國際市場營銷學 （原書第18版）測試題 Chapter 4 Cultural Dynamics in Assessing Global Markets

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Chapter4CulturalDynamicsinAssessingGlobalMarkets

1)Mostmarketsarestaticandtypicallydon'tchange.

2)Themannerinandamountwhichpeopleconsume,thepriorityofneedsandwantstheyattempttosatisfy,andthemannerinwhichtheysatisfythemarefunctionsoftheirculture.

3)Cultureencompassesthesumtotalofknowledge,beliefs,art,morals,laws,andcustomsacquiredbymembersofasociety.

4)Ascountriesmovefromagriculturaltoindustrialtoserviceseconomies,birthratesincrease.

5)Accordingtotraditionaldefinitions,cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.

6)AccordingtoJamesDayHodgson,formerU.S.ambassadortoJapan,cultureislikea"glassceiling"thatcanbeseenthroughandeasilyunderstoodandacquired.

7)DutchmanagementprofessorGeertHofstedearguesthatcultureprovidesaguideforhumansonhowtothinkandbehave.

8)Acculturationreferstotheprocessofbecominganagentofchangethroughinnovation.

9)AccordingtoJaredDiamondinnovationsspreadfasternorthtosouththaneasttowest.

10)AccordingtoPhilipParker,amarketingprofessor,therearestrongcorrelationsbetweentheclimateofaregionandthepercapitaGDPofcountriesinthatregion.

11)MuchofAmericantradepolicyisbasedoncotton,whichwastheoriginalsourceoftheVirginiacolony'seconomicsurvivalinthe1600s.

12)Ofthefourapproachestogovernancefoundinthe20thcentury,colonialismwastheonlyapproachthatsurvivedWorldWarII.

13)Thefamilyisanexampleofasocialinstitution.

14)Marketerswithlittleornounderstandingofareligionmayreadilyoffenddeeplybecausetheinfluenceofreligionisoftenquitestrong.

15)Formostpeople,thefirstsocialinstitutionoutsideofthehometheyareexposedtoisagovernmentsource.

16)Religionhasasignificantimpactonthevaluesystemsofasocietyandtheeffectofvaluesystemsonmarketing.

17)AccordingtotheWorldBank,nocountrywithlessthan50percentliteracyhassucceededeconomically.

18)Thefoursocialinstitutionsthatmoststronglyinfluencevaluesandcultureareschools,churches,families,andthemedia.

19)TheUncertaintyAvoidanceIndex(UAI),oneofthefourdimensionsofcultureidentifiedbyGeertHofstede,focusesonassertivenessandachievement.

20)ThePowerDistancedimensionofculture,identifiedbyGeertHofstede,referstothepreferenceforbehaviorthatpromotesone'sself-interest.

21)ThePowerDistanceIndex,identifiedbyGeertHofstede,measuresthetoleranceforsocialinequalityamongmembersofaculture.

22)AcountrythatdemonstrateslowUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexscorestendstobedistrustfulofnewideasorbehaviors.

23)WhenaculturescoreshighinIndividualism/CollectivismIndex,individualsfailtoidentifywithgroups.

24)PeoplefromcultureswithhighPowerDistanceIndexscoresaremorelikelytohaveageneraldistrustofothers.

25)CultureswithhighUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexscorestendtohavealowlevelofanxietyandstress.

26)AhighPowerDistanceIndexscoreimpliesthatthepeoplewhoholdpowerinacountryareentitledtoprivileges.

27)Whendiscussingtheelementsofculture,marriageceremoniesandfuneralsaregoodexamplesofrituals.

28)Thelanguageweuseisanexampleofaculturalsymbol.

29)Linguisticdifferencereferstothegeographicaldifferencesamongtradingnations.

30)Acompanythatdecidestodeliberatelytryandchangetheaspectsofaculturethatareinoppositiontoitsmarketinggoalsispracticingculturalcongruence.

31)Whatisacharacteristicofculture?

A)Itisradicalinnatureandreadilyacceptschange.

B)Itisthesameacrossallcountries.

C)Itisthehuman-madepartofhumanenvironment.

D)Itisstaticinnature.

E)Itisinsignificantinassessingnewmarkets.

32)Theadjectivethatbestdefinesthemarketbehaviorofanycountryis

A)evolving.

B)proactive.

C)static.

D)constant.

E)fixed.

33)Whenmarketersfirstintroducedthepersonaldigitalassistant(PDA)toAmericanconsumers,theyactedas________becausetheculturalimpactoftheproductbecamewidespread.

A)gatekeepers

B)conciliators

C)agentsofsocialization

D)agentsofchange

E)arbitrators

34)Howhaveculture-basedsuperstitionsaffectedthebirthrateinJapan?

A)TheJapanesearenotaffectedbyculturalbeliefssothereisnocorrelationwithbirthrates.

B)Superstitionshavecoincidedwithadeclineinthebirthrateincertainyears.

C)MostJapanesewomenfavortheideaof"onefamily/onechild."

D)WhileeconomicconditionsaffectbirthratesinJapan,culturalbeliefsdonot.

E)Japanismostlyanagriculturalsocietyandcultureimpliesthatmanychildrenarebeneficial.

35)Whatactionisimportantformarketerstotakeinordertobeeffectiveinaforeignmarket?

A)learningtoappreciatetheintricaciesofculturesdifferentfromtheirown

B)ensuringthatthepromotionsfortheproductareindifferenttosocialbeliefs

C)adheringtotheprominentprejudicesinone'sownsociety

D)creatingproductdifferentiationbybeingindifferenttothecultureoftheforeignmarket

E)makingtheproductrelatetoone'sownreligion

36)AccordingtoDutchmanagementprofessorGeertHofstede,culturecanbereferredtoasthe

A)"softwareofthemind."

B)"definingfactoroflife."

C)"conflictofcivilizationversusthemasses."

D)"tooloftheelite."

E)"art'striumphoverbanality."

37)Inorderforculturetoexistitmustbe

A)agreeduponbyanentirenation.

B)transmittedfromonegenerationtothenext.

C)individualizedanddifferentforeveryone.

D)seenastheanswertoallissues.

E)usedtocreatenewritualsandnorms.

38)JamesDayHodgson,formerU.S.ambassadortoJapan,describescultureasa(n)________,whichaccordingtohimistoughtogetthrough,buteffortandpatiencecouldoftenleadtosuccess.

A)glassceiling

B)maze

C)intelligencetest

D)thicket

E)perseverancetest

39)AccordingtoEdwardHall'scommentsonculture,whichactioncouldhurtcompaniesandcareersinforeignmarkets?

A)adherencetothesocialnormsoftheforeignmarket

B)beingagentsofchangeinthenewmarket

C)ignoranceofculturaldifferencesintheforeignmarket

D)strictfollowingofthepoliticalrulesoftheforeignsociety

E)considerationoftheeconomicsystemofthenewmarket

40)Theprocessofadjustingtoanewcultureisknownas

A)diffusion.

B)culturetransfer.

C)acculturation.

D)assimilation.

E)transference.

41)Youngchildrenlearnaboutsocialinstitutionsfromtheirfamiliesandwhentheygotoschool.Thisprocessoflearningiscalled

A)anarchy.

B)socialization.

C)culturalapathy.

D)cognitivedissonance.

E)socialrebellion.

42)Mosttraditionaldefinitionsof________centeraroundthenotionthatitisthesumofthevalues,rituals,symbols,beliefs,andthoughtprocessesthatarelearned,sharedbyagroupofpeople,andtransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.

A)economy

B)sensitivity

C)population

D)demography

E)culture

43)Juanitagrewuplearningagreatdealaboutculturefromherschool,thechurch,themedia,andherfamily.Thisisanexampleof

A)acculturation.

B)socialization.

C)naturalization.

D)emancipation.

E)classification.

44)LisetteisexcitedabouthernewhomeinRome.Shehasbeengiventheopportunitytolearnaboutanewculture,formnewfriendships,andcapitalizeonopportunitiesthatwerenotavailableinherpreviousworkplacebasedinAtlanta.Inthisscenario,Lisetteisgoingthrough________assheadjuststolivinginRome.

A)acculturation

B)classification

C)naturalization

D)emancipation

E)standardization

45)Adesertnationwouldnotrelyonagriculturalcropstoboostitseconomy.Thisshowshow________canaffectsocialculture.

A)geography

B)religion

C)history

D)politics

E)technology

46)WhatistrueaboutProfessorJaredDiamond'sideasregardingtheinfluenceofgeographyonhistoryandculturalvalues?

A)Peopleintheplainsaremorelikelytoinvadethanthosesettledinhigheraltitudes.

B)Historically,societiesinthenorthhavebeenmoredevelopedthanthoseinthesouth.

C)Civilizationsnearmajorriversaremoredevelopedthanthosesettlednearmajoroceans.

D)Historically,innovationsspreadfastereasttowestthannorthtosouth.

E)Historically,invasionsbywarriortribeshavealwayshappenedfromwesttoeast.

47)Thebabyboomgenerationhasaffectedconsumptionpatternsaroundtheworldsinceitstartedandcontinuestodosotoday.Thisisoneexampleofhow________canbereflectedinsocialinstitutions.

A)thepoliticaleconomy

B)history

C)technology

D)socialinstitutions

E)geography

48)Newcolaalternatives(MeccaCola,MuslimUp,ArabCola,andColaTurka)sprangupafterthemilitaryconflictsintheMiddleEastin2003.Thisisanexamplethatshowshow

A)Coca-Colaplayedanimportantroleineasingtheculturaldivideamongthewarringnations.

B)Coca-Colacateredtonewmarketsthroughstandardization.

C)specificeventsinhistorycaninfluenceconsumerbehavior.

D)businessesexploitcheaphumanlaborduringwartimes.

E)technologyinfluencesmarketingpractices.

49)Whichtechnologicalinnovationhashadagreatimpactonthegender-baseddeterminationofresponsibilitiesandroles?

A)mobilephones

B)computers

C)aircrafts

D)optogenetics

E)birthcontroltechniques

50)Howhastheuseofbirthcontrolpillsaffectedsocialinstitutions?

A)Educationalinstitutionsarefindingittoughertofillinseats.

B)Midwifery,asaprofession,isbecomingextinct.

C)Moremenandwomenareopposingtheideaof"one-childfamily."

D)Womenandmenareincreasinglyadheringtotraditionalgenderroles.

E)Schoolsareforcedtoaddressissueslikeabstinenceandcondomdistribution.

51)________inIndiaisasocialinstitutionthatinfluencestherolesandstatuspositionsfoundwithinIndiansociety.

A)Acountryclub

B)TheKuKluxKlan

C)TheTajMahal

D)Asingle-personhousehold

E)Thecastesystem

52)Oneindicatorofthenarrowing________gapbetweenthesexesisthefactthatthemajorityofuniversitystudentsintheUnitedStatesarewomen.

A)emotional

B)biological

C)identity

D)education

E)language

53)Inmostcultures,thefirstsocialinstitutioninfantsareexposedtooutsidethehomeisintheformofa

A)day-carecenter.

B)school.

C)religiousinstitution.

D)shoppingmall.

E)governmentagency.

54)Whatistrueofeducationandtheliteracyrateofacountry?

A)AccordingtotheWorldBank,evencountrieswithlessthan50percentliteracyhavebeeneconomicallysuccessful.

B)Numerousstudiesindicateadirectlinkbetweentheliteracyrateofacountryanditscapabilityforrapideconomicgrowth.

C)Communicatinginaliteratemarketismuchmoredifficultthancommunicatingwithoneinwhichamarketermustdependonpicturesandsymbols.

D)Increasingly,schoolsareseenasleadingtonegativeculturalchanges.

E)Comparedtogovernments,educationhasrelativelylittleinfluenceonculture.

55)Howhastheadventofwomenjoiningtheworkforceingrowingnumbersforthepast30yearsaffectedAmericanculture?

A)anincreaseinthedesireforlargefamiliesamongtheAmericanpopulation

B)anincreaseintheunderestimationofwomenintheAmericanculture

C)adecreaseineconomicdevelopment

D)adecreaseintheinfluenceoffamilyonAmericanculture

E)adecreaseinthenumberofsingle-personhouseholdsinthecountry

56)Whichsocialinstitutionthathasreplacedfamilytime,domanypeoplepointtoashavingdetrimentaleffectsonsociety?

A)school

B)literacy

C)religion

D)family

E)media

57)Ofthefollowingcountries,whichrequirestheleastnumberofschooldaysinayearforelementaryagestudents?

A)China

B)India

C)UnitedStates

D)Japan

E)Germany

58)Comparedwithothersocietalforces,howdoestheroleofgovernmentinfluencesocialculture?

A)Governmentsinfluencethinkingandbehaviorthroughtheenforcementofavarietyoflawsaffectingconsumptionandmarketingbehaviors.

B)Comparedwiththeearlyanddirectinfluencesoffamily,religion,school,andthemedia,governmentsholdrelativelymoresway.

C)AmericansincreasinglycomplainaboutthedetrimentaleffectsofthegovernmentonAmericanculture.

D)Governmentsinfluenceallaspectsofthecultureexceptforconsumerbehavior.

E)Governmentsarethefirstsocialinstitutionapersonisexposedtooutsidehisorherhomeinallcultures.

59)Whichsocialinstitutionintroducesmostinnovationstosociety?

A)corporations

B)schools

C)government

D)family

E)religion

60)Whatarethefiveelementsofculture?

A)systems,history,government,religion,awareness

B)values,rituals,symbols,beliefs,thoughtprocesses

C)institutions,associations,entities,groups,teams

D)facts,opinions,beliefs,values,norms

E)corporations,individuals,government,processes,outcomes

61)AdditionalstudiesbasedonGeertHofstede'soriginalstudyofhowculturesdifferidentifiedthefifthdimensionknownas

A)PowerDistanceIndex.

B)UncertaintyAvoidanceorientation.

C)Long-termOrientation.

D)Masculinity/FemininityIndex.

E)Individualism/Collectivismorientation.

62)WhichofthedimensionsidentifiedbyHofstedeinhisstudyofhowculturesdifferreferstotheextenttowhichpeopletrytocontroltheirdesiresandimpulses?

A)Long-termOrientation

B)UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex

C)Accommodation

D)Self-actualization

E)Indulgence

63)Inthecontextofculturalvalues,the________Indexreferstothepreferenceforbehaviorthatpromotesone'sself-interest.

A)Individualism/Collectivism

B)PowerDistance

C)UncertaintyAvoidance

D)Masculinity/Femininity

E)Linguistic

64)TheUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexmeasuresthetoleranceofuncertaintyand________amongmembersofasociety.

A)inequality

B)subjugation

C)ambiguity

D)oppression

E)hierarchy

65)OnthebasisofHofstede'sfourdimensions,cultureswithhighPowerDistanceIndex(PDI)scorestendto

A)besecular.

B)behierarchical.

C)beflatinorganization.

D)valueequality.

E)citeknowledgeasasourceofpower.

66)Mae-Junworksatanoverseasbranchofherorganization.Sheneedsclarificationaboutaprojectandapproachesaseniormanagerhopingtogetagoodexplanation.However,sheistoldthatonlytheteamleadsareallowedtoapproachtheseniormanagersandsentaway.Inthisscenario,theorganizationismostlikelytohavea________score.

A)highIndividualism/CollectiveIndex

B)highPowerDistanceIndex

C)lowIndividualism/CollectiveIndex

D)lowPowerDistanceIndex

E)highUncertaintyAvoidanceIndex

67)Peoplefromwhichculturesaremorelikelytohaveageneraldistrustofothers(notthoseintheirgroups)becausepowerisseentorestwithindividualsandiscoerciveratherthanlegitimate?

A)cultureswithahighIndividualism/CollectiveIndexscore

B)cultureswithahighPowerDistanceIndexscore

C)cultureswithalowIndividualism/CollectiveIndexscore

D)cultureswithalowPowerDistanceIndexscore

E)cultureswithahighUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexscore

68)KendallworksatarefugeecampinHaiti.Shewitnesseshighlevelsofanxietyandstressandknowsthateveryoneisconcernedwithsecurityandrulefollowing.WhichaspectofHofstede'sdimensionsdoesthisreflect?

A)PowerDistanceIndex

B)Individualism/CollectivismIndex

C)DistancefromEnglishIndex

D)UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex

E)Masculinity/FemininityIndex

69)CultureswhicharelowinUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexaremorelikelyto

A)seekabsolutetruth.

B)accordahighlevelofimportancetorulesasameansofavoidingrisk.

C)bedistrustfulofnewideasorbehaviors.

D)dogmaticallysticktohistoricallytestedpatternsofbehavior.

E)takeamoreempiricalapproachtounderstandingandknowledge.

70)Aculturewithalow________scoreislikelytohavegreaterrespectforequality.

A)PowerDistanceIndex

B)Individualism/CollectivismIndex

C)DistancefromEnglishIndex

D)UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex

E)Masculinity/FemininityIndex

71)________pertainstosocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthonwardareintegratedintostrong,cohesivegroups.

A)Powerdistance

B)Individualism

C)Uncertainty

D)Collectivism

E)Masculinity

72)InaculturewithahighUncertaintyAvoidanceIndex(UAI),youaremorelikelytofindthatmembers

A)arehighlytolerantofambiguity.

B)tendtohavealowlevelofanxiety.

C)havealowlevelofconcernwithsecurityandrulefollowing.

D)takeamoreempiricalapproachtounderstandingandknowledge.

E)seekabsolutetruth.

73)UnlikeinvestorsinJapan,manyinvestorsintheUnitedStatesarewillingtotaketheriskofastockmarketinvestment.Whichculturaldimensiondoesthisreflect?

A)UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex

B)Masculinity/FemininityIndex

C)PowerDistanceIndex

D)Individualism/CollectivismIndex

E)IndulgenceIndex

74)Inthecontextofculturalvalues,whichstatementsistrue?

A)Countriesthatarehighinindividualismandlowinuncertaintyavoidancetendtobemoreinnovative.

B)Diffusionofinnovationswillbefastincountriesthatarelowonindividualismandhighonuncertaintyavoidance.

C)BasedontheexperimentsdonewithAmericanandChinesestudents,individualisticculturestendtorespondmorefavorablytoself-focusedappeals.

D)BasedontheexperimentsdonewithAmericanandChinesestudents,emotionalappealstendtoattractpeoplefromcollectivisticcultures.

E)BasedontheexperimentsdonewithAmericanandChinesestudents,individualsdislikethenoveltyinrelationtotheirowncultures.

75)Ritualsarepatternsofbehaviorandinteractionthatare

A)learnedandrepeated.

B)scientificallyproven.

C)enforcedbygovernments.

D)thesameacrossallcultures.

E)universallyacceptedasproperbehavior.

76)AccordingtoanthropologistEdwardT.Hall,cultureis

A)all-encompassing.

B)relativelyminorintheschemeoflife.

C)communication.

D)stronglylinkedtophysiology.

E)standardthroughouttheworld.

77)Insomepartsoftheworld,languageisitselfthoughtofasasocialinstitution,oftenwithpoliticalimportance.Whichcountrybestexemplifiesthisstatement?

A)Australia

B)UnitedStates

C)France

D)Mexico

E)Switzerland

78)Themeasureofthedifferencesbetweenlanguageisknownaslinguistic

A)origin.

B)distance.

C)recency.

D)lining.

E)rule.

79)SelenaworksforaU.S.-basedmanufacturingcompanythatwantstobuildaplantinIndonesia.Selenaisconcernedaboutthelanguagebarriersbecausesheknowsmorethan300languagesarespokenthroughoutIndonesia.WhatisSelena'smainconcern?

A)ethnocentrism

B)linguisticdistance

C)powerdistance.

D)aesthetics

E)individualism

80)Theaestheticsofaculturearefoundin

A)thearts,music,dance,anddress.

B)theacceptanceofpowerbycertainindividuals.

C)thelevelofeducationinacountry.

D)theagreementbetweenthoseinpowerandthosewhoserve.

E)thelanguagespecifictothatculture.

81)FengshuiisaChinese________,consideredtobetheprocessthatlinkshumansandtheuniversetoch'i,theenergythatsustainslifeandflowsthroughourbodiesandsurroundings,inandaroundourhomesandworkplaces.

A)folklore

B)fairytale

C)belief

D)fable

E)myth

82)BasedonthemetaphorforRichardNisbett'sviewsinvolvingConfucius'sworthypicture,whatishisanalysisregardingthethoughtprocessorperceptualprocessofWesterners?

A)Westernerscanprovidegreatdetailsaboutcentralfiguresbutseerelativelylittleinthebackground.

B)Westernersobservethingssequentially,thusfailtocomprehendthelargerpicture.

C)Westernersaregoodatobservingdetailsbutfailtocomprehendthecentralmessage.

D)Westernerspreferlargerthanlifefigurestoconveymessages.

E)Westernerscanreportdetailsaboutthebackgroundandforeground.

83)________referstobeingattunedtothenuancesofculturesothatanewculturecanbeviewedobjectively,evaluated,andappreciated.

A)Culturalshock

B)Culturalapathy

C)Counterculture

D)Culturalsensitivity

E)Culturetransfer

84)________isbestdefinedasaresponsibleefforttolearnfromothers'culturalwaysinthequestforbettersolutionstoasociety'sparticularproblems.

A)Culturalapathy

B)Culturalborrowing

C)Culturalsensitivity

D)Culturalaestheticism

E)Culturalassimilation

85)Jasonisamarketingmanagerforalargebreakfastcerealcompany.HeknowsthatmostpeopleinChinaeatbreakfastlikeeveryoneelseintheworld,buthealsounderstandsthattheymaynotwantthesugar-ladencerealshiscompanyisknownforandheshouldconsiderpromotinghealthiercerealoptionsinstead.Jasonisrevealingcultural________ashemakeshisdecision.

A)insensitivity

B)ethnocentrism

C)apathy

D)empathy

E)indifference

86)Jessicaisnewtointernationalmarketingandassumesthatifacountryspeaksasimilarlanguageasanothercountrythenbothofthosecountrieswillalsobeinterestedinthesametypesofproductsandservices.Jessicaappearstobesufferingfrom

A)ethnocentrism.

B)cognitivedissonance.

C)anillusionofsimilarity.

D)culturalsensitivity.

E)culturalborrowing.

87)Innovationsthataremostreadilyacceptedarethosethat

A)catertothevaluesofthepredominantreligionofthesociety.

B)propagatefaithinasetofbeliefsdifferentfromtheexistingbeliefs.

C)areapathetictotheexistingculturalbeliefs.

D)holdthegreatestinterestwithinthesocietyandthosethatareleastdisruptive.

E)offersomeinsightintotheaestheticsoftheexistingculture.

88)ModernmedicinehasthrivedintheUnitedStatestogetherwiththeuseofherbalremediesfromSouthAmerica.Thisisanexampleof

A)culturalombudsmanship.

B)culturalshock.

C)culturalhegemony.

D)culturalsensitivity.

E)culturalborrowing.

89)________referstoastrategythatinvolvesmarketingproductssimilartoonesalreadyonthemarket,therebyminimizingresistance.

A)Plannedchange

B)Culturalcongruence

C)Guerillamarketing

D)Lateralmarketing

E)Cultureequalization

90)Thestrategyof________deliberatelysetsouttoalterthoseaspectsofthecultureofferingresistancetopredeterminedmarketinggoals.

A)plannedchange

B)top-downchange

C)guerillamarketing

D)differentiatedmarketing

E)culturalcongruence

91)Nathandecideditwouldbebestforhiscompanytointroducealow-caloriedrinkproductintotheSouthAmericanmarketthatissimilartootherproductsalreadyinplaceinthecountry.HefeltthiswouldleadtolessresistanceonthepartoftheSouthAmericanconsumerandtheproductswouldsellwell.WhattypeofstrategyisNathanusing?

A)linguisticdistance

B)culturalintolerance

C)plannedchange

D)unplannedobsolescence

E)culturalcongruence

92)Thefirststepinbringingaboutplannedchangeinasocietyisto

A)determinewhichculturalfactorsc