2024年高中英語Module5CloningSectionⅣOtherPartsoftheModule教案含解析外研版選修6

PAGEPAGE23SectionⅣOtherPartsoftheModule[原文呈現(xiàn)]CloningandDNAManypeoplethinkthatthescienceofgenetics①andcloningisrecent.It'scertainlytruethat②in1953,WatsonandCrick,twoscientistsatCambridgeUniversity,England,discoveredthestructureoftheacid③DNA—atransparent④twisting⑤laddermadeofthefundamental⑥components⑦oflife⑧.Butinfact,itwasin1866that⑨Mendelfirstrecordedtheresultsofgrowingpeaplants.Heunderstoodthatboththeparentplantshadinfluencedthegeneticmake-upIn1973,biochemistsCohenandBoyerdiscoveredaprocedure?touseenzymes?—chemicals?formedinthebody—tounzip?theDNA,tocutout?asequenceof?genes?，andfinallytoinsert?themintothehostcell?andcombinewith?itsDNA.[讀文清障]①genetics/d??'netIks/n．遺傳學(xué)②that引導(dǎo)主語從句，it作形式主語。③acid/'?sId/adj.酸(性)的④transparent/tr?ns'p?r?nt/adj.透亮的⑤twisting/'twIstI?/adj.扭曲的，彎曲的⑥fundamental/?f?nd?'mentl/adj.基本的，不行或缺的⑦component/k?m'p??n?nt/n．成分⑧madeof...是過去分詞短語作后置定語。⑨itwas...that...是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語in1866。⑩make-upn．構(gòu)成，構(gòu)造?procedure/pr?'si?d??/n．程序，留意其后接了四個(gè)todo。?enzyme/'enzaIm/n．酶?chemicaln．化學(xué)物質(zhì)?unzip/?n'zIp/v．解開?cutout切割出來，分別?asequenceof一系列的?gene/d?i?n/n．基因?insert/In's??t/v．植入，插入?thehostcell宿主細(xì)胞?combinewith與……結(jié)合becombinedwith被與……結(jié)合/聯(lián)合在一起克隆與DNA[第1～2段譯文]很多人認(rèn)為基因?qū)W與克隆是最近出現(xiàn)的。的確如此，在1953年，英國劍橋高校的兩名科學(xué)家沃森和克里克發(fā)覺了酸性DNA的結(jié)構(gòu)——一種透亮的由生命基本元素構(gòu)成的雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)。但是事實(shí)上，孟德爾在1866年第一個(gè)記錄了種植豌豆的結(jié)果。他了解到植物的父本和母本都會(huì)影響子代的基因構(gòu)成。1973年，生物化學(xué)家科恩和博耶發(fā)覺了如下步驟：利用人體內(nèi)形成的化學(xué)物質(zhì)酶解旋DNA，截取肯定依次的基因片斷，最終把它們植入宿主細(xì)胞，使之與其DNA結(jié)合。CloningtakestheDNAfromasinglecelltocreateawholenewindividualeq\o(○,\s\up1(21)).Acloneisanorganismeq\o(○,\s\up1(22))whichisgeneticallyeq\o(○,\s\up1(23))identicaltoeq\o(○,\s\up1(24))anotherone.Butit'snowcertainthateq\o(○,\s\up1(25))nocloneisanexactcopybecauseofdifferencesinexperiencesandupbringingeq\o(○,\s\up1(26)).Thereareatleasttwoteamsofscientistswhicharetryingtoclonehumanseq\o(○,\s\up1(27)).Althoughcontroversialeq\o(○,\s\up1(28))，therearemanyvalideq\o(○,\s\up1(29))reasonstodoso.AnItaliandoctorwantstooffercloningasanoptionaleq\o(○,\s\up1(30))treatmentforcoupleswhofinditdifficulttohavechildreneq\o(○,\s\up1(31)).Butanyonewhowasacloneofoneoftheirparentswouldbeunderunknownpsychologicalpressureeq\o(○,\s\up1(32))throughouttheirchildhood.eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))individualn．個(gè)體eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))organism/'??ɡ??nIzm/n．有機(jī)體eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))geneticallyadv.遺傳地eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))(be)identicalto和……一樣，與……一樣eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))it'snowcertainthat...是固定句式，表示“……是確定的”。eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))upbringing/'?p?brI?I?/n．撫育，哺育eq\o(○,\s\up1(27))which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾twoteamsofscientists。eq\o(○,\s\up1(28))controversial/?k?ntr?'v???l/adj.有爭議的eq\o(○,\s\up1(29))valid/'v?lId/adj.有的確依據(jù)的，有效的eq\o(○,\s\up1(30))optional/'?p?n?l/adj.可選擇的eq\o(○,\s\up1(31))findit＋adj.＋todosth.是固定句式，it是形式賓語，adj.是賓補(bǔ)，todosth.是真正的賓語。eq\o(○,\s\up1(32))under...pressure處于……的壓力之下第3～4段譯文]克隆是從一個(gè)單細(xì)胞中提取DNA來創(chuàng)建出一個(gè)全新的個(gè)體?？寺◇w從遺傳角度而言是與另一個(gè)生物個(gè)體完全相同的有機(jī)體。但是現(xiàn)在確定的是由于在經(jīng)驗(yàn)和哺育方面的差異，沒有任何一個(gè)克隆體是完全的復(fù)制物。,至少有兩組科學(xué)家正在試圖克隆人類。盡管存在爭議，這樣做也有很多正值的理由。一位意大利醫(yī)生想把克隆作犯難以懷孕的夫婦的一種選擇性治療方案。然而來自父母中任何一方的克隆人都會(huì)在他們的整個(gè)童年生活中處在一種未知的心理壓力下。Anotherreasonistoreproduceeq\o(○,\s\up1(33))thetalentsofexceptionaleq\o(○,\s\up1(34))humanbeings.ButanEinsteinclonemightchooseapathinlifewhichiscontradictoryeq\o(○,\s\up1(35))totheonetheoriginalEinsteinchoseeq\o(○,\s\up1(36)).Hemayevenpossessnewviceseq\o(○,\s\up1(37))insteadofexistingvirtueseq\o(○,\s\up1(38))！Afurtherreasonistoobtainasupplyofeq\o(○,\s\up1(39))stemcellseq\o(○,\s\up1(40)).Stemcellsinembryoseq\o(○,\s\up1(41))areveryflexibleeq\o(○,\s\up1(42))andcandevelopintoeveryothertypeofcellinthebody.Forexample,itcouldhelpsomeonerecovereq\o(○,\s\up1(43))fromadisease,repairhumantissueeq\o(○,\s\up1(44))，orhelpthemwalkagainafteranaccident.Thesestemcellswouldneedtocomefromanembryotakenfromthecloneofsomeoneeq\o(○,\s\up1(45)).Buttheembryowouldthenbewasted,whichmanypeoplefindunacceptableeq\o(○,\s\up1(46)).Whatisclearisthatsomevoluntarycodeeq\o(○,\s\up1(47))ofpracticeamongscientistshastobeagreedeq\o(○,\s\up1(48)).Ifnoteq\o(○,\s\up1(49))，compulsoryeq\o(○,\s\up1(50))governmentregulationseq\o(○,\s\up1(51))willhavetocontrolcloning.eq\o(○,\s\up1(33))reproduce/?ri?pr?'dju?s/v．復(fù)制，使再現(xiàn)eq\o(○,\s\up1(34))exceptional/Ik'sep?n?l/adj.特殊的，非凡的，卓越的eq\o(○,\s\up1(35))contradictory/?k?ntr?'dIktri/adj.相互沖突的，相反的eq\o(○,\s\up1(36))theone后省略了引導(dǎo)定語從句的that，因?yàn)榇颂巘hat作chose的賓語。eq\o(○,\s\up1(37))vice/vaIs/n．缺點(diǎn)，弱點(diǎn)eq\o(○,\s\up1(38))virtue/'v??t?u?/n．道德上的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，善行eq\o(○,\s\up1(39))asupplyof大量的eq\o(○,\s\up1(40))stemcell干細(xì)胞eq\o(○,\s\up1(41))embryo/'embri???/n．胚胎eq\o(○,\s\up1(42))flexible/'fleks?bl/adj.易適應(yīng)的eq\o(○,\s\up1(43))recoverv．復(fù)原，復(fù)原，康復(fù)，常與from搭配。eq\o(○,\s\up1(44))tissue/'tI?u?/n．(生理)組織eq\o(○,\s\up1(45))過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾anembryo。eq\o(○,\s\up1(46))which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句作find的賓語。eq\o(○,\s\up1(47))code/k??d/n．法規(guī)，規(guī)則eq\o(○,\s\up1(48))what引導(dǎo)主語從句；that引導(dǎo)表語從句。eq\o(○,\s\up1(49))Ifnot(＝Ifitisnot)是省略句。eq\o(○,\s\up1(50))compulsory/k?m'p?ls?ri/adj.強(qiáng)制的，強(qiáng)迫的eq\o(○,\s\up1(51))regulation/?reɡj?'leI?n/n．法規(guī)，條例[第5～6段譯文]另一個(gè)緣由是復(fù)制非凡的人的天資。但是克隆出來的愛因斯坦或許會(huì)選擇一條與“原版”愛因斯坦截然相反的生活道路。他甚至?xí)行碌娜秉c(diǎn)而不是已有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)！,更深層的緣由是獲得大量的干細(xì)胞。胚胎里的干細(xì)胞很簡單適應(yīng)，可能會(huì)發(fā)展成為體內(nèi)任何其他類型的細(xì)胞。例如，它可以幫助人們從疾病中復(fù)原，修復(fù)人體組織，或幫他們?cè)谑鹿屎笾匦滦凶?。這些干細(xì)胞會(huì)須要來自某個(gè)人的克隆體的胚胎。然后這個(gè)胚胎就沒用了，這是很多人都無法接受的。很明顯，在科學(xué)家中一些不成文的職業(yè)規(guī)范必需獲準(zhǔn)。否則，強(qiáng)制性的政府條例必需限制克隆。Afourthreasonforcloningisthatsomescientistsandfarmersthinkitwouldbehandyeq\o(○,\s\up1(52))toclone,forexample,aprizecowwhichcanresistbacteriaeq\o(○,\s\up1(53))ordisease,ortosoweq\o(○,\s\up1(54))aclonedcropwhichcanresisteq\o(○,\s\up1(55))roteq\o(○,\s\up1(56))orpestseq\o(○,\s\up1(57)).Buttorelyoneq\o(○,\s\up1(58))afewclonedanimalsorcropswouldrestrictthebiodiversityeq\o(○,\s\up1(59))ofthebreedeq\o(○,\s\up1(60)).Finally,thelatestresearchintoeq\o(○,\s\up1(61))DNAhashelpedsolvecrimesbyanalysingeq\o(○,\s\up1(62))thesuspect'seq\o(○,\s\up1(63))salivaeq\o(○,\s\up1(64))whichtheyspitatacrimesceneorthedirtundertheirfingernailseq\o(○,\s\up1(65)).eq\o(○,\s\up1(52))handy/'h?ndi/adj.便利的，便利的eq\o(○,\s\up1(53))bacteria/b?k'tI?ri?/n．細(xì)菌eq\o(○,\s\up1(54))sow/s??/v．播種eq\o(○,\s\up1(55))resist/rI'zIst/v．反抗eq\o(○,\s\up1(56))rot/r?t/n．(細(xì)菌引起的)腐敗病，腐蝕病eq\o(○,\s\up1(57))pest/pest/n．害蟲eq\o(○,\s\up1(58))relyon依靠，依靠eq\o(○,\s\up1(59))biodiversity/?baI??daI'v??s?ti/n．生物多樣性eq\o(○,\s\up1(60))breed/bri?d/n．(動(dòng)植物的)品種eq\o(○,\s\up1(61))research常與into,about,on等介詞搭配。eq\o(○,\s\up1(62))analyse/'?n??laIz/v．分析eq\o(○,\s\up1(63))suspect/'s?spekt/n．嫌疑人eq\o(○,\s\up1(64))saliva/s?'laIv?/n．唾液，口水eq\o(○,\s\up1(65))fingernail/'fI?ɡ??neIl/n．手指甲[第7～8段譯文]進(jìn)行克隆的第四個(gè)緣由是，有些科學(xué)家和農(nóng)場(chǎng)主認(rèn)為，克隆特別便利實(shí)惠，比如：克隆能夠抵擋細(xì)菌或疾病的優(yōu)質(zhì)奶牛，種植能夠反抗枯病或蟲害的克隆作物。但是僅僅依靠少數(shù)幾種克隆動(dòng)植物會(huì)限制生物品種的多樣性。,最終，對(duì)DNA的最新探討有助于通過分析嫌疑犯遺留在犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的唾液或指甲縫里的污物來解決犯罪問題。[原文呈現(xiàn)]JurassicPark—ScientificFactorHollywoodFiction①？StevenSpielberg'ssuccessfulsci-fi②adventurefilm③followstwodinosaurexperts—DrAlanandDrEllieSattler—astheyareinvitedbytheeccentric④millionaireJohnHammondtovisithisnewamusementparkonanislandoffCostaRica⑤beforeitopenstothepublic.BycloningDNAtakenfrom⑥prehistoric⑦mosquitoes,HammondhascreatedlivingdinosaursforhisnewJurassicPark.Accompanied⑧byHammond'stwograndchildren⑨，theyaresentonatour⑩throughJurassicParkincomputer-controlled?cars.Butatropicalstormhits?theisland,knockingout?thepowersupply?，andanemployeedestroysthesecuritysystem?sothathecanstealdinosaurembryos?andsellthem.Thedinosaursstarttogetoutofcontrol[讀文清障]①Hollywoodfiction好萊塢科幻片②sci-fi/'saIfaI/adj.科幻的③sci-fiadventurefilm科幻歷險(xiǎn)片/電影④eccentric/Ik'sentrIk/adj.(人、行為等)怪異的，反常的⑤CostaRica哥斯達(dá)黎加⑥prehistoricadj.史前的⑦takefrom從……提取，此處是過去分詞形式作后置定語。⑧accompany/?'k?mpni/v.陪伴，陪伴⑨Accompaniedby...是過去分詞短語作方式狀語。⑩onatour觀光，旅行?computer-controlledadj.電腦限制的?hit(＝strike)vt.攻擊，侵襲?knockout摧毀?knockingoutthe...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。?thesecuritysystem平安系統(tǒng)?sothat...是目的狀語從句，sothat意為“以便”。?getoutofcontrol擺脫限制侏羅紀(jì)公園——科學(xué)事實(shí)還是好萊塢科幻片？[第1段譯文]繼兩位恐龍專家——艾倫和埃利·薩特勒博士——應(yīng)怪異的百萬富翁約翰·哈蒙德之邀，參觀了他位于哥斯達(dá)黎加外島嶼上的尚未對(duì)公眾開放的新的游樂場(chǎng)之后，史蒂文·斯皮爾博格勝利地拍攝了科幻歷險(xiǎn)片。通過克隆從史前的蚊子身上提取的DNA，哈蒙德為他的新侏羅紀(jì)公園創(chuàng)建出了活恐龍。在哈蒙德的兩個(gè)孫子的陪伴下，他們被送到電腦限制的車中進(jìn)行環(huán)繞侏羅紀(jì)公園的旅行。但是一場(chǎng)熱帶風(fēng)暴攻擊了島嶼，摧毀了電力供應(yīng)，并且一個(gè)雇員破壞了平安系統(tǒng)以便偷出恐龍胚胎去賣?？铸埰鹣葦[脫限制……So,sinceitispossibletoclonesheep?，isitpossibletoclonedinosaurs?OristhisjustHollywood?First,anyDNAthathasbeentakenfromapreserved?mosquito?isonly40millionyearsold.Dinosaursareatleasteq\o(○,\s\up1(21))60millionyearsold,soevenifanyDNAwasfoundeq\o(○,\s\up1(22))，themosquitoesneedtobemucholder,andasfarasweknoweq\o(○,\s\up1(23))，mosquitoesthateq\o(○,\s\up1(24))olddonotexist.Second,althoughitispossibletofindpreservedmosquitoes,onlyonemalehasbeenrecovered.Infacteq\o(○,\s\up1(25))，onlyfemalescanabsorbeq\o(○,\s\up1(26))theDNAofanothercreature.Also,thereisnowayofknowingiftheDNAwasfromadinosaurornoteq\o(○,\s\up1(27)).Sincetherehasbeennopreviouseq\o(○,\s\up1(28))discoveryofdinosaurs,thereisnothingtocomparethenewsampleeq\o(○,\s\up1(29))witheq\o(○,\s\up1(30)).?since引導(dǎo)緣由狀語從句；從句中it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式短語。?preservev．保存，愛護(hù)?that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞anyDNA。eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))atleast(＝attheleast)至少eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))evenif(＝eventhough)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))asfarasweknow據(jù)我們所知eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))thatadv.那么，那樣(用來加強(qiáng)語氣，相當(dāng)于so)eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))infact事實(shí)上eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))absorb/?b'z??b/v．汲取beabsorbedin聚精會(huì)神于eq\o(○,\s\up1(27))thereisnowayofknowing...無法知道……；iftheDNAwasfromadinosaurornot是賓語從句。eq\o(○,\s\up1(28))previousadj.以前的eq\o(○,\s\up1(29))sample/'sɑ?mpl/n．樣本eq\o(○,\s\up1(30))compare...with...把……與……相比較comparedwith/to與……相比[第2～3段譯文]這樣看來，既然可以克隆羊，那有可能克隆恐龍嗎？還是這只是好萊塢科幻片？首先，任何取自被保存的蚊子的DNA只有4千萬年之久?？铸堉辽偈?千萬年前的，所以，即使發(fā)覺任何DNA，蚊子也須要年頭更久遠(yuǎn)些，而據(jù)我們所知，年頭那么久遠(yuǎn)的蚊子是不存在的。,其次，即使可能找到被保存的蚊子，但僅僅發(fā)覺了一只雄性蚊子。事實(shí)上，只有雌性蚊子才能吸取另一種生物的DNA。而且，也無法知道這DNA是否來自于恐龍。既然沒有以前發(fā)覺的恐龍，也就無法與新的樣本進(jìn)行比較。Thirdly,dinosaurDNAwouldnotbeintacteq\o(○,\s\up1(31))afterthelongperiodoftimesincetheirextinctioneq\o(○,\s\up1(32)).Whenlifeends,DNAbreaksdowneq\o(○,\s\up1(33))anddoesnotrepairitself.Manyquestionsalsoariseeq\o(○,\s\up1(34))inthecloningofdinosaurs.Someofthesequestionsare:Whatwillbeneededtoraiseeq\o(○,\s\up1(35))ababydinosaurfromchildhoodsuccessfully?Whatkindsofconditionsdodinosaursneedtosurviveeq\o(○,\s\up1(36))？Whatarethedietsofdinosaurs?Whatkindsofcarewoulddinosaursneedintheiradultlives?Whatwouldbedonetoprotecthumansfromeq\o(○,\s\up1(37))dinosaursandviceversaeq\o(○,\s\up1(38))？Whatethicaleq\o(○,\s\up1(39))andhumanrightseq\o(○,\s\up1(40))issuesareraisedeq\o(○,\s\up1(41))bycloning？eq\o(○,\s\up1(31))intact/In't?kt/adj.完好無損的，完整的eq\o(○,\s\up1(32))extinctionn．滅亡eq\o(○,\s\up1(33))breakdown分解eq\o(○,\s\up1(34))arise/?'raIz/v．(問題、困難等)發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)eq\o(○,\s\up1(35))raisevt.哺育eq\o(○,\s\up1(36))survivev．生存survivorn．生還者eq\o(○,\s\up1(37))protect...from...愛護(hù)……免受……(侵害)eq\o(○,\s\up1(38))viceversa反過來也一樣，反之亦然eq\o(○,\s\up1(39))ethicaladj.道德的eq\o(○,\s\up1(40))humanrights人權(quán)eq\o(○,\s\up1(41))raiseissues提出問題[第4～5段譯文]第三，在滅亡了這么久之后，恐龍的DNA不會(huì)完好無損。生命結(jié)束后，DNA分解且無法自我修復(fù)。在克隆恐龍上也產(chǎn)生了很多問題。一些問題是：將一個(gè)小恐龍勝利地養(yǎng)大須要做些什么？恐龍存活須要什么樣的條件？恐龍吃些什么？恐龍?jiān)诔赡晟钪许氁裁礃拥恼湛?？該做些什么去愛護(hù)人類免受恐龍的損害或愛護(hù)恐龍免受人類的損害？克隆會(huì)帶來什么樣的道德和人權(quán)問題？Socloningdinosaursseemsscientificallyeq\o(○,\s\up1(42))impossible.Theworldisnotreadyforitandthematerialseq\o(○,\s\up1(43))thatareneededarenotyetavailableeq\o(○,\s\up1(44)).Evenifitwaspossibletobringdinosaursbacktolifeeq\o(○,\s\up1(45))theyprobablycouldnotsurviveinthepresentdayenvironment.Temperature,air,disease,andplantsarealldifferenttodaythanintheeraofeq\o(○,\s\up1(46))dinosaurs.Dinosaursareusedtoeq\o(○,\s\up1(47))acompletelydifferentworldandwouldfindgreatdifficultylivingeq\o(○,\s\up1(48))here.Theonlyplacethatdinosaursseemtoexisttodayeq\o(○,\s\up1(49))isinHollywood.eq\o(○,\s\up1(42))scientificallyadv.科學(xué)上地，從科學(xué)意義上說eq\o(○,\s\up1(43))that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞thematerials。eq\o(○,\s\up1(44))availableadj.可利用的，可得到的eq\o(○,\s\up1(45))bring...backtolife使……復(fù)活eq\o(○,\s\up1(46))intheeraof在……時(shí)代eq\o(○,\s\up1(47))beusedto習(xí)慣于，to為介詞。eq\o(○,\s\up1(48))finddifficulty(in)doingsth.發(fā)覺做某事有困難eq\o(○,\s\up1(49))that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞theonlyplace。[第6段譯文]因此，克隆恐龍從科學(xué)上說似乎是不行能的。世界對(duì)此毫無打算，而且所需的物質(zhì)原料也無法獲得。即使真有可能讓恐龍復(fù)活，它們也不肯定能在目前的環(huán)境中存活?，F(xiàn)在的溫度、空氣、疾病和植物也與恐龍時(shí)代的全然不同?？铸埩?xí)慣了一個(gè)完全不同的世界，并且會(huì)發(fā)覺很難在這里活下來。今日，恐龍能生存的唯一地方似乎只有好萊塢。Step1True(T)orFalse(F)．1．Thescienceofgeneticsandcloningisrecent.__F__2．Cloningcanmakeanewindividualoutofasinglecell.__T__3．Aclonehasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.__T__4．Dinosaursdiedoutbeforemosquitoes.__T__Step2Choosethebestanswersaccordingtothepassages.1．Stemcellscanbeusedto________.A．developintoenzymesB．solvecrimesC．createprizewinninganimalsD．helppeoplerecoverfromdiseases2．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A．Dinosaursdiedoutaftermosquitoesbegantoexist.B．JurassicC．Therearestillproperconditionsfordinosaurstoexisttoday.D．Cloningdinosaursispossible.3．InBraveNewWorld，whichofthefollowingtypesofclonesareleadersofsociety?A．Betas. B．Epsilons.C．Alphas. D．AlphasandBetas.4．ItseemsthatpeopleinBraveNewWorld________.A．lovetheirnationverymuchB．hatetheirnationverymuchC．don'thaveanyfeelingsD．a(chǎn)resatisfiedwiththeirownpositions5．Howdoesthegovernmentcontrolthesociety?A．Byteachingthemwhattolikeordislikeandgivingthemdrugstomakethemhappy.B．Bydividingthewholesocietyintofiveclasses.C．Bygivingequalrightstothefivetypesofpeople.D．Bystrongandcruelmethods.答案：1～5DBCDA一、這樣記單詞記得準(zhǔn)·寫得對(duì)記得快·記得多Ⅰ.基礎(chǔ)詞匯1.identicaladj.完全相同的，同一的2.curev.治愈3.fundamentaladj.基本的，不行或缺的，重要的4.controversialadj.有爭議的5.virtuen.道德上的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，善行6.handyadj.便利的，便利的7.suspectn.嫌疑人8.absorbv.汲取9.arisev.(問題、困難等)發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)Ⅱ.拓展詞匯1.genen．基因→geneticadj.基因的，遺傳基因的；遺傳學(xué)的→geneticsn．遺傳學(xué)2.beneficialadj.有益的，有用的→benefitn．利益；救濟(jì)金v.有益于，對(duì)……有益3.imaginaryadj.假想的，虛構(gòu)的→imaginativeadj.富于想象力的→imaginationn．想象力；幻覺→imaginev．想象，設(shè)想4.incredibleadj.難以置信的→credibleadj.可信的→creditn．信譽(yù)，信用5.flexibleadj.易適應(yīng)的，敏捷的→flexibilityn．適應(yīng)性，敏捷性6.optionaladj.可選擇的→optionn．選擇→optv．選擇，選擇7.regulationn．法規(guī)，條例→regularadj.有規(guī)律的；固定的→regulatev．調(diào)整，限制；校對(duì)8.resistv．抗拒，反抗；忍住→resistancen．抗拒，反對(duì)，阻力→resistantadj.對(duì)……有反抗力，抵制的9.analysev．分析→analysisn．分析10.accompanyv．陪伴；陪伴→companyn．陪伴，陪伴→companionn．伙伴，同伴11.violencen．暴力→violentadj.粗暴的；猛烈的1.curev．治愈[聯(lián)想]①treatvt.治療②healvt.治愈2.upbringingn.撫育，哺育[詞塊]①family/homeupbringing家庭教化②moralupbringing道德教化3.fundamentaladj.基本的，不行或缺的，重要的[同義]①basicadj.基本的；基礎(chǔ)的；初級(jí)的②essentialadj.本質(zhì)的；必要的；重要的4.virtuen.道德上的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，善行[聯(lián)想]①qualityn.品質(zhì)②charactern.品質(zhì)5.handyadj.便利的，便利的[同義]convenientadj.便利的，便利的6.suspectn.嫌疑人v.懷疑[聯(lián)想]doubtv.懷疑，不確定[比較]兩者都可以接that從句作賓語，但含義不同：前者的意思是“疑為非”；后者的意思是“疑為是”。7.arisev.(arose,arisen)(問題、困難等)發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)[聯(lián)想]①raisevt.升起，舉起②risevi.上升，升起8.incredibleadj.難以置信的[聯(lián)想]in-前綴形容詞集合①informal非正式的②incorrect不正確的③indirect間接的④incomplete不完整的⑤independent獨(dú)立的⑥invisible看不見的9.beneficialadj.有益的，有用的[串記]Cyclingishighlybeneficialtoourhealth.Thatistosay,wecangetmuchbenefitfromcycling.二、這樣記短語記堅(jiān)固定短語多積常用詞塊1.bymistake錯(cuò)誤地2.treat...as... 把……當(dāng)成……對(duì)待3.asequenceof 一系列的4.(be)identicalto 和……一樣，與……一樣5.relyon 依靠，依靠6.asfollows 如下7.knockout 摧毀8.getoutofcontrol 擺脫限制9.asfarasweknow 據(jù)我們所知10.breakdown 分解11.viceversa 反過來也一樣，反之亦然12.bring...backtolife 使……復(fù)活1.validreasons合理的理由2.underunknownpsychologicalpressure處于莫名的心理壓力下3.throughouttheirchildhood他們的整個(gè)童年4.recoverfromadisease從疾病中復(fù)原5.afteranaccident事故之后6.opentothepublic向公眾開放7.repairitself自我修復(fù)8.intheiradultlives在他們的成年生活中9.inthepresentdayenvironment在現(xiàn)在的環(huán)境中10.600yearsinthefuture將來600年11.insociety在社會(huì)中三、這樣記句式先背熟再悟通后仿用1.Ifnot,compulsorygovernmentregulationswillhavetocontrolcloning.否則，強(qiáng)制性的政府條例必需限制克隆行為。ifnot“假如不，否則；要不”，該結(jié)構(gòu)是if條件狀語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)。Areyouready？If_not,_I'mgoingwithoutyou.你打算好了嗎？否則，我就自己去了。2.ThereasonwhyBraveNewWorldisstillsofamousisthatitdescribesaterrifyingfutureworldthatisbecomingmoreandmorepossible.《英勇新世界》仍舊如此出名是因?yàn)樗枋隽艘粋€(gè)越來越可能出現(xiàn)的恐怖的將來世界。Thereasonwhy...isthat...“……的緣由是……”，why引導(dǎo)定語從句，that引導(dǎo)表語從句。The_reason_whyhedidn'tgetthejobwasthathisEnglishwasnotverygood.他沒有得到這份工作的緣由是他英語不好。3.Again,thegovernmentwantspeopletobehappysothattheywillnottrytochangesociety.再者，政府希望人們快樂，這樣他們就不會(huì)試圖變更社會(huì)。sothat“以便，為了”，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。Pleasereadaloudso_thatIcanhearyou.請(qǐng)大聲朗讀，好讓我能聽到。1．(教材P61)InwhatwayareSheepAandSheepBidentical?A羊和B羊在哪些方面完全相同？identicaladj.完全相同的，同一的beidenticalin 在……方面極其相像beidenticalto/with 與……完全一樣/極其相像identifyv. 識(shí)別，認(rèn)同，一樣identityn. 同一性；一樣；身份①Thepearlsareabsolutelyidenticalinsizeandcolour.珍寶的大小和顏色都一模一樣。②It'sreallyinterestingthatyourcoatisidenticalto/withmine.你的外套和我的完全一樣，真是太好玩了！③Hewastoofarawaytobeabletoidentifyfaces.他離得太遠(yuǎn)，沒法識(shí)別面孔。2．(教材P61)Cloningwillbebeneficialtohumans.克隆將有益于人類。beneficialadj.有益的，有用的(1)bebeneficialto對(duì)……有益的(2)benefitvt.&nbenefitfrom 從……中受益beofbenefittosb. 對(duì)某人有益forthebenefitof 為了……的利益①ThisNewEnglish-ChinesedictionarywillbeverybeneficialtoyourEnglishlearning.這本新英漢詞典對(duì)你的英語學(xué)習(xí)特別有好處。②Ihavebenefitedalotfromextensivereading.廣泛的閱讀使我受益匪淺。③ItissaidthatYogaisofgreatbenefittohumanhealth.據(jù)說瑜伽對(duì)人體健康有極大好處。3．(教材P61)Wecouldusecloningtocureillnesses.我們可以用克隆治愈疾病。cure(1)v.治愈，治好curesb.of治愈某人的……①Shesaysshecancureme,butIstilldoubther.她說她能治我的病，但我有點(diǎn)不信任她。②Thestudentissonervousthatnothingseemstocurehimofhisnervousness.這個(gè)學(xué)生如此驚慌以至于似乎沒有什么能治愈他的驚慌。(2)n.治療，治愈；治療法；補(bǔ)救方法acurefor...……疾病的治療方法；……問題的解決方法③Preventionisbetterthancure.[諺語]預(yù)防勝于治療。④Scientistshavesofarfailedtofindacurefortheheartdisease.迄今為止，科學(xué)家尚未找到一種治愈心臟病的方法。[辨析比較]cure,treatcure“治療，治愈”，強(qiáng)調(diào)治好疾病的結(jié)果，使病人復(fù)原健康，有時(shí)可指突然的、戲劇性的痊愈。cure還可以指“矯正，訂正”，借喻指消退社會(huì)某種不良現(xiàn)象或個(gè)人惡習(xí)等treat“醫(yī)治，治療”，強(qiáng)調(diào)治療的動(dòng)作或治療的過程，不涉及治療的結(jié)果。treat還可作“對(duì)待，看待”講選用上述單詞填空⑤Thedoctortreatedherheadachewithanewmedicine,butdidn'tcureher.4．(教材P65)．..forexample,aprizecowwhichcanresistbacteriaordisease...……比如：克隆能抵擋細(xì)菌或疾病的優(yōu)質(zhì)奶?！璻esistv．反抗，抗拒(1)resistdoingsth. 反對(duì)做某事can'tresistdoingsth. 禁不住做某事(2)resistantadj. 對(duì)……有反抗力的，抵制的，抗拒的beresistantto 對(duì)……有反抗力(3)resistance(to)n. 抗拒，反抗①Ihaveasweettoothandcan'tresisteatingchocolateandicecream.我喜愛吃甜食，見到巧克力和冰淇淋就想吃。②Ahealthydietcreatesabodyresistanttodisease.健康飲食有助于增加身體內(nèi)對(duì)疾病的反抗力。③Youshouldexercisemoretobuilduparesistance(resistant)toinfection.你應(yīng)當(dāng)多加熬煉以增加對(duì)疾病傳染的反抗力。[名師點(diǎn)津]resist作“忍受，忍得住”講時(shí)，常用于否定句，后接動(dòng)詞需用v.-ing形式。5．(教材P65)Buttorelyonafewclonedanimalsorcropswouldrestrictthebiodiversityofthebreed.但是僅僅依靠少數(shù)幾種克隆動(dòng)植物會(huì)限制生物品種的多樣性。relyon(＝dependon)依靠，依靠，希望relyonsb./sth.forsth. 希望從某人/某物那里得到某物relyonsb./sth.todo/doingsth. 信任/希望某人/某物做某事relyonitthat... 信任/希望……①Nowthatyouaregrown-up,youshouldnotrelyonyourparents.既然你長大了，就不應(yīng)當(dāng)依靠你的父母。②Youcanrelyonmeto_keep/keeping(keep)yoursecret.你可以信任我會(huì)為你保守隱私的。③Youmayrelyonitthattheworkwillbefinishedaheadoftime.你可以放心，這項(xiàng)工作將提前完成。[名師點(diǎn)津]relyonitthat中，it為形式賓語，不作翻譯，that從句才是真正賓語。6．(教材P65)Finally,thelatestresearchintoDNAhashelpedsolvecrimesbyanalysingthesuspect'ssalivawhichtheyspitatacrimesceneorthedirtundertheirfingernails.最終，對(duì)DNA的最新探討有助于通過分析嫌疑犯遺留在犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的唾液或指甲縫里的污物來解決犯罪問題。suspectn．嫌疑人vt.懷疑；猜想suspectsb.eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(ofdoingsth.懷疑某人做過某事,tobe...懷疑某人是……))suspectthat... 懷疑……①Thepolicehavetakenthesuspecttothepolicestation.警察把這個(gè)嫌疑人帶到了警察局。②Isuspectedhimofstealingthejewelryfromthestore.我懷疑他從這個(gè)商店偷了珠寶。③Isuspectedhimto_be(be)aliar.我懷疑他是一個(gè)說謊者。④Isuspectedthattherewassomethingwrongwiththeengine.我懷疑發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)出了什么故障。[聯(lián)想發(fā)散]suspect常與介詞of搭配運(yùn)用形成suspectsb.ofsth.結(jié)構(gòu)，類似結(jié)構(gòu)的短語還有：①accusesb.ofsth. 指控某人某事②robsb.ofsth. 搶劫某人某物③informsb.ofsth. 通知某人某事④warnsb.ofsth. 警告某人某事⑤remindsb.ofsth. 使某人想起某事7．(教材P67)AccompaniedbyHammond'stwograndchildren,theyaresentonatourthroughJurassicParkincomputer-controlledcars.在哈蒙德的兩個(gè)孫子的陪伴下，他們被送到電腦限制的車中進(jìn)行環(huán)繞侏羅紀(jì)公園的旅行。accompanyv．陪伴，陪伴；伴隨(1)accompanysb.to... 陪伴某人去(某地)beaccompaniedby... 伴隨著(附有/帶著)；由……陪伴(2)companyn. 陪伴；交往；公司；商號(hào)keepsb.company 陪伴某人①Janeiswillingtoaccompanyyoutotheparkforawalk.簡情愿陪你去公園漫步。②Accompanied(accompany)bycheerfulmusic,webegantodance.伴隨著快樂的樂曲，我們起先跳起舞來。③Whenyouaresingle,youhavemanyfriendstokeep_you_company.當(dāng)你單身時(shí)，你有很多摯友陪伴你。8．(教材P67)Thedinosaursstarttogetoutofcontrol...恐龍起先擺脫限制……getoutofcontrol擺脫限制outofcontrol 失去限制incontrolof 限制著under/inthecontrolof 受……的管理/限制undercontrol 被限制住beyondcontrol 無法限制losecontrolof 失去對(duì)……的限制take/gaincontrolof 得到/取得對(duì)……的限制eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(have,bring))...undercontrol 使……得到限制①Thefiregotoutofcontrolatthebeginning,butatlastitwasundercontrol.一起先火勢(shì)失控了，但是火勢(shì)最終還是得到了限制。②Ourcompanyisin_control_ofsixfactoriesthroughoutChina.在中國，我們公司限制著六家工廠。③Oncewelosecontrolofourselves,itwillresultintrouble.我們一旦對(duì)自己失控，那將會(huì)導(dǎo)致麻煩。[名師點(diǎn)津]incontrolof表示主語限制of的賓語，inthecontrolof表示主語被of的賓語限制，類似的短語還有inchargeof“掌管，限制”，inthechargeof“由(被)……掌管，限制”；inpossessionof“擁有”，inthepossessionof“被……擁有”等。9．(教材P67)Infact,onlyfemalescanabsorbtheDNAofanothercreature.事實(shí)上，只有雌性蚊子才能夠吸取另外一種動(dòng)物的DNA。absorbv．汲?。晃?；理解；駕馭；運(yùn)用心(1)absorbone'sattention 吸引某人的留意力(2)absorbingadj. 特別吸引人的；引人入勝的(3)absorbedadj. 精神集中的beabsorbedin 用心致志于，聚精會(huì)神于①Ifyouabsorbwhattheteacherexplainsinclass,youwillbeabsorbedinhislecture.假如你理解老師在課堂上說明的內(nèi)容，你就會(huì)聚精會(huì)神聽他講課。②Heisabletoabsorb_the_audience's_attentionevenbeforehespeaks.他甚至能在開口之前就吸引住觀眾的留意。③Absorbed(absorb)inhiswork,Tomsimplyforgotfoodandsleep.湯姆用心于工作，幾乎遺忘了吃飯和睡覺。[聯(lián)想發(fā)散]過去分詞短語absorbedin在句中常用作狀語、后置定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，有類似用法的短語還有：①(be)lostin... 陷入……②(be)caughtin... 被困在……③(be)buriedin... 埋頭于……④(be)devotedto... 用心于……，致力于……⑤(be)occupiedin... 忙于……⑥(be)involvedin... 專注于……10．(教材P67)Whenlifeends,DNAbreaksdownanddoesnotrepairitself.生命結(jié)束后，DNA分解且無法自我修復(fù)。breakdown分解；(機(jī)器等)出故障；(精神)崩潰；(身體)垮掉；失敗[一詞多義]寫出下列句中breakdown的含義①Thecarbrokedownagainassoonaswedroveoutofthegarage.(機(jī)器等)出故障②Manypeoplebrokedownatthenewsthatthefamousscientistbrokedownbecauseofhardwork.(精神)崩潰；(身體)垮掉③Carbondioxideformsasawasteproductwhenfoodisbrokendown.分解④Shestartedcryingandtriedtobreak_away.她大叫起來，想要擺脫。⑤Scientistssaytheyarebeginningtobreak_throughinthefightagainstcancer.科學(xué)家們說，他們?cè)诜乐伟┌Y方面起先有所突破。⑥Luckily,thehousewasemptywhenthefirebroke_out.幸運(yùn)的是，火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)屋子里沒有人。11．(教材P67)Manyquestionsalsoariseinthecloningofdinosaurs.在克隆恐龍上也產(chǎn)生了很多問題。arisev．(問題、困難等)發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)arisefrom/outof(＝resultfrom)由……而產(chǎn)生，由……而引起①Theproblemmaynotarise,butthere'snoharminkeepingourpowderdry.問題不肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)，但有備無患并無害處。②Emotionalormentalproblemscanarise_from/out_ofaphysicalcause.身體上的緣由可以引起心情或精神上的問題。③Inmodernsociety,thereareanincreasingnumberofproblemsarising(arise)outofthelackofcommunication.在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，出現(xiàn)了越來越多由于缺乏溝通而產(chǎn)生的問題。[名師點(diǎn)津]arise作“呈現(xiàn)；出現(xiàn)；發(fā)生”之意時(shí)，主語多為抽象名詞argument/problem/quarrel/question/movement等，多指不好的事情發(fā)生。[辨析比較]arise,rise,raise,arouse易混詞詞性詞義arise(arose,arisen)vi.發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)；起立，起身rise(rose,risen)vi.上升，增加，起床，起身raise(raised,raised)vt.增加，提高，舉起，種植，撫養(yǎng)arouse(aroused,aroused)vt.喚醒，激起選用上述單詞填空Whenthewind④arose,_peoplewerewatchingthesoldiers⑤raisingthenationalflagthatwas⑥r(nóng)isingslowlyinthewind,which⑦arousedtheirloveforourmotherland.1．Ifnot,compulsorygovernmentregulationswillhavetocontrolcloning.否則，強(qiáng)制性的政府條例必需限制克隆行為。(1)ifnot“假如不，否則；要不”，該結(jié)構(gòu)是if條件狀語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)，if后省略了it和be動(dòng)詞。①Ifyoulearnlife'slessons,youwilldowell.Ifnot,lifewilljustcontinuetopushyouaround.假如你吸取生活中的教訓(xùn)，你會(huì)做得好些。否則，生活將接著隨意擺布你。ifso 假如這樣的話ifpossible 假如可能的話ifnecessary 假如必要的話ifany 假如有的話ifever 假如曾經(jīng)有的話②Idon'thaveanyink.If_any,_Iwilllendyousome.我沒有墨水了，假如有，我就借給你一些了。③If(itis)possible,I'llcometohelp.假如可能的話，我會(huì)來幫忙的。(2)在if,asif,unless,although,as,when,while,whenever,assoonas等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，若謂語含有be動(dòng)詞，且主語又與主句主語一樣或主語是it時(shí)，從句的主語和be動(dòng)詞常被省略。④When_(I_was)_livinginLondon,IpickedupEnglish.住在倫敦期間，我學(xué)會(huì)了英語。⑤Hepausedasif(hewas)expectingMarytospeak.他停了停，似乎希望瑪麗說話似的。⑥Although_(it_is)_old,_thecarstillrunswell.雖然汽車很舊，但跑起來仍舊不錯(cuò)。[巧學(xué)助記]省略句，真簡單，符合兩條就可以：從句謂語含有be，兩句主語一樣的，從句若有itbe，照樣省去不遲疑。2．ThereasonwhyBraveNewWorldisstillsofamousisthatitdescribesaterrifyingfutureworldthatisbecomingmoreandmorepossible.《英勇新世界》仍舊如此出名是因?yàn)樗枋隽艘粋€(gè)越來越可能出現(xiàn)的恐怖的將來世界。(1)該句含有“Thereasonwhy...isthat...”句型，其中why引導(dǎo)定語從句，that引導(dǎo)表語從句。①Thereasonwhyhewasabsentfromthemeetingwasthathegotstuckinthetraffic.他缺席會(huì)議的緣由是他遇到交通堵塞了。(2)thereason作先行詞時(shí)，其后的定語從句假如結(jié)構(gòu)完整，用why或forwhich引導(dǎo)；假如從句中缺少主語或賓語，則用that或which引導(dǎo)。②Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewasdrivingsofastwasthathewouldbelateforanimportantmeeting.他開車那么快的緣由是他去參與一個(gè)重要會(huì)議要遲到了。③Thereasonwhichheexplainedsoundedtrue.他說明的理由聽上去是真實(shí)的。(3)thereason作主語時(shí)，表語從句只能用that引導(dǎo)，且that不能省略。④Thereasonwhy/forwhichIwaslatewasthatImissedthebus.我遲到是因?yàn)槲覜]趕上公共汽車。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Ifyoureallybecomeabsorbed(absorb)inahobby,yourinterestmaylastalifetime.2．Farmersbenefitfromthepopularizationofscientificknowledge.3．Tobehonest,ifyoudon'tstopsmokingyoucannotbecuredofthedisease.4．Thesebooksweresogoodthathefoundithardtoresistbuying(buy)them.5．YoucanrelyonPeterto_do(do)whateverhepromises.6．Hewassuspectedofholdingbackimportantinformationtothecase.7．Theministerwasaccompaniedbyhissecretarytohospital.8．Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathegotheldupinthetrafficontheway.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Youlookidentical_to_your_dad(同你爸爸一樣)whenhewasyourage.2．Ifyou'vefinished,wecanhaveacoffee.If_not(假如不),you'dbetterkeepworking.3．If_the_car_should_break_down_on_the_way(假如車中途出故障),youwouldhavetowalkback.4．Hislife'sworkcentredinthe_search_for_a_cure_for_the_terrible_disease(找尋治愈這種可怕疾病的方法)．5．Accompanied_by_his_teacher(在他老師的陪伴下),hetookpartintheEnglishcontest.6．Canwebeginbydiscussingmattersarising_from/out_of_the_last_meeting(上次會(huì)議產(chǎn)生的)?一、全練語言點(diǎn)，基穩(wěn)才能樓高[本課語言點(diǎn)針對(duì)練習(xí)]Ⅰ.單詞拼法1．Itiswellknownthatsportsarebeneficial(有益的)tobuildingourbodies.