2022年考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案解析

2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

?Trustisatrickybusiness.②Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition_1_

manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.③Ontheotherhand,putting

your2inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.

①4,whydowetrustatall②Well,becauseitfeelsgood.③5people

placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,

ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstinctthat

promptshumansto7withoneanother.?Scientistshavefoundthatexposure_8

thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayed

oxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolend

significantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaled

somethingelse.

?11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.

②ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13

acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadult

testerholdingaplasticcontainer.③Thetesterwouldask,〃W'hat'sinhere"before

lookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,〃Wow!〃④Eachsubjectwasthen

invitedtolook15.⑤Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16the

containerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.

?Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperate

withthetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhis

leadership.②19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe20"tester

participatedinafollow-upactivity.

1.[A]from[B]for[C]like[D]on

2.[A]attention[B]concern[C]faith[D]interest

3.[A]benefit[B]price[C]debt[D]hope

4.[A]Again[B]Instead[C]Therefore[D]Then

5[ATrBu

JWhenLUnlessAlthoughUntil

6rATFBT

LJLJ

Aselectsappliesproducesmaintains

7rTrBT

LJconnectLJcompeteconsultcompare

rc1o

8.[A]by[B]toLJat

rcT

9.[A]context[B]circleLJperiodmood

rcT

10.[A]counterparts[B]colleaguesLJsubstitutessupporters

rc1

11.[A]Odd[B]FunnyLJLuckyIronic

rcu

12.[A]protect[B]delightLsurprise[D]monitor

rcT

13.[A]over[B]withinLJtoward[D]between

rcT

14.[A][B]LJ[D]

addedtransferredcintroducedentrusted

rT

LJ

15.[A]out[B]insidecback[D]around

r1

LJ

16.[A]proved[B]rememberedcinsisted[D]discovered

rT

LJ

17.[A]fooled[B]mockedcbetrayed[D]wronged

r1

LJ

18.[A]forced[B]willingchesitant[D]entitled

rT

19.[A]Onthewhole[B]AsaresultLcJForinstance[D]Incontrast

rT

20.[A]incapable[B]inflexibleLJunreliable[D]unsuitable

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answertheuestionsaftereachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

?Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobably

gounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscome

fortheirjobs

①Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.②AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathigh

riskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddle

classdisproportionatelysueezed.?Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycare

don，tappealtorobots.?Butmanymiddle-classoccupations一trucking,financial

advice,softwareengineering-havearousedLheirinLeresL,orsoonwill.⑤Therich

owntherobots,sotheywillbefine.

?Thisisn'ttobealarmist.?Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheaval

hasbenefitedworkersinthepast.③TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellfor

Ludditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraised

livingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.?Likewise,automation

shouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,and

freeworkersfromhard,boringwork.⑤Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers

gramnarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmore

oncreativityandcomplexcommunication.?Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjob

offosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.(4)

Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.?Itcouldmakeextratraining

andinstructionaffordable.?Professionalstryingtoacuirenewskillswillbeable

todosowithoutgoingintodebt.

?ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.to

reviveiIsfadingbusinessdyiiaiiiisiii;StarlingnewcomptifiiesmusIbemadeeasier.②

Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthe

transitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.(3)Thebestusesof3D

printersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.④TheU.S.needsthenew

companiesthatwillinventthem.

①Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincome

andlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.②Taxeson

low-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcredit

shouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesfor

jobcreation,andreduceineuality.

?Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,

yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupended

byautomation.?Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.

③Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation

[A]Leadingpoliticians.

[B]Low-wagelaborers.

[C]Robotowners.

[D]Middle-classworkers.

22.Whichofthefollowingbest,representstheauthorsview

[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.

[B]Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.

[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.

[D]Negativeconseuencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.

23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison

[A]creativepotential.

[B]job-huntingskills.

[C]individualneeds.

[D]cooperativespirit.

24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat

[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.

[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.

[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.

[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.

25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith

[A]opposingviewsonit.

[B]possiblesolutionstoit.

[C]itsalarmingimpacts.

[D]ilsmajorvcirialioiiti.

Text2

①AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericans

disapproveofPresidentTrumpJsuseofTwitter.②TheimplicationisthatMillennials

prefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,notapresident'

ssocialmediaplatform.

?MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.(2)Yetasdistrust

hasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracy

skills.③Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.?Duringthe2022presidentialcampaign,

nearlyauarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycritical

stateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.⑤Andasurvey

concuctedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrust

newsfromthemediagiant.

①Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulat

separatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.②AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurvey

ofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust“toverify

stories.(3)Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives

一especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.④“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreat

dealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselves2ndactivelyseekingout

opposingviewpoints,thesurveyconcluded.

①Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.②A2022surveyconductedin

Australia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madison

foundthatyoungpeople's1'elianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpolitical

engagement.

①Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyand

immediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheir

valuesandinterests.②Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirrolein

passingalonginformation.③AsurveybyBarnaresearchgrcupfoundthetopreason

5

givenbvAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenoniswreadererror,"moresothan

made-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.④Aboutathirdsaytheproblem

offakenewsliesinamisinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews“viasocial

media.⑤Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart

oftheissue.⑥“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin

counteractingthisproblem,saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

①Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyreveal

amentaldisciplineinthinkingskills一andintheirchoicescnwhentoshareonsocial

media.

26.AccordingtoParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubton

[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.

[B]people*spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.

[C]theadministration'sabilitytohandleinformatior.

[D]socialmediaasareliablesourceofnews.

27.Thephrase“beefup〃(Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]boast.

[B]define.

[C]sharpen.

[D]share.

28.AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeople

[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.

[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiversesources.

[C]haveastrongsenseofsocialresponsibility.

[D]liketoexchangeviewson^distributedtrust”.

29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis

[A]readers，misinterpretation.

[B]journalists'biasedreporting.

[C]readers*outdatedvalues.

[D]journalists'made-upstories.

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

[A]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

[B]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia

[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests

Text3

①Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain*s

NationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsides

meanwell.②DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companies

intheworld.③Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,but

itcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.?Itis

againstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,has

issuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,which

handedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2022onthebasisof

avagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients,rightsandtheir

expectationsofprivacy.

?DeepMindhasalmostapologised.②TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.?Further

arrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefully

scrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsand

allunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.④Therearelessonsaboutinformedpalieiil

consenttolearn.@Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhe

mostimportant.?MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,since

underexistinglawit“controlled"thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"it.

?Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,not

themerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

?Thegreatuestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathat

ourlivesnowgenerate.?Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividual

fromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.③Thatmissesthewaythesurveillance

economyworks.@Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitis

comparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

?Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightly

maladapted.②Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.③Itisnotenoughto

saythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.(4)

Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusing

publicresources.⑤Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdrugsnow

can,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasbigpharmahasdone.⑥Wearestillat

thebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegigantic

conseuenceslater.?Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigital

feudalism.⑧MsDenham'sreportisaWPIcompstart.

31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind

[A]Itfellshortofthelatter*sexpectations.

rBT

LJItcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

rCT

LJ1

DItfailedtopaydueattentiontopatientsrights.

rT

LJItputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham,sverdictwith

[A]emptypromises.

[B]toughresistance.

[C]sincereapologies.

[D]necessaryadjustments.

33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.

[B]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit.

[C]makingprofitsfrompatients*dataisillegal.

[D]leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis

[A]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

[B]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

[C]theuiiuoulioileduseofnewsoftware.

[D]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

35.Theauthor，sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis

[A]ambiguous.

[B]appreciative.

[C]cautious.

[D]contemptuous.

Text4

①TheU.S.PostalService(ISPS)continuestobleedredink.②Ttreportedanet

lossof$5.6billionforfiscal2022,the10''straightyearitsexpenseshaveexceeded

revenue.?Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostly

foremployeehealthandretirementcosts.④Therearemanyreasonsthisformerly

stablefederalinstitutionfindsitselfonthevergeofbankruptcy.?Fundamenta11y,

theUSPSisinahistoricsueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently

decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatory

structurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenew

reality.

①Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexert

self-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthat

whateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusuotheydepend

ongetprotected.②Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailed

inrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferring

vitalmodernization.

?Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,thePostal

Service,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers-hasfinallyagreedonaplan

tofixthesystem.?LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPS

anestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,

amongothersurvivalmeasures.③Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letter

stepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealth

care,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunions.

?IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate

一wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimum

necessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.②There's

nochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthat

personnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagencyJscosts.③Alsomissingisany

discussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.④Thatcommon-sensechange

enjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.⑤Butpostal

special-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.@Theemerging

consensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedabout

apoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.?Itisnot,however,

asignthatthey'regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe

21stcentury.

36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby

[A]itsunbalancedbudget.

[B]itsrigidmanagement.

[C]thecostfortechnicalupgrading.

[D]thewithdrawalofbanksupport.

37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto

[A]theinterferencefrominterestgroups.

[B]theinadeuatefundingfromCongress.

[C]theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.

[D]theincompetenceofpostalunions.

38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby

[A]removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.

[B]makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.

[C]adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.

[D]attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.

39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith

[A]respect.

[B]tolerance.

[C]discontent.

[D]gratitude.

40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

[A]TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays

[B]ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese

[C]TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessReuiresauickCure

[D]ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-Aid

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Foruestions41-45,

youarereuiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextby

choosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.

ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyouranswersonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepare

plansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.Thecommissionwas

alsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothe

horrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobe

erectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpire

styledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingto

houseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.

B.Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,

withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,

andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciled

wallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,where

elaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmaruetryfloorsdecoratedtheoffice

oftheSecretary.

C.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethree

ExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingand

conductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastuarterofthenineteenth

centuryandthefirstuarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnited

Statesemergedasaninternationalpower.ThebuiIdinghashousedsomeofthe

nation'smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany

historicevents.

D.Manyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricalevents

thathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.

Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,Gerald

Ford,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecoming

President.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and

24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapanese

emissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearl

Earbor.

E.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniuepositioninboth

thenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.Designed

bySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom

1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,

andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitecture

inthecountry.

F.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.WhentheEEOB

wasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2miles

ofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinferiordetailisofcast

ironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eight

iiiuiiuiiieulcilcurvingslaircdsesofgiaiiilewithover4,000individuallycastbronze

balustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.

G.IhehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirst

executiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires

(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledto

t