2024秋高中英語Unit15LearningSectionⅢGrammar學(xué)案含解析北師大版必修5

PAGEUnit15LearningSectionⅢGrammar單元語法項(xiàng)目(一)——虛擬語氣(Ⅰ)[語法圖解][視察]①IfIwereyou,Iwouldfollowhisadvice.②IfI'dwantedtoseethem,Iwouldhavehadtovisittheminperson.③IfIhadtimetomorrow,Iwouldattendtheconcert.④Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetingwouldbeputoff.⑤IfIshoulddotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.⑥Hadyouinformedmeearlier,Iwouldn'thavesignedthecontract.⑦Butfortherain(＝Ifithadn'trained),weshouldhavearrivedyesterday.⑧I'mreallybusy,otherwiseIwouldcertainlygowithyou.(otherwise＝ifIwerenotsobusy)⑨Ifhewerealivenow,hemighthavegrownintoahandsomeyoungman.[發(fā)覺](1)句①表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣；句②表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣；③、④、⑤句表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。(2)句⑥中if省略，從句要倒裝。(3)虛擬條件句中，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞一般用were。(4)⑦、⑧句是含蓄虛擬條件句；句⑨是錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句，從句說明的是現(xiàn)在的狀況，主句說明的是過去的狀況。在英語中，語氣分為陳述語氣、疑問語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、揣測(cè)或建議，多表示與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的改變形式來表示。虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句中1．條件從句有兩類：①真實(shí)條件句。假如假設(shè)的狀況有可能發(fā)生，就是“真實(shí)條件句”。*Iftimepermits,we'llgofishingtogether.假如時(shí)間允許的話，我們就一起去釣魚。②虛擬條件句。假如假設(shè)的狀況與事實(shí)相反，則為“虛擬條件句”。*Ifithadrainedyesterday,wewouldhavestayedathome.假如昨天下雨的話，我們就會(huì)待在家里。2．虛擬語氣在虛擬條件句中的用法：IfIhadtimenow,Iwouldgowithyou.假如現(xiàn)在有空的話，我就和你去了。(事實(shí)是“我沒有時(shí)間”)IfIwereyou,Icouldtakehisadvice.假如我是你，我可能就接受他的建議了。(事實(shí)是“我不是你”)Ifhecametomorrow,Iwoulddoitwithhim.假如明天他來的話，我就跟他一起做這件事。(事實(shí)是“明天他很可能不來”)Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetwouldbeputoff.假如明天下雨，運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)就會(huì)被推遲。(事實(shí)是“明天很可能不下雨”)Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow,wewouldtakephotos.假如明天下雪，我們就照相。(事實(shí)是“明天很可能不下雪”)Ifwehadknownthatshewastoarriveyesterday,wecouldhavemetheratthestation.假如我們知道她昨天到，我們就會(huì)去車站接她了。(事實(shí)是“昨天不知道”)3．be動(dòng)詞在虛擬條件句中的形式在虛擬條件句中，動(dòng)詞be的過去式通常用were(不管是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù))，但在現(xiàn)代英語中，單數(shù)狀況也可以用was。但是在某些表達(dá)(ifIwereyou,asitwere等)中，be只能用were。Wecouldaskhimifhewere/washere.他要是在這里，我們就可以問問他了。Theskyiscovered,asitwere，withablackcurtain.天空似乎是被黑幕遮住了似的。4．虛擬條件句的倒裝假如從句中有were/should/had(“had”是過去完成時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞)時(shí)，省略if的同時(shí)，把該詞提到主語的前面，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。IfIhadhadanymoneywithme,Icouldhavelentyousome.→HadIhadanymoneywithme,Icouldhavelentyousome.要是我當(dāng)時(shí)有錢的話，我會(huì)借給你一些。[即學(xué)即用1]單句語法填空(1)Iftheyhad_arrived(arrive)atthecinemahalfanhourearlier,theywouldhaveseentheactorstarredinthefilm.(2)Hadtheparentsbeenmorecareful,thechildwouldn'thavebeenlost.(3)IfIshould_see/were_to_see/saw(see)himtomorrow,Iwouldinvitehimhome.(4)IfIhad(have)enoughmoney,IwouldfirstofallbuymyselfaDELLcomputer.4．錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬句當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一樣時(shí)，這種虛擬條件句稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬句。動(dòng)詞的形式要依據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。例如：Ifyouhadtakenthedoctor'sadvice,youwouldbebetternow.假如你聽從了醫(yī)生的建議，你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好多了。Ifyouhadstudiedhardbefore,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.假如你以前努力學(xué)習(xí)，你現(xiàn)在就是一名高校生了。5．含蓄條件句有時(shí)假設(shè)的狀況并不以條件句表示出來，而是暗含在上下文中，比如通過with,without,butfor,otherwise,or等詞或短語來表示。例如：Whatcouldyoudowithamilliondollars？(＝Ifyouhadamilliondollars)你會(huì)用一百萬美元來干什么？Wecouldn'thavefinishedtheworkintimewithoutyourhelp.(＝Ifwehadn'tgotyourhelp)沒有你的幫助我們不行能剛好完成這項(xiàng)工作。Iwassobusythen.Otherwise,Iwouldhavetoldhimtheanswer.(＝IfIhadnotbeensobusythen)那時(shí)我太忙了。否則我會(huì)告知他答案的。Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday,orIcouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.(＝Ifhehadnottelephonedtoinform...)他打電話告知我你的生日，否則我會(huì)對(duì)此一竅不通。[即學(xué)即用2]完成句子(1)Ifhehad_joined_the_armythirtyyearsago,hewould_beageneralnow.假如30年前他參了軍，他現(xiàn)在就是將軍了。(2)Givenmoretime,hecould_have_doneitbetter.再多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間他可能會(huì)做得更好。(3)Withoutyourhelp,wecouldn't_have_finishedourworkontime.沒有你的幫助，我們不行能按時(shí)完成我們的工作的。(4)Hetoldmeaboutyourcoming,orIwould_have_knownnothingaboutit.他告知我你來了，否則我根本一竅不通。單元語法項(xiàng)目(二)——虛擬語氣(Ⅱ)[語法圖解][視察]①Itisnecessarythatwe(should)masteraforeignlanguagetofindagoodjob.②Wesuggestedthatshe(should)seeadoctor.③Hisproposalisthatwe(should)getridofbadhabits.④Hegaveordersthattheguests(should)behospitablyentertained.⑤Itishightimethatyouwent/shouldgotoschool.⑥Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.⑦IwishIwereastallasYaoMing.⑧Ican'thelpyounow.Youshouldhavetoldmethenewsearlier.[發(fā)覺](1)例句①②③④中，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬語氣。(2)例句⑤中，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式或should＋動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬語氣。(3)例句⑥中用一般過去時(shí)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。(4)例句⑦中，wish后的賓語從句用一般過去時(shí)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。(5)例句⑧中用shouldhavedone表示虛擬語氣，意為“本該做某事而事實(shí)上未做”。一、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣1．表示“堅(jiān)持”“吩咐”“建議”“要求”等后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣。這類動(dòng)詞歸納為：“一個(gè)堅(jiān)持(insist)、兩個(gè)吩咐(order,command)、三個(gè)建議(advise,suggest,propose)、四個(gè)要求(demand,require,request,ask)”，這類虛擬語氣由“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should通?？梢允÷?。Theexaminationinstructoraskedthatthestudents(should)notuseacalculator.考官要求學(xué)生不要運(yùn)用計(jì)算器。Hedemandsthathe(should)betoldeverything.他要求將一切都告知他。留意：suggest表示“示意，表明”，insist表示“堅(jiān)持說，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)，其后賓語從句用陳述語氣。Herpalefacesuggestedthatshewasill,sowesuggestedthatshebesenttohospitalatonce.她蒼白的臉色表明她生病了。所以，我們建議馬上送她去醫(yī)院。Heinsistedthathehaddonenothingwrongandthathebesetfreeatonce.他堅(jiān)持說他什么都沒做錯(cuò)，并堅(jiān)決要求馬上被釋放。2．wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句一般表示不行能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，需用虛擬語氣，謂語動(dòng)詞有以下三種形式：IwishIkneweverythingintheworld.我希望我知道世界上的一切事情。Ididn'tgototheparty,butIdowishIhadbeenthere.我沒有去參與派對(duì)，但是我真的希望我去參與過。IwishthatsomedayIcouldliveonthemoon.我希望有一天我能在月球上居住。留意：(1)wish后的賓語從句表示非真實(shí)愿望，所以謂語動(dòng)詞總是用虛擬語氣。(2)hope后的賓語從句表示真實(shí)愿望，用陳述語氣。3．wouldrather后接虛擬語氣的用法。在wouldrather后面所跟的從句中，也可用虛擬語氣，表示愿望，意為“寧愿”“但愿”。其形式為：(1)“wouldrather＋從句主語＋動(dòng)詞過去式”表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臓顩r。(2)“wouldrather＋從句主語＋haddone”表示過去的狀況。Iwouldratheryouhadn'tletoutthesecret.我真希望你沒把這個(gè)隱私泄露出去。Iwouldratherhedidn'tstayheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在這兒待得太久。[即學(xué)即用1]單句語法填空(1)IwishIwere(be)asupermanlikethespiderman.(2)Ididn'tlearntoplayanyinstrumentwhenIwasatschool.IwishIhad_learned(learn)toplaytheguitar.(3)Shehopedyouwould_attend(attend)herwedding,butyoudidn't.(4)DadsuggestedthatI(should)_have(have)atalkwithher.(5)Iwouldratheryoustayed(stay)athometonight.二、主語從句中的虛擬語氣當(dāng)主語從句表示驚異、惋惜、懷疑等時(shí)應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，謂語用“(should)do”結(jié)構(gòu)。常用句型為“It'sstrange/necessary/important/apity/suggested/vital/desired/proposed/essential/natural/...that...”。*Itisstrangethatsuchaperson(should)beourfriend.很驚異這樣一個(gè)人竟然是我們的摯友。*It'ssuggestedthattheoldman(should)besenttohospitalimmediately.有人建議說老人應(yīng)當(dāng)立刻被送去醫(yī)院。三、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣在表示建議、勸說、吩咐等含義的名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞要用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)。*Myideaisthatwe(should)thinkitoverbeforeacceptingtheplan.我的看法是我們接受這個(gè)安排之前應(yīng)三思。*Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoDalianforsight－seeing.我們都同意他的建議，應(yīng)去大連旅游。四、狀語從句中的虛擬語氣1．目的狀語從句在forfearthat,incase,lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，若用虛擬語氣時(shí)，從句謂語為“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，并且should不能省略。*Let'shidethechocolateforfearthatJimshouldeattoomuch.我們把巧克力藏起來吧，免得吉姆吃得太多。2．a(chǎn)sif/though從句。在asif/asthough引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中，假如從句表示的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)相反，用過去完成時(shí)；與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反則用一般過去時(shí)；與將來事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用“would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形”。*Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.他說起話來似乎什么都知道似的。*Shealwaystalkstomeasifsheweremysister.她總是以我姐姐的口氣跟我說話。*Ifeltasthoughwehadknowneachotherforyears.我感覺我們似乎相識(shí)多年了。留意：asif/asthough引導(dǎo)的從句假如與事實(shí)相符，則應(yīng)用陳述語氣。Helooksasifheisill.他看起來似乎生病了。[即學(xué)即用2]完成句子(1)Itisstrangethatheshould_not_come.很驚異，他竟沒有來。(2)Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)_do_our_workmorecarefully.他的建議就是我們做工作要更細(xì)心些。(3)Itismydesirethatallthemembersofthefamily(should)_gatheronceayear.我的愿望是全部家庭成員一年團(tuán)聚一次。五、虛擬語氣在其他固定句式中的運(yùn)用1．It's(high)timethat...后面的從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式或“shoulddo”結(jié)構(gòu)(此時(shí)should不行省略)。It'shightimethatyouranghimup.＝It'shightimethatyoushouldringhimup.你該給他打電話了。2．在ifonly引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，其虛擬語氣的用法與wish后的用法相同。IfonlyIhadcometwodaysearlier!我要是早來兩天就好了！Ifonlyhewerehere!要是他在這里就好了！六、should(not)havedone表示虛擬語氣“should＋have＋done”表示過去應(yīng)當(dāng)做的事情卻沒有做，常含有懊悔、責(zé)怪、埋怨的口氣，常譯作“本應(yīng)當(dāng)……，應(yīng)當(dāng)……就好了”。“shouldn't＋have＋done”表示過去不該做的事卻做了，也常含有責(zé)怪、不滿的意思，常譯為“本不應(yīng)當(dāng)……”。Youshouldhavetoldmeearlierthatyouweren'tabletocome.你本應(yīng)當(dāng)早點(diǎn)兒告知我你不能來的。Tomshouldn'thavetoldmeyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.湯姆本不該把你的隱私告知我，但他并無惡意。[即學(xué)即用3]完成句子(1)It'shightimethatwe_wereoff.我們?cè)撟吡恕?2)Ifonlyyouhadn't_met_him!要是你沒遇見他就好了！(3)IfonlyIwould_be_admittedintoBeijing我要是明年被北京高校錄用就好了！(4)Asasecretary,youshouldn't_have_lostthedocuments.作為秘書，你本不應(yīng)當(dāng)把這些文件弄丟的。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Myrecommendationisthatyou(should)_take(take)overhisposition.2．LookatthetroubleIamin!IfonlyIhad_followed(follow)youradvice.3．Theheadteacherdemandedthatwe(should)_clean(clean)theblackboardbeforeeveryclass.4．Shewouldcallyouimmediatelyifsheneeded(need)help.5．IfIhadseenthemovie,Iwould_tell(tell)youallaboutitnow.6．LilywouldratherIhad_met(meet)herattheairportyesterday,butIwasthenbusywithameeting.7．I