《安全員》課件-第二章 施工現(xiàn)場安全管理

《安全員》TheSecurity第二章施工現(xiàn)場安全管理Chapter2ConstructionSiteSafetyManagement第一節(jié)施工現(xiàn)場安全管理要求Section1SafetyManagementRequirementsforConstructionSites1．一般工程的施工現(xiàn)場基本要求1.Basicrequirementsforconstructionsiteofgeneralengineering1)開工前，在施工組織設(shè)計(或施工方案)中，必須有詳細(xì)的施工平面布置圖。運(yùn)輸?shù)缆?、臨時用電線路布置、各種管道、倉庫、加工車間(作業(yè)場所)，主要機(jī)械設(shè)備位置及工地辦公、生活設(shè)施等臨時工程的安排，均要符合安全要求。1)Beforestartingconstruction,adetailedconstructionlayoutplanmustbeincludedintheconstructionorganizationdesign(orconstructionplan).Thearrangementoftransportationroads,temporarypowerlines,variouspipelines,warehouses,processingworkshops(workplaces),mainmechanicalequipmentlocations,andtemporaryengineeringsuchasofficeandlivingfacilitiesontheconstructionsitemustcomplywithsafetyrequirements.(1)平面布置(1)Planelayout2)工地四周應(yīng)有與外界隔離的圍護(hù)設(shè)置，人口處一般應(yīng)有(特殊工程工地除外)工程名稱、施工單位名稱牌，并設(shè)置施工現(xiàn)場平面布置圖、施工概況表(或稱“施工公告”)、安全紀(jì)律(或“施工現(xiàn)場安全管理規(guī)定”)。使進(jìn)入該工地的人，能對該工程的概況有一個基本了解和注意安全的忠告。2)Thereshouldbeanenclosurearoundtheconstructionsitethatisisolatedfromtheoutsideworld.Generally,thereshouldbeasignboardfortheprojectnameandconstructionunitnameinthepopulationarea(excludingspecialconstructionsites),andaconstructionsitelayoutplan,constructionoverviewtable(or"constructionannouncement"),andsafetydiscipline(or"constructionsitesafetymanagementregulations")shouldbesetup.Enablethosewhoentertheconstructionsitetohaveabasicunderstandingoftheprojectoverviewandprovidesafetyadvice.3)工地排水設(shè)施應(yīng)全面規(guī)劃，排水溝的截面及坡度應(yīng)進(jìn)行計算，其設(shè)置不得妨礙交通和影響工地周圍環(huán)境。排水溝還應(yīng)經(jīng)常清理疏浚，保持暢通。3)Thedrainagefacilitiesontheconstructionsiteshouldbecomprehensivelyplanned,andthecross-sectionandslopeofthedrainageditchshouldbecalculated.Itssettingshouldnothindertrafficoraffectthesurroundingenvironmentoftheconstructionsite.Thedrainageditchshouldalsoberegularlycleanedanddredgedtomaintainsmoothness.1)工地的人行道、車行道應(yīng)堅(jiān)實(shí)平坦，保持暢通。主要道路應(yīng)與主要臨時建筑物的道路連通。場內(nèi)運(yùn)輸?shù)缆窇?yīng)盡量減少彎道和交叉點(diǎn)。頻繁的交叉處，必須設(shè)有明顯的警告標(biāo)志，或設(shè)臨時交通指揮(指揮人員或指揮信號)。1)Thesidewalksandroadwaysontheconstructionsiteshouldbesolidandflat,andkeptunobstructed.Themainroadsshouldbeconnectedtotheroadsofthemaintemporarybuildings.Thetransportationroadswithinthesiteshouldminimizebendsandintersectionsasmuchaspossible.Atfrequentintersections,obviousWarningsignmustbesetup,ortemporarytrafficcommanders(commandersorcommandsignals)mustbesetup.2)工地通道不得任意挖掘或截斷。如因工程需要，必須開挖時，有關(guān)部門應(yīng)事先協(xié)調(diào)，統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃。同時將通過道路的溝渠，搭設(shè)安全牢固的橋板。2)Accesstotheconstructionsiteshallnotbearbitrarilyexcavatedorcutoff.Ifexcavationisnecessaryduetoengineeringneeds,relevantdepartmentsshouldcoordinateandplaninadvance.Atthesametime,safeandsturdybridgeslabswillbeerectedthroughtheditchesoftheroad.(2)道路運(yùn)輸(2)Roadtransportation1)工地的人行道、車行道應(yīng)堅(jiān)實(shí)平坦，保持暢通。主要道路應(yīng)與主要臨時建筑物的道路連通。場內(nèi)運(yùn)輸?shù)缆窇?yīng)盡量減少彎道和交叉點(diǎn)。頻繁的交叉處，必須設(shè)有明顯的警告標(biāo)志，或設(shè)臨時交通指揮(指揮人員或指揮信號)。1)Thesidewalksandroadwaysontheconstructionsiteshouldbesolidandflat,andkeptunobstructed.Themainroadsshouldbeconnectedtotheroadsofthemaintemporarybuildings.Thetransportationroadswithinthesiteshouldminimizebendsandintersectionsasmuchaspossible.Atfrequentintersections,obviousWarningsignmustbesetup,ortemporarytrafficcommanders(commandersorcommandsignals)mustbesetup.2)工地通道不得任意挖掘或截斷。如因工程需要，必須開挖時，有關(guān)部門應(yīng)事先協(xié)調(diào)，統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃。同時將通過道路的溝渠，搭設(shè)安全牢固的橋板。2)Accesstotheconstructionsiteshallnotbearbitrarilyexcavatedorcutoff.Ifexcavationisnecessaryduetoengineeringneeds,relevantdepartmentsshouldcoordinateandplaninadvance.Atthesametime,safeandsturdybridgeslabswillbeerectedthroughtheditchesoftheroad.(2)道路運(yùn)輸(2)Roadtransportation1)一切建筑施工器材(包括建筑材料、預(yù)制構(gòu)件、施工設(shè)施構(gòu)件等)都應(yīng)該按施工平面布置圖規(guī)定的地點(diǎn)分類堆放整齊穩(wěn)固。各類材料的堆放不得超過規(guī)定高度。嚴(yán)禁靠近場地圍護(hù)柵欄及其他建筑物墻壁堆置，且其間距應(yīng)在50cm以上，兩頭空間應(yīng)予封閉，防止有人人內(nèi)，發(fā)生意外傷害事故。1)Allconstructionequipment(includingbuildingmaterials,prefabricatedcomponents,constructionfacilitycomponents,etc.)shouldbeclassifiedandstackedneatlyandstablyaccordingtothelocationspecifiedintheconstructionlayoutplan.Thestackingofvariousmaterialsshallnotexceedthespecifiedheight.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtopileupfencesandotherbuildingwallsnearthesite,andtheirspacingshouldbemorethan50cm.Thespaceatbothendsshouldbeclosedtopreventaccidentalinjuryaccidentscausedbypeopleinside.3)油漆及其稀釋劑和其他對職工健康有害物質(zhì)，應(yīng)該存放在通風(fēng)良好、嚴(yán)禁煙火的專用倉庫。瀝青應(yīng)放置在干燥、通氣的場所。3)Paints,theirdiluents,andothersubstancesharmfultoemployeehealthshouldbestoredinawellventilatedandstrictlyprohibitedwarehouse.Asphaltshouldbeplacedinadryandventilatedplace.2)作業(yè)中使用剩余器材及現(xiàn)場拆下來的模板、腳手架桿件和余料、廢料等都應(yīng)隨時清理回收，并且將釘子拔掉或者打彎再分類集中堆放。2)Theremainingequipmentusedintheoperation,aswellasthedismantledtemplates,scaffoldingrods,surplusmaterials,wastematerials,etc.,shouldbecleanedandrecycledatanytime,andthenailsshouldbepulledoutorbentbeforebeingclassifiedandstackedinacentralizedmanner.(3)材料堆放(3)Materialstacking1)一切建筑施工器材(包括建筑材料、預(yù)制構(gòu)件、施工設(shè)施構(gòu)件等)都應(yīng)該按施工平面布置圖規(guī)定的地點(diǎn)分類堆放整齊穩(wěn)固。各類材料的堆放不得超過規(guī)定高度。嚴(yán)禁靠近場地圍護(hù)柵欄及其他建筑物墻壁堆置，且其間距應(yīng)在50cm以上，兩頭空間應(yīng)予封閉，防止有人人內(nèi)，發(fā)生意外傷害事故。1)Allconstructionequipment(includingbuildingmaterials,prefabricatedcomponents,constructionfacilitycomponents,etc.)shouldbeclassifiedandstackedneatlyandstablyaccordingtothelocationspecifiedintheconstructionlayoutplan.Thestackingofvariousmaterialsshallnotexceedthespecifiedheight.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtopileupfencesandotherbuildingwallsnearthesite,andtheirspacingshouldbemorethan50cm.Thespaceatbothendsshouldbeclosedtopreventaccidentalinjuryaccidentscausedbypeopleinside.3)油漆及其稀釋劑和其他對職工健康有害物質(zhì)，應(yīng)該存放在通風(fēng)良好、嚴(yán)禁煙火的專用倉庫。瀝青應(yīng)放置在干燥、通氣的場所。3)Paints,theirdiluents,andothersubstancesharmfultoemployeehealthshouldbestoredinawellventilatedandstrictlyprohibitedwarehouse.Asphaltshouldbeplacedinadryandventilatedplace.2)作業(yè)中使用剩余器材及現(xiàn)場拆下來的模板、腳手架桿件和余料、廢料等都應(yīng)隨時清理回收，并且將釘子拔掉或者打彎再分類集中堆放。2)Theremainingequipmentusedintheoperation,aswellasthedismantledtemplates,scaffoldingrods,surplusmaterials,wastematerials,etc.,shouldbecleanedandrecycledatanytime,andthenailsshouldbepulledoutorbentbeforebeingclassifiedandstackedinacentralizedmanner.(3)材料堆放(3)Materialstacking1)一切建筑施工器材(包括建筑材料、預(yù)制構(gòu)件、施工設(shè)施構(gòu)件等)都應(yīng)該按施工平面布置圖規(guī)定的地點(diǎn)分類堆放整齊穩(wěn)固。各類材料的堆放不得超過規(guī)定高度。嚴(yán)禁靠近場地圍護(hù)柵欄及其他建筑物墻壁堆置，且其間距應(yīng)在50cm以上，兩頭空間應(yīng)予封閉，防止有人人內(nèi)，發(fā)生意外傷害事故。1)Allconstructionequipment(includingbuildingmaterials,prefabricatedcomponents,constructionfacilitycomponents,etc.)shouldbeclassifiedandstackedneatlyandstablyaccordingtothelocationspecifiedintheconstructionlayoutplan.Thestackingofvariousmaterialsshallnotexceedthespecifiedheight.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtopileupfencesandotherbuildingwallsnearthesite,andtheirspacingshouldbemorethan50cm.Thespaceatbothendsshouldbeclosedtopreventaccidentalinjuryaccidentscausedbypeopleinside.3)油漆及其稀釋劑和其他對職工健康有害物質(zhì)，應(yīng)該存放在通風(fēng)良好、嚴(yán)禁煙火的專用倉庫。瀝青應(yīng)放置在干燥、通氣的場所。3)Paints,theirdiluents,andothersubstancesharmfultoemployeehealthshouldbestoredinawellventilatedandstrictlyprohibitedwarehouse.Asphaltshouldbeplacedinadryandventilatedplace.2)作業(yè)中使用剩余器材及現(xiàn)場拆下來的模板、腳手架桿件和余料、廢料等都應(yīng)隨時清理回收，并且將釘子拔掉或者打彎再分類集中堆放。2)Theremainingequipmentusedintheoperation,aswellasthedismantledtemplates,scaffoldingrods,surplusmaterials,wastematerials,etc.,shouldbecleanedandrecycledatanytime,andthenailsshouldbepulledoutorbentbeforebeingclassifiedandstackedinacentralizedmanner.(3)材料堆放(3)Materialstacking安全設(shè)施如安全網(wǎng)、洞口蓋板、護(hù)欄、防護(hù)罩、各種限制保險裝置都必須齊全有效，并且不得擅自拆除或移動，因施工確實(shí)需要移動時，必須經(jīng)工地施工管理負(fù)責(zé)人同意，并需采取相應(yīng)的臨時安全措施，在完工后立即復(fù)原。Safetyfacilitiessuchassafetynets,holecovers,guardrails,protectivecovers,andvariousrestrictedinsurancedevicesmustbecompleteandeffective,andmustnotberemovedormovedwithoutauthorization.Whenconstructiondoesrequiremovement,itmustbeapprovedbytheconstructionmanagementresponsiblepersonontheconstructionsite,andcorrespondingtemporarysafetymeasuresmustbetaken,andimmediatelyrestoredaftercompletion.(4)施工現(xiàn)場的安全設(shè)施(4)Safetyfacilitiesattheconstructionsite施工現(xiàn)場除應(yīng)設(shè)置安全宣傳標(biāo)語牌外，危險部位還必須懸掛按照GB32893-82《安全色》和GB32894-82《安全標(biāo)志》規(guī)定的標(biāo)牌。夜間有人經(jīng)過的坑洞等處還應(yīng)設(shè)紅燈示警。Inadditiontosettingupsafetypropagandasignsontheconstructionsite,dangerousareasmustalsohangsignsinaccordancewithGB32893-82"SafetyColors"andGB32894-82"SafetySigns".Redlightsshouldalsobesetuptowarnpeoplepassingthroughpitsandotherplacesatnight.(5)安全標(biāo)牌(5)Safetysigns(1)特殊工程系指工程本身的特殊性或工程所在區(qū)域的特殊性或采用的施工工藝、方法有特殊要求的工程。有的是整體工程屬于特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場，也有的僅是分部分項(xiàng)工程屬于特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場。(1)Specialengineeringreferstoprojectsthathavespecialcharacteristicsoftheprojectitselfortheareawheretheprojectislocated,orhavespecialrequirementsfortheconstructionprocessandmethodsused.Someoftheoverallprojectsbelongtospecialengineeringconstructionsites,whileothersareonlysubprojectsbelongingtospecialengineeringconstructionsites.2．特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場基本要求2.Basicrequirementsforspecialengineeringconstructionsites1)編制特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理制度并向參加施工的全體職工進(jìn)行安全教育和交底。1)Developasafetymanagementsystemforspecialengineeringconstructionsitesandprovidesafetyeducationanddisclosuretoallemployeesparticipatingintheconstruction.3)強(qiáng)化安全監(jiān)督檢查制度，并認(rèn)真做好安全日記。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場周圍要設(shè)置圍護(hù)，要有出入制度并設(shè)門衛(wèi)(值班人員)。2)Surroundingsshouldbesetuparoundtheconstructionsiteofspecialprojects,andthereshouldbeanaccesssystemandaguard(ondutypersonnel).(2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應(yīng)根據(jù)特殊工程的性質(zhì)、施工特點(diǎn)、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術(shù)措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:1)編制特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理制度并向參加施工的全體職工進(jìn)行安全教育和交底。1)Developasafetymanagementsystemforspecialengineeringconstructionsitesandprovidesafetyeducationanddisclosuretoallemployeesparticipatingintheconstruction.3)強(qiáng)化安全監(jiān)督檢查制度，并認(rèn)真做好安全日記。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場周圍要設(shè)置圍護(hù)，要有出入制度并設(shè)門衛(wèi)(值班人員)。2)Surroundingsshouldbesetuparoundtheconstructionsiteofspecialprojects,andthereshouldbeanaccesssystemandaguard(ondutypersonnel).(2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應(yīng)根據(jù)特殊工程的性質(zhì)、施工特點(diǎn)、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術(shù)措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:1)編制特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理制度并向參加施工的全體職工進(jìn)行安全教育和交底。1)Developasafetymanagementsystemforspecialengineeringconstructionsitesandprovidesafetyeducationanddisclosuretoallemployeesparticipatingintheconstruction.3)強(qiáng)化安全監(jiān)督檢查制度，并認(rèn)真做好安全日記。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場周圍要設(shè)置圍護(hù)，要有出入制度并設(shè)門衛(wèi)(值班人員)。2)Surroundingsshouldbesetuparoundtheconstructionsiteofspecialprojects,andthereshouldbeanaccesssystemandaguard(ondutypersonnel).(2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應(yīng)根據(jù)特殊工程的性質(zhì)、施工特點(diǎn)、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術(shù)措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:4)對于從事危險作業(yè)的人員要進(jìn)行安全檢測和設(shè)置監(jiān)護(hù)。如在容器內(nèi)、地下室，特別是作防水、防腐蝕涂料、油漆、爆破、吊裝拆除工程和滑模施工等。4)Forpersonnelengagedinhazardousoperations,safetytestingandmonitoringshouldbecarriedout.Forexample,incontainersandbasements,especiallyforwaterproofing,anti-corrosioncoatings,painting,blasting,liftinganddemolitionengineering,andslidingformconstruction.6)要備有滅火、防爆炸等的器材物資。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.5)施工現(xiàn)場應(yīng)設(shè)醫(yī)務(wù)室或派醫(yī)務(wù)人員。5)Amedicalroomshouldbesetupormedicalpersonnelshouldbedispatchedattheconstructionsite.(2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應(yīng)根據(jù)特殊工程的性質(zhì)、施工特點(diǎn)、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術(shù)措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:4)對于從事危險作業(yè)的人員要進(jìn)行安全檢測和設(shè)置監(jiān)護(hù)。如在容器內(nèi)、地下室，特別是作防水、防腐蝕涂料、油漆、爆破、吊裝拆除工程和滑模施工等。4)Forpersonnelengagedinhazardousoperations,safetytestingandmonitoringshouldbecarriedout.Forexample,incontainersandbasements,especiallyforwaterproofing,anti-corrosioncoatings,painting,blasting,liftinganddemolitionengineering,andslidingformconstruction.6)要備有滅火、防爆炸等的器材物資。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.5)施工現(xiàn)場應(yīng)設(shè)醫(yī)務(wù)室或派醫(yī)務(wù)人員。5)Amedicalroomshouldbesetupormedicalpersonnelshouldbedispatchedattheconstructionsite.(2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應(yīng)根據(jù)特殊工程的性質(zhì)、施工特點(diǎn)、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術(shù)措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:4)對于從事危險作業(yè)的人員要進(jìn)行安全檢測和設(shè)置監(jiān)護(hù)。如在容器內(nèi)、地下室，特別是作防水、防腐蝕涂料、油漆、爆破、吊裝拆除工程和滑模施工等。4)Forpersonnelengagedinhazardousoperations,safetytestingandmonitoringshouldbecarriedout.Forexample,incontainersandbasements,especiallyforwaterproofing,anti-corrosioncoatings,painting,blasting,liftinganddemolitionengineering,andslidingformconstruction.6)要備有滅火、防爆炸等的器材物資。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.5)施工現(xiàn)場應(yīng)設(shè)醫(yī)務(wù)室或派醫(yī)務(wù)人員。5)Amedicalroomshouldbesetupormedicalpersonnelshouldbedispatchedattheconstructionsite.(2)特殊工程施工現(xiàn)場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應(yīng)根據(jù)特殊工程的性質(zhì)、施工特點(diǎn)、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術(shù)措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:把“綜合治理”充實(shí)到安全生產(chǎn)方針當(dāng)中，始于黨的十六屆五中全會上的《中共中央關(guān)于制定國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十一個五年規(guī)劃的建議》，并在胡錦濤總書記、溫家寶總理的講話中得到了進(jìn)一步明確。這一完善和發(fā)展，更好地反映了安全生產(chǎn)工作的規(guī)律和特點(diǎn)。綜合運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)手段、法律手段和必要的行政手段，從發(fā)展規(guī)劃、行業(yè)管理、安全投入、科技進(jìn)步、經(jīng)濟(jì)政教育培訓(xùn)、安全立法、激勵約束、企業(yè)管理、監(jiān)管體制、社會監(jiān)督以及追究事故責(zé)任、査處違法違紀(jì)等方面著手，解決影響制約安全生產(chǎn)的歷史性、深層次問題，建立安全生產(chǎn)的長效機(jī)制。The"comprehensivemanagement"approachtoproductionsafetybeganattheFifthPlenarySessionofthe16thCPCCentralCommittee's"ProposalfortheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment"andwasfurtherclarifiedinthespeechesofGeneralSecretaryHuJintaoandPremierWenJiabao.Thisrefinementanddevelopmentbetterreflectsthelawsandcharacteristicsofworkinproductionsafety.Thecomprehensiveuseofeconomic,legalandnecessaryadministrativemeans,fromdevelopmentplanning,industrymanagement,safetyinvestment,scientificandtechnologicalprogress,economicandpoliticaleducationandtraining,safetylegislation,incentivesandconstraints,enterprisemanagement,regulatorysystem,socialsupervision,aswellasthepursuitofresponsibilityforaccidents,investigationandpunishmentofviolationsoflawanddiscipline,etc.,tosolvethehistoricalanddeep-rootedproblemsaffectingtheconstraintsonproductionsafety,andestablishalong-termmechanismforproductionsafety.綜合治理Comprehensivegovernance(1)在編制施工組織設(shè)計(或施工方案)時，應(yīng)有消防安全要求。如施工現(xiàn)場平面布置、暫設(shè)工程(臨時建筑)搭建位置、用火用電和易燃易爆物品的安全管理、工地消防設(shè)施和消防責(zé)任制等都應(yīng)按消防要求周密考慮和落實(shí)。(1)Whenpreparingtheconstructionorganizationdesign(orconstructionplan),thereshouldbefiresafetyrequirements.Thelayoutoftheconstructionsite,thelocationoftemporaryconstructionprojects(temporarybuildings),thesafetymanagementoffire,electricity,andflammableandexplosivematerials,thefireprotectionfacilitiesandfireresponsibilitysystemontheconstructionsiteshouldbecarefullyconsideredandimplementedinaccordancewithfireprotectionrequirements.(2)施工現(xiàn)場要明確劃分用火作業(yè)區(qū)、易燃、可燃材料堆放場、倉庫、易燃廢品集中點(diǎn)和生活區(qū)等。各區(qū)域之間間距要符合防火規(guī)定。(2)Theconstructionsiteshouldbeclearlydividedintohotworkareas,flammableandcombustiblematerialstorageareas,warehouses,flammablewasteconcentrationpoints,andlivingareas.Thespacingbetweeneachareashouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations.3．防火3.Fireprevention1)臨時宿舍盡可能搭建在離開建筑物20m以外；并不得搭在高壓架空線路下方，應(yīng)和高壓架空線路保持安全距離。1)Temporarydormitoriesshouldbebuiltasfaraspossible20metersawayfromthebuilding;Itshouldnotbeplacedunderhigh-voltageoverheadlines,andasafedistanceshouldbemaintainedfromhigh-voltageoverheadlines.3)每幢宿舍居住人數(shù)，不宜超過100人，每25人要有一個可直接出入的門，門寬不少于1．2m，同時門必須向外開。3)Thenumberofresidentsineachdormitoryshouldnotexceed100,andevery25peopleshouldhaveadirectaccessdoorwithawidthofnolessthan1.2m,andthedoormustopenoutward.2)工棚內(nèi)頂高度一般不低于2．5m。2)Theheightoftheceilinginsidetheworkshedisgenerallynotlessthan2.5m.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規(guī)定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:1)臨時宿舍盡可能搭建在離開建筑物20m以外；并不得搭在高壓架空線路下方，應(yīng)和高壓架空線路保持安全距離。1)Temporarydormitoriesshouldbebuiltasfaraspossible20metersawayfromthebuilding;Itshouldnotbeplacedunderhigh-voltageoverheadlines,andasafedistanceshouldbemaintainedfromhigh-voltageoverheadlines.3)每幢宿舍居住人數(shù)，不宜超過100人，每25人要有一個可直接出入的門，門寬不少于1．2m，同時門必須向外開。3)Thenumberofresidentsineachdormitoryshouldnotexceed100,andevery25peopleshouldhaveadirectaccessdoorwithawidthofnolessthan1.2m,andthedoormustopenoutward.2)工棚內(nèi)頂高度一般不低于2．5m。2)Theheightoftheceilinginsidetheworkshedisgenerallynotlessthan2.5m.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規(guī)定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:1)臨時宿舍盡可能搭建在離開建筑物20m以外；并不得搭在高壓架空線路下方，應(yīng)和高壓架空線路保持安全距離。1)Temporarydormitoriesshouldbebuiltasfaraspossible20metersawayfromthebuilding;Itshouldnotbeplacedunderhigh-voltageoverheadlines,andasafedistanceshouldbemaintainedfromhigh-voltageoverheadlines.3)每幢宿舍居住人數(shù)，不宜超過100人，每25人要有一個可直接出入的門，門寬不少于1．2m，同時門必須向外開。3)Thenumberofresidentsineachdormitoryshouldnotexceed100,andevery25peopleshouldhaveadirectaccessdoorwithawidthofnolessthan1.2m,andthedoormustopenoutward.2)工棚內(nèi)頂高度一般不低于2．5m。2)Theheightoftheceilinginsidetheworkshedisgenerallynotlessthan2.5m.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規(guī)定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:4)一切架空電線均須用固定瓷瓶絕緣，電線穿過墻壁時，必須從瓷管硬塑料管內(nèi)通過。4)Alloverheadwiresmustbeinsulatedwithfixedporcelainbottles.Whenwirespassthroughwalls,theymustpassthroughhardplasticpipesinporcelaintubes.6)倉庫、木工棚及易燃易爆物堆(存)放等處，應(yīng)張貼(懸掛)醒目的防火標(biāo)志。6)Clearfiresafetysignsshouldbeposted(hung)inwarehouses,woodworkingsheds,andplaceswhereflammableandexplosivematerialsarestored.5)明火作業(yè)必須經(jīng)有關(guān)部門批準(zhǔn)后，才可動火。5)Hotworkmustbeapprovedbyrelevantdepartmentsbeforehotworkcanbecarriedout.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規(guī)定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:4)一切架空電線均須用固定瓷瓶絕緣，電線穿過墻壁時，必須從瓷管硬塑料管內(nèi)通過。4)Alloverheadwiresmustbeinsulatedwithfixedporcelainbottles.Whenwirespassthroughwalls,theymustpassthroughhardplasticpipesinporcelaintubes.6)倉庫、木工棚及易燃易爆物堆(存)放等處，應(yīng)張貼(懸掛)醒目的防火標(biāo)志。6)Clearfiresafetysignsshouldbeposted(hung)inwarehouses,woodworkingsheds,andplaceswhereflammableandexplosivematerialsarestored.5)明火作業(yè)必須經(jīng)有關(guān)部門批準(zhǔn)后，才可動火。5)Hotworkmustbeapprovedbyrelevantdepartmentsbeforehotworkcanbecarriedout.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規(guī)定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:4)一切架空電線均須用固定瓷瓶絕緣，電線穿過墻壁時，必須從瓷管硬塑料管內(nèi)通過。4)Alloverheadwiresmustbeinsulatedwithfixedporcelainbottles.Whenwirespassthroughwalls,theymustpassthroughhardplasticpipesinporcelaintubes.6)倉庫、木工棚及易燃易爆物堆(存)放等處，應(yīng)張貼(懸掛)醒目的防火標(biāo)志。6)Clearfiresafetysignsshouldbeposted(hung)inwarehouses,woodworkingsheds,andplaceswhereflammableandexplosivematerialsarestored.5)明火作業(yè)必須經(jīng)有關(guān)部門批準(zhǔn)后，才可動火。5)Hotworkmustbeapprovedbyrelevantdepartmentsbeforehotworkcanbecarriedout.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規(guī)定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規(guī)定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:7)施工現(xiàn)場必須配備足夠數(shù)量的防火、滅火設(shè)施和器材。如防火工具(消防桶、消防梯、鐵鍬、安全鉤等)、砂箱(池)、消防水池(缸)、消防栓和滅火器。7)Theconstructionsitemustbeequippedwithasufficientnumberoffirepreventionandextinguishingfacilitiesandequipment.Suchasfirepreventiontools(firebuckets,fireladders,shovel,safetyhooks,etc.),sandboxes(pools),firepools(tanks),Firehydrantandfire(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規(guī)定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:8)要建立安全防火責(zé)任制，并劃分防火責(zé)任區(qū)。8)Weneedtoestablishasafetyandfirepreventionresponsibilitysystemanddividefirepreventionresponsibilityzones.第二節(jié)施工安全技術(shù)措施SectionIITechnicalMeasuresforConstructionSafety第二節(jié)施工安全技術(shù)措施SectionIITechnicalMeasuresforConstructionSafety安全技術(shù)措施，系指為防止工傷事故和職業(yè)病的危害，從技術(shù)上采取的措施。Safetytechnicalmeasuresrefertothemeasurestakentechnicallytopreventthehazardsofwork-relatedaccidentsandoccupationaldiseases.第二節(jié)施工安全技術(shù)措施SectionIITechnicalMeasuresforConstructionSafety安全技術(shù)措施，系指為防止工傷事故和職業(yè)病的危害，從技術(shù)上采取的措施。Safetytechnicalmeasuresrefertothemeasurestakentechnicallytopreventthehazardsofwork-relatedaccidentsandoccupationaldiseases.工程施工中，針對工程的特點(diǎn)、施工現(xiàn)場環(huán)境、施工方法、勞動組織、作業(yè)方法、使用的機(jī)械、動力設(shè)備、變配電設(shè)施、架設(shè)工具以及各項(xiàng)安全防護(hù)設(shè)施等制定的確保安全施工的措施，稱為施工安全技術(shù)措施。施工安全技術(shù)措施是施工組織設(shè)計(或施工方案)的重要組織部分。Intheconstructionoftheproject,themeasurestoensurethesafetyoftheconstructionareformulatedforthecharacteristicsoftheproject,theconstructionsiteenvironment,theconstructionmethod,thelabourorganisation,theoperationmethod,themachineryused,thepowerequipment,thesubstationanddistributionfacilities,theerectiontoolsandthesafetyprotectionfacilities,etc.Theyarecalledconstructionsafetytechnicalmeasures.Constructionsafetytechnicalmeasuresareanimportantpartoftheconstructionorganisationdesign(orconstructionprogramme).工程大致分為兩種：一是結(jié)構(gòu)共性較多的稱為一般工程；二是結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜、施工特點(diǎn)較多的稱為特殊工程。Theworksarebroadlydividedintotwotypes:firstly,thosewithmorestructuralcommonalitiesarecalledgeneralworks;secondly,thosewithmorecomplexstructuresandconstructionfeaturesarecalledspecialworks.有人認(rèn)為在安全技術(shù)措施中摘錄幾條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就可以了。這是行不通的。因?yàn)椋词故峭惤Y(jié)構(gòu)的工程，由于施工條件、環(huán)境等不同，既有共性，也有不同之處。不同之處在共性措施中就無法解決。因此應(yīng)根據(jù)工程施工特點(diǎn)，將不同危險因素，按照有關(guān)規(guī)程的規(guī)定，結(jié)合以往的施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教訓(xùn)，參照以下內(nèi)容編制安全技術(shù)措施。Somepeoplethinkthatafewexcerptsofstandardsinthesafetytechnicalmeasureswillbesufficient.Thisisnotfeasible.Because,evenifitisthesamekindofstructureoftheproject,duetotheconstructionconditions,environmentandotherdifferent,therearecommonality,butalsodifferences.Thedifferencescannotbesolvedinthecommonmeasures.Therefore,accordingtotheconstructioncharacteristicsoftheproject,differentriskfactorsshouldbecompiledinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftherelevantregulations,combinedwithpreviousconstructionexperienceandlessonslearned,withreferencetothefollowingcontentofthetechnicalsafetymeasures.(1)土方工程。根據(jù)基坑、基槽、地下室等挖土方深度和土的種類，選擇開挖方法，確定邊坡的坡度或采取哪種護(hù)坡支撐和護(hù)地樁，以防土方塌方。(1)Earthwork.Accordingtothedepthofexcavationandthetypeofsoilinthefoundationpit,trenchandbasement,choosetheexcavationmethodanddeterminetheslopeofthesideslopeorwhichkindofslopeprotectionsupportandgroundprotectionpiletopreventtheearthfromcollapsing.(3)高處作業(yè)的上下安全通道。(3)Safepassageupanddownforworkingatheight.(2)腳手架、吊籃、工具式腳手架等選用及設(shè)計搭設(shè)方案和安全防護(hù)措施。(2)Selectionanddesignofscaffolding,hangingbaskets,tooledscaffolding,etc.anderectionprogrammesandsafetymeasures.1．一般工程安全技術(shù)措施1.Generalengineeringsafetytechnicalmeasures(1)土方工程。根據(jù)基坑、基槽、地下室等挖土方深度和土的種類，選擇開挖方法，確定邊坡的坡度或采取哪種護(hù)坡支撐和護(hù)地樁，以防土方塌方。(1)Earthwork.Accordingtothedepthofexcavationandthetypeofsoilinthefoundationpit,trenchandbasement,choosetheexcavationmethodanddeterminetheslopeofthesideslopeorwhichkindofslopeprotectionsupportandgroundprotectionpiletopreventtheearthfromcollapsing.(3)高處作業(yè)的上下安全通道。(3)Safepassageupanddownforworkingatheight.(2)腳手架、吊籃、工具式腳手架等選用及設(shè)計搭設(shè)方案和安全防護(hù)措施。(2)Selectionanddesignofscaffolding,hangingbaskets,tooledscaffolding,etc.anderectionprogrammesandsafetymeasures.1．一般工程安全技術(shù)措施1.Generalengineeringsafetytechnicalmeasures(1)土方工程。根據(jù)基坑、基槽、地下室等挖土方深度和土的種類，選擇開挖方法，確定邊坡的坡度或采取哪種護(hù)坡支撐和護(hù)地樁，以防土方塌方。(1)Earthwork.Accordingtothedepthofexcavationandthetypeofsoilinthefoundationpit,trenchandbasement,choosetheexcavationmethodanddeterminetheslopeofthesideslopeorwhichkindofslopeprotectionsupportandgroundprotectionpiletopreventtheearthfromcollapsing.(3)高處作業(yè)的上下安全通道。(3)Safepassageupanddownforworkingatheight.(2)腳手架、吊籃、工具式腳手架等選用及設(shè)計搭設(shè)方案和安全防護(hù)措施。(2)Selectionanddesignofscaffolding,hangingbaskets,tooledscaffolding,etc.anderectionprogrammesandsafetymeasures.1．一般工程安全技術(shù)措施1.Generalengineeringsafetytechnicalmeasures(4)安