inone,theyasked20peopletomakepredictionsaboutwhatitwouldbeliketoreconnectwithanoldfriendbyemailorbyphoneandthenassigneditonpeopleatrandomtodooneortheother.Althoughpeopleanticipatedthataphonecallwouldbemoreawkward,hearingsomeone’svoiceactuallymadetheexperiencebetter.“Peoplereportedtheydidformasignificantlystrongerbondwiththeiroldfriendonthephoneversusemail,andtheydidnotfeelmoreawkward,”studyco-authorAmitKumar,anassistantprofessorofmarketingattheMcCombsSchoolofBusiness,saidinastatement.Inanotherexperiment,theresearchershadstrangersconnectbyeithertexting,talkingovervideochat,ortalkingusingonlyaudio.Theyfoundthatbothformsofvoicecommunication-whethervideooraudioonly-madethestrangersfeelsignificantlymoreconnectedthanwhentheycommunicatedviatexting.SabrinaRomanoff,aHarvardtrainedclinicalpsychologistbasedinNewYorkCity,sayspeopletendtotextoremailinsteadofcallingbecauseofconvenience,astheyseeitasacontrolledformofcommunicationwheretheycan“correspondinformationexactlyinthewaytheyintendwithoutunexpectedadditionsbytheotherperson”.Romanoffsaysthatinreality,textingcanmakeithardtodeterminethetruemeaningbehindaconversation.“Aphonecallisactuallymoreconvenientwhenconsideringtheneteffectsofthemessage”sheexplains.“Eachpartyismorepresent,andthereforeabletogaugethemeaningbehindthecontentwithoutthinkingabouttheendlesspossiblemeaningsbehindword