加速全球向生物基經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型：政策的戰(zhàn)略作用（英文版）

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategic

RoleofPolicy

WHITEPAPER

SEPTEMBER2024

Images:GettyImages

Contents

Foreword3

Executivesummary4

Introduction5

1Streamliningregulation:Theroleofpolicyinunlockingthe6

promiseofgenomicsandhumanhealth

2Scalingsustainablealternatives:Theroleofpolicyindelivering10

sustainablealternativesforhard-to-abateindustries

3Commercializationandadoption:Theroleofpolicyinshaping15

sustainablefoodandagriculturalsystems

Conclusion20

Contributors21

Endnotes22

Disclaimer

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?2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformation

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AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy2

September2024

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy

Foreword

BrynneStanton

Lead,Bioeconomy,

WorldEconomicForum

DidierToubia

ChiefExecutiveOfficer,AlephFarms

JelenaBojovi?

Director,CentrefortheFourthIndustrialRevolutionSerbia

Theblendingofthedigital,physicaland

biologicalworldsisreshapingsociety.Policyis

attheforefront:fordecades,policyhasbeen

structuringtheresponsibletransitionofbiology

intoacommercialtechnology.Astoolsevolve

tomorereliablyharnessbiology,theinterplay

betweenpolicyandinnovationhasneverbeen

moreimportant–tosafeguardthehuman-centredtransitiontoaresilient,bio-basedeconomy.

Althoughnotalwaysrecognized,thisinterplay

isnotnew:effectivepolicieshavepropelled

groundbreakingtechnologiesfromthelaboratorytowidespreadsocietaluseforcenturies.Withoutthefoundationalsupportofwell-craftedpolicies,eventhemostpromisinginnovationsriskstagnationorfailingtoreachthosewhowouldbenefitthemost.Asthejourneytoabio-basedeconomyadvances,policywillbekeyinfosteringresilientandequitableeconomiesthroughthecommercialapplicationofbio-innovation.

Atthecoreofthistransition,therecipeforsuccess,isbiology.Bio-innovationhasprovideduswithrapidresponsestohumanhealthcrisesandsolutionstoreversediminishingagriculturalproductivityduetoclimatechange.EvenOzempic,thediabetesand

weight-lossdrug,isaproductofbiomanufacturing.

Beyondhumanhealthandagriculturalapplications,bio-basedapproacheshavealsoprovidedearly-

stagealternativesformanydailynecessitieshistoricallyassociatedwithpollutingorhigh-

emissionsproduction.Inadditiontotechnologicalprogress,policyisthekeydriverthatwilldefinethemagnitudeoftheimpactthatbio-innovationiscapableofachieving.

Aswebuildafuturewherebio-innovation

increasinglydeliversbettercommercialalternatives,withoutincreasedpolicyintervention,bio-solutionswillbeincapableofdeliveringupontheirultimate

potential.Thegoalisclear:toensurethatthe

innovations–notonlyoftodaybutoftomorrow

aswell–caneffectivelyaddressthepressing

challengesfacinghumanityandtheplanet.By

examiningpastsuccesseswheretimelyand

supportivepolicieshavesavedlivesandimprovedenvironmentaloutcomes,itbecomesclearthat

evolvingtheseframeworksanddeliveringthemefficientlyiscrucial.

Bio-basedapproacheswillcontinuetoprovidethetoolsandmeansnecessarytodeliverinnovative

solutionstohumanhealth,industrialpracticesthatshrinkourrelianceonextractiveprocesses,and

theabilitytoreimaginesustainablefoodsystems.Inaworldfastapproachingclimatetipping

pointswheresocietyrequirespracticalhuman-centricalternatives,whatrolewillpolicyplayinamplifyingbio-solutionsforbetterplanetaryandhumanoutcomes?Thispaperspotlightspivotal

policyinterventionsinthreekeyareasforbiotech

application:health;energyandchemicals;andfoodandagriculturalsystems.

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy3

Executivesummary

Policyisafundamentalenablerofthetech-drivenbioeconomy.

Forcenturies,innovationhasfuelledeconomies

andgivenrisetonewmarketsandindustries,

bridginggapsineducation,healthcareandhumanprosperity.Forexample,thedigitaltransformationhaspermeatedeveryaspectofdailylife,redefininghowpeoplecommunicate,work,connect,

buildcommunitiesandengagewiththeworld.

Theinternetasitexiststodaywasnotonlya

paradigm-shiftinginnovation,butalsoconstitutedamajorpoliticalachievementowingtovisionarypolicy-makerswhocreatedthelegalandpolicyframeworksthatenableditsexponentialgrowth.1

Wellrecognizedforestablishingrulesand

regulationsforthebettermentofsociety,policysetsforthguidanceandbestpracticesacrossorganizations,governmentsandinstitutions.

Bio-solutionsrepresentoneareawherethedigital,physicalandbiologicalworldsarecoalescingto

introducebio-basedoptionsintoeverydaylife,

withpolicyplayingacentralroleinmakingthisallpossible.2Duetorapidtechnologicalprogressandhistoricalinvestmentinincumbentprocessesandproducts,enablingpoliciesforbio-solutionshave,attimes,struggledtokeeppacewithinnovation.Thecatalyticroleofsupportivepoliciesaround

bio-solutionscantakemanyforms,butincreasedattentionisnecessarytoensurethatinnovationcanefficientlydeliversocietalinterventions,especially

inthosecaseswherethereisnoPlanB(e.g.

diseaseswithoutviabletreatments,orcommercialalternativesthatoperateoutsideofplanetary

boundaries).Thispaperhighlightstheopportunitiesfor,andthepotentialimpactof,enablingpolicies

forbiotechnology.Itfocusesonthesupportive

policiesthathaveprovidedsignificantsocietalandenvironmentalbenefits.Itexploreshow:

–streamlinedregulatoryapprovalsavedmillionsoflivesduringthepandemic.

–regionalpoliciesareopeningupopportunitiestomovebeyondpetroleum-derivedchemicals.

–thepowerfulsynergybetweenpolicyand

innovationishelpingbiotechcropsrestoretheplanetandreduceemissions.

Furthermore,itspotlightsareaswherepolicy

developmentcouldserveasamultiplierforimpact,alongwiththekeyobstaclesthatmustbeaddressedtoenablebiologytoprovidetransformativesolutionsmoreeffectively–forhumanityandtheplanet.

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy4

Introduction

Policy:Bio-innovation’sfundamentalenabler.

Thecapacitytoread,write,editand,increasingly,

functionalizeDNAisexpandingthereachof

applicationareasforthetech-drivenbioeconomy.3Upto60%ofphysicalinputstotheglobaleconomycouldbeproducedwithbiology.4Typicallytakingtheformofalaw,regulation,procedure,administrativeaction,incentiveorvoluntarypracticeofgovernmentandotherinstitutions,theroleofpolicyinamplifyinginnovationisoftenunderemphasizedand

undervalued.Thispapershinesaspotlightontheimportanceofpolicyinamplifyingbio-solutions,aswellasareasthatcanbenefitfromenhancedpolicyfocus,toultimatelyrealizethefullpotentialofabio-basedeconomyforsocietyandtheenvironment.

Agilityinpolicy-makingiscrucialtopromotea

responsibletransition:itisimperativetoenabletheunforeseenpotentialofemergingtechnologies,

andtoensurepoliciescanbetterco-evolvewiththetechnologyitselfwhilepavingthewayfor

responsible,human-centredadoption.

Thefollowingsectionshighlightexamplesofthekeybio-innovationareasunderpinnedbyexistingand/oremergingpolicyframeworks.Thesepolicieshavebeeninstrumentalinenablingbio-solutionstosavemillionsoflives,boostagriculturalproductivityanddeliversustainableenergyalternatives.

Thesecasesbringtotheforefrontthesignificantsocietalbenefitsthatcanresultfromthe

harmonizationofpolicyandinnovation,whilehighlightingfurtherareasofdevelopmentfortransformativeoutcomes.Atatimewhenthecapabilitiesofprogrammingbiologyarerapidlyevolving,bringingpolicytotheforefrontofthediscussionhasneverbeenmorecrucial:itis

throughpolicythataresponsible,human-centredtransitionwilltakeplacetodeliveruponallthatbio-innovationhastooffer.

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy5

1

Streamliningregulation:Theroleofpolicyin

unlockingthepromiseofgenomicsand

humanhealth

?

Didyouknow?Emergency

regulatoryapprovaloftheCOVID-19mRNAvaccinesavednearly20

millionlivesinthefirstyearofuse.

Andwhatelse?Policiessupportingthesharingofdataonhumanhealthcanhelpfacilitatebetterpatient

outcomesthroughgenomics.

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy6

boundariesofhowmRNA(messengerRNA,whichcarriesinstructionsforcells)couldbedeployedinvaccines(Figure1).

Spurredbydata-sharingportalssuchasthe

COVID-19dataportal,6andowingtodecadesoffoundationalR&D,mRNAvaccinesforCOVID-19wereproducedinrecordtimeoflessthana

year.7TheunprecedenteddevelopmentofmRNAvaccinesandthevaccinationofmillionsofpeoplewasaninnovationtriumphthatwasinstrumentalincontrollingtheCOVID-19outbreak.

InDecember2019,COVID-19triggeredahumanhealthcrisisandimpactedlivesinwaysthat

changedhowpeopleworked,livedandsocialized,andclaimedover3millionlivesin2020alone.5

Giventhenatureandscaleofthecrisis,theneed

forinnovationtodeliverimmediateactionacrosstheglobewasfeltlikeneverbefore.

Aninnovativesolutionhadbeendecadesinthe

making:theabilitytodenovosynthesizeRNA

(ribonucleicacid,amoleculeessentialformost

bodilyfunctions),asbothpublicandprivatebiotechresearchanddevelopment(R&D)werepushingthe

FIGURE1

1

7

2

>

>

Transcription

vaccine

Design

mRNA

mRNAvaccinecommercialproduction

3

>

4

>

>

mRNA

>5>6

Puri?cation,stabilizationandpackaging

Afterdesigninginsilicobasedontheintendedtarget,mRNAvaccinesareproducedusingenzymesin

large-scalereactions.TheresultingmRNAisthenstabilized,packagedandpuri?edthroughaseriesof

downstreamstepstocreatethe?nalmRNAvaccinethatisdeliveredtopatients.

Sincetheirintroductionin2020,COVID-19

vaccineshavereduceddeathsduetothepandemicbyatleast57%.10Beyondfast-trackapprovals,

long-termenablingpolicyframeworksincluding

acceleratedapprovals,priorityreviews,aswellasbreakthroughtherapiesareencouraginganinfluxofinnovativebio-solutionsforpatientsinneed.11

Suchanapproachhasenabledafundamentalshiftawayfromasingle,emergency-focusedpolicy

responsetoamorecomprehensive,ongoingpolicyframeworkcapableofaddressingamultitudeof

healthcarechallenges.

Yet,thescientificinnovationbehindmRNAvaccinesalonewouldhavebeeninsufficienttoaddress

ahumanhealthcrisisofthismagnitude.On18

December2020,theFoodandDrugAdministrationoftheUnitedStates(US)issuedanemergency-useauthorizationfortheModernaCOVID-19vaccine.8Policy,andinparticularemergency-useapproval,wastherealtriumphthatpermittedvaccinesto

addressthepandemic,thegroundworkforwhichwasbeinglaidfordecadesbefore.9Inthatfirstyearalone,vaccinationsareestimatedtohavesaved

nearly20millionlives.

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy7

Fordecades,humangenomicdatahaspromisedtorevolutionizediseasediagnosis,treatmentand

preventionthroughpersonalizedhealthcare(Figure2).Oneareaholdingtremendouspotentialisthe

applicationofgenomicstotreatcancerandrare

diseases.Cancercontinuestobetheforemost

causeofmortalityglobally,responsiblefornearly10milliondeathsin2022,equatingtoapproximately

one-fifthofallglobaldeaths.13Atthesametime,7,000typesofrarediseasesaffect300millionpeoplearoundtheworld.14

Andwhilepublicviewsonvaccinesstillvaryand

vaccinedistributionremainsinequitable,12withoutpromptpolicyintervention,theoutcomesandthenumberoflivessavedduringthiscriticalmomentinglobalhistorywouldhavebeendrasticallydifferent.

Beyondemergencyregulatoryapprovals,policyhasalsoplayedaninstrumentalroleindatasharingto

driveforwardscientificinnovation.Astechnology

advances,datasharingremainscentraltoscientificandmedicalprogress.AdvancessuchastheHumanGenomeProject,CRISPR-Cas9andAlphaFold

illustratehowsharingdataacrossborders,

institutionsandorganizationsdrivesbreakthroughsinbiotechnologyforthebettermentofhumankind.

FIGURE2Benefitsofsharinghealthandgeneticdata

Securesharingofhealthandgeneticdataprovidesbene?tsforcitizensbyadvancingthehealthcaresystem.

Atthesametime,trustworthysecondaryuseofhealthandgeneticdataforresearchcreatesopportunitiesfornewdiscoveries.

Healthdata

frommedical

devices

Healthandgeneticdata

Facilitateaccessto

healthandgeneticdataforinnovatorsinthe

industry

>

Electronic

health

records

Enablehealthcare professionalstohave accesstorelevanthealthandgeneticdata

Grantaccesstohealthandgeneticdatato

researchers

Empowercitizensto havecontrolovertheirhealthandgeneticdata

Betterhealthandgeneticdatapolicyprovidesgreateropportunitiesforresearchandinnovation

Assistpolicy-makers

andregulatorsin

accessingrelevant

healthandgeneticdata

Betterdiagnosticsandtreatmentleadto

improvedpatientsafety,continuityofcareand

improvedhealthcareef?ciency

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy8

Despiteitspromise,leveraginghumangenomic

dataforbetterpatientoutcomesfacessignificantobstacles,includinghighcosts,storageand

computationalrequirements,aswellasthe

challengeofintegratinggeneticdatawithother

clinicaldata,tonameafew.Thegovernmentof

theRepublicofSerbiaislayingthefoundation

forasuccessfulintegrationofgeneticandhealthdata.15LegislationenactedinOctober2023

supportsthecreationofabiomedicaldataregistryandacentralizednationalelectronichealthrecordsystem.16Otherconsortia,suchastheGlobal

AllianceforGenomicsandHealth,17arelayingthefoundationforresponsibleuseofgenomicdatabysettingstandardsforresponsiblycollecting,

storing,analysingandsharinggenomicdata.

Safeguardingresponsibleuseofgenomicdataforhealthcareandresearchisofparamount

importanceinensuringthatgeneticdatacanbeusedethicallyandoptimally.

Otherefforts,suchasTogetherforCHANGE

(ChangingHealthcareforPeopleofAfricanAncestry

throughanInterNationalGenomics&Equity

initiative),areaimedataddressinginequitiesin

genomicsresearch.18WiththegoalofestablishingthemostextensivegenomicsresearchdatabaseofAfricanancestrytodate,theprojectusesde-

identifiedgenomicandphenotypicdatafromup

to500,000volunteers.Suchcoalitionsunderscoretheimportanceofcreatingmorestreamlined

frameworksforcollaborationtoultimately

acceleratethepaceofbio-innovationandexpandtheirbeneficiarybasewithtargetedandtailoredtherapies.

Othereffortsaimedataddressingthebarriers

associatedwithcross-borderdatasharingarealsobeingimplemented.Forinstance,Chinarecently

introducednewregulationsaimedatunlocking

thevalueofdataforcross-bordertransfers.19As

countriesandinstitutionscontinuetoevolvepoliciesandpracticesforcross-borderdatamanagement

andflow,datasharingwillcontinuetoplayapivotalroleindeliveringscientificbreakthroughsforbetter,moreequitableoutcomesforpatients.

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy9

2

Scalingsustainablealternatives:Theroleofpolicyindelivering

sustainablealternativesfor

hard-to-abateindustries

?

Didyouknow?Policiesinsupportofbiologicalproductionofeverydaychemicalsandenergyaregaining

steamandreducinggreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsbyupto90%.

Andwhatelse?Whilebiology

isprojectedtodeliversignificant

emissionsreductionsatscale,withoutmorepoliciestoleveltheplayingfieldwithincumbenttechnologies,manyinnovativebio-solutionswillfallshortindeliveringupontheextentoftheirplanetaryimpact.

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy10

Forinstance,commercialbio-productionoforganicacidshasbeenshowntoreduceGHGemissionsbyupto90%ascomparedtoconventionalchemicalsynthesisandfossil-basedprocesses.23Enzymes

alsoplayasignificantroleincommercialchemicalproduction,andenzyme-producedbio-ingredientshavebeenestimatedtoreducecarbondioxide

(CO2)emissionsbyasmuchas23%.24

Beyondimprovinghumanhealthoutcomes,

biologycanbeappliedintheproductionof

everydayproductstodelivermoreenvironmentallyconsciousalternatives.20Owingtotheinherent

programmabilityofthegeneticcode,biologyhaslongbeenappliedascommercialtechnologyin

theproductionofmanyofthegoodsusedona

dailybasis.21Oneareawherebiologyhasdeliveredmyriadalternativesatscaleisintheproductionofcommoneverydaychemicals(Figure3).22

FIGURE3Bio-basedproductionofchemicals

Bio-basedprocess

Fossilfuel-derived/

traditionalprocess

Bio-basedproduct

>

>

Sugar,bio-wasteand/orsidestreams

Engineeredmicrobes

FermentationDownstream

processing

C

Petrochemicalproduct

>>

>

Bio-basedchemicalscanbeproducedfromsugarorotherwaste,andothersidestreams.Commercial-scalefermentationwithoptimizedmicrobesisfollowedbydownstreamprocessingtodeliverthedesiredbio-basedproducts.

Traditionalalternativesmakeuseofdrillingtoextractfossil-fuelsubstrates,whicharethendistilled,re?nedandchemicallyconvertedtorenderthe?nalproduct.Thechemicalindustryiscurrentlyresponsiblefor6%ofglobalGHGemissions.

Source:Gabrielli,P.,Rosa,L.,Gazzani,M.,Meys,R.,Bardow,A.,Mazzotti,M.,&Sansavini,G.(2023).Net-zeroemissionschemicalindustryinaworldoflimitedresources.OneEarth,6(6),682-704.

/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.05.006

DrillingDistillationRe?ningChemicalconversion

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy11

Historicallyandstilltoday,thecommercialsynthesisofchemicalshasreliedonpetroleum-derived

feedstocks.25Commercialproductionofchemicalsrequireshightemperatureandpressure,consumesfossil-derivedenergy,andgeneratessignificant

quantitiesofhazardouswaste.Amidgrowing

environmentalconcerns,regionalpoliciesnow

supporttheadoptionandscalingofbio-based

commercialpracticesasasustainablealternative.26

Whilebio-basedprocesseshavebeenrunningatscalefordecades,commercialadoptionremainsrelativelynicheascomparedtoincumbents.Thisisoneareawherepolicycanplayasignificantandinfluentialrole,andpolicy-makersareresponding.Withacallforsupportiveregulatoryframeworks

andmoreEuropean-basedfinancingopportunities,theEuropeanCommissionhassetforthgreater

effortsinexpandingEuropeanbiotechnologyandbiomanufacturing.27Governmentshavealsotakennoticeandimplementedprocurementpolicies,

suchastheEuropeanGreenPublicProcurement(GPP)criteria,whichprioritizebio-basedproductsandstimulatemarketdemandtosupportindustrygrowth.28

Yetdespitetheseandotherpoliciesaimedat

supportingcommercializationofbio-solutions,

reachingcommercialscalestillrequiressignificantcapitalexpenditureandproductioncapacity

remainsinhighdemand.29Theroleofpolicyin

acceleratingthetransitionawayfromextractivetechnologiestoabio-basedeconomycannotbeoverstated.SupporttoolssuchasthePilots4Uopendatabase,anetworkofopen-access

pilotandmultipurposedemo-infrastructures

inEurope,aimstohelpbio-basedprocesses

reachcommercialscalebyhighlightingavailableinfrastructureassets.30

Giventhelackofcostparityandthesignificantcostsassociatedwithcommercializingbio-

basedtechnologies,aswellasthesheerscaleofmanufacturingrequired,additionalpoliciesinthe

formoffinancialincentivessuchastaxcredits

andgrantsencouraginginvestmentinbio-based

industriesarestillneeded.Theseandother

incentiveswillgoalongwayinoffsettingthecapital-intensivecostsassociatedwithR&D,technology

adoptionandinfrastructuredevelopment,aswellascommercialdeploymentandscaling.

Biology’sabilitytodelivergame-changing

productionalternativesisn’tlimitedtochemicals,asbio-innovationhaslongbeenappliedto

meetenergyneedsacrossindustries.Onearea

receivingrenewedenthusiasmistheapplicationofbiotechnologytosustainablyproduceaviationfuel.

Theglobalaviationindustryisestimatedtobe

responsibleforhuman-inducedCO2emissions

totalling2.5%,31andairtravelshowsnosignsof

slowing:flightsareexpectedtosurpass16millionbytheyear2050,representinganincreaseof44%from2019.32Andwhiletheaviationindustrytargetsnet-zeroby2050,drasticadvancesinsustainableaviationtechnologieswillberequiredtodecoupletheindustry’sgrowthfromcarbonemissions.33

Sustainableaviationfuel(SAF)representsa

promisingpathtoreduceemissionsandconsistsofbio-basedandsyntheticfuelsthatserveas“drop-in”replacementsforjetfuel.34BiologycanbeemployedintheproductionofSAF,whichcanbeproduced

fromvariousbiologicalinputsandproduction

methods(Figure4A).35CurrentestimatessuggestthatSAFcanreducetheindustry’semissionsby80%ascomparedtoconventionaljetfuel.36

However,SAFusagemadeuponly0.2%ofaviationfuelconsumptionin2023.37Formidableobstaclesmustbeovercomeinordertorealizetheindustry’sshort-andlonger-termemissionsgoalswithSAF.38Increasingsupplyandadoptionaswellasexcessivecostsremainattheforefrontofthesechallenges,

asSAFcostsarecurrently120-700%higherthanthoseofconventionaljetfuel.39

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy12

FIGURE4APoweringaviationandenergyneedswithbio-solutions

Rawmaterials

CO2

CO2+sunlight

Algae

SAF

——>

——>

Vegetablewastes

Ta

pressure

Syngas

SAF

>

——>

Acetogenicbacteria

Municipalorganicwastes

△口一

SAF

——>

Enzymaticcocktail

>

SAF

Sugars

——>

Microorganisms

Thisisaschematicrepresentationofvarioussustainableaviationfuel(SAF)productionprocessesemployingbio-innovation.BiologicalinputsandprocessesaredeployedacrossavarietyofSAFproductionmethods.

Note:Ta:Tankagepressure

Source:Segura,A.,Jiménez,L.,&Molina,L.(2022).Canmicrobiologyhelptomakeaviationmoresustainable?MicrobialBiotechnology,16(2),190–194.

/10.1111/1751-7915.14191

Bio-innovationinsustainableaviationfuels

Processes

Policywillcontinuetoinfluencecommercialization

andadoptionofSAF(seeboxbelow).Inadditiontograntsthatsupportearly-stageR&D,40mandates

aimedatincreasingdemandhavealsostartedtotakeshapeinEurope41andbeyond.42Furthersubsidies

anddirectfinancialsupportaimedatloweringproductioncostsandfacilitatinginfrastructure

development(investmentstotalling$1.45trillionwillberequiredtodeliverthequantitiesneeded),43aswellassustainabilitymandatesfortheaviationindustry,

willallbenecessarytoscaleSAFproductionto

meaningfullydecarbonizeaviation.TheroleofpolicyisparamountinensuringthatSAFisbothaffordableandwidelyadoptedacrosstheindustry.

Policyspotlight

ReFuelEUAviationpromotestheincreaseduseofSAFasthesinglemostpowerfultooltodecreaseaviationCO2emissions.Themeasureispartof

the“Fitfor55”packageaimedatachievinga

55%emissionsreductionby2030.44ItmandatesthataviationfuelsuppliersprogressivelyincreasetheproportionofSAFblendedwithconventionalaviationfuelatairportsintheEuropeanUnion.45

Policyisalsobeingappliedtoenablebiologytomeetenergydemandsinareasextendingbeyondaviation.

Energyandheatingrepresentanotherareathat

haslongreliedonfossilinputs:in2019,energyandheatinggenerated34%ofglobalGHGemissions.46

Disruptionstonaturalgassupplychainshaveonlyfurtherextendedtheneedtoidentifyalternative

sources.Bycapturingmethanefromwaste

streams,biogasrepresentsanenergyalternativethatholdsthepotentialtoreduceGHGemissionsbyupto90%togenerateelectricityandheat

(Figure4B).47

AcceleratingtheGlobalTransitiontoaBio-basedEconomy:TheStrategicRoleofPolicy13

FIGURE4BPoweringaviationandenergyneedswithbio-solutions

Heat