Unit Fourteen Abstract and Key Words論文摘要和關(guān)鍵詞

1、Unit Fourteen Writing Abstract and Key Words1.Definition of Abstract An abstract is a very concise textual summary that highlights major ideas covered in a larger text or body of research.2.Importance of an Abstract2.1. The abstract is the most read part of an article.2.2. Some readers will read onl

2、y the abstract.2.3. Other readers will read the rest of the article only if the abstract catches their interest. 2.4. For conferences, the abstract is usually the sole criterion on which your presentation will be judged.3.Qualities of a Good Abstract3.1. Clear and concise3.2. Conforms to required le

3、ngth limit (usually 250 words)3.3. Has 4 short sections: Introduction, , Methods, Results, Conclusions *If the abstract is structured, these sections are labeled.3.5. Stresses the most important aspects of your study3.6. Avoids general statements3.7. Contains nothing that is not in the body of the a

4、rticle4. Form of an Abstract Using an ”introduction-body-conclusion” structure4.1. The Introduction: 4.1.1. Does not simply repeat the information of the title 4.1.2. Consists of 1-3 sentences that introduce your topic and explain why it is important, state the research question and, briefly convey

5、how you went about answering it4.2. Methods 4.2.1. Indicates the way you addressed the research question by using words and phrases like “survey”, “case-control study”, “brief review”, “exhaustive review”, etc. 4.2.2. Reports only most critical aspects of study: group assignments, details of new pro

6、cedures, primary end points, etc.4.3. Results 4.3.1. Describes the principal findings of your study 4.3.2. Includes data to support all statements of significant findings5. ContentIdeas1.What was the purpose of the research? Importance?2.What does the current research say? What problem did you addre

7、ss?3.How did you attempt to / solve this problem?4.What method(s) were used? What was done?5.What significant data were collected?6.What new ideas, problems emerged? What can be concluded?Language1.Formal diction: no casual or colloquial phrasing2.Avoid jargon whenever possible*3.Do not use contract

8、ions (couldnt, didnt, etc.)4.Use abbreviations to avoid repetition, but only after you have defined them5.Do not include personal narrative, opinion or commentary6.Use active voice when possible6. Voice, Tense, Distance1. Past tense is the dominant, but present and future should be used when appropr

9、iate 2. Passive voice is not a universal rule: use active constructions when possible 3. Use personal constructions where appropriate The goal is to be clear about who did what and when, not to seem objective at all costs; detachment, not vagueness.7 . Diction, Jargon, Flow1. Use plain language when

10、ever possible2. Vary sentence complexity and rhythm to avoid choppiness 3. Avoid wordiness 4. Avoid “roundabout” and unusual phrasing 5. Use lowest level of abstraction at all times The goal is to make your text easy to read and follow; clarity, not pedantry.8. Strategies1. Talk about your research

11、with others, non-experts2. Read texts in your research area 3. Use an outline with content headings4. Start with what you are most comfortable describing5. Write the first draft without your notes (abstract only)6. Leave time for personal and peer revisionNothing clarifies ideas in ones mind so much

12、 as explaining them to other people” Vernon Booth, Communicating in Science9. Useful Expressions 9.1. The following expressions are often used in the first part of an abstract:(1)The author tells about The writer + describes+ N-phrase The paper explores looks at deals with refers to(2) This paper ai

13、ms at An investigation was designed to A brief presentation of is given The concept of is used to determine 9.2. The following expressions are often used in the second part of an abstract: (1) It is found that The author concludes that The paper concludes that (2) It is seen from that 9.3. The follo

14、wing expressions are often used in the last part of an abstract (1) It is suggested that It is recommended that The paper suggests that (2) The results suggest/show that It can be recommended that 10. Summary While writing an abstract, the writer should pay much attention to the following points: 9.

15、1. An abstract consists of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion 9.2. The present tense, the past tense and the present perfect tense are often used in writing an abstract. Also the third person should be used in writing an abstract. 9.3. Use more passive voice than active voice. Key Words1

16、. What is a key word for a paper A keyword is the main or often-repeated word (usually a noun) that is closely linked to, or describes or defines, a particular subject. 2.Tips for writing better keywords:2.1 .What are you trying to say? What are the keywords that best summarize what you are trying t

17、o say? Answer these questions before you write, not after. 2.2. Who are you trying to say it to? Write for how your target audience searches. Writing is a form of communication. You need to understand how your reader thinks. Use the keywords they use. That significantly increases the chances of them

18、 finding and reading you. 2.3. Make sure that the most important keywords get used in the heading and summary. Always lead with your best keywords. You are not writing a murder mystery. Tell them who did it in the heading. 2.4. Avoid single keywords. Increasingly, people are searching with two or mo

19、re words. So, use key phrases rather than individual keywords. 2.5. Dont have more than three key phrases in any one piece of content. Web content should be short and focused on a single theme where possible. That makes it much easier to read and much easier for a search engine to properly index. 2.

20、6. Introduce synonyms in your content where appropriate. Some people search for laptops, some for notebooks. Some people search for heart disease, some for cardiovascular disease. Abstract and Key Words Samples Sample 1Creativity-Oriented Teacher: a Concept Worthy of GeneralizationAbstract: Creativi

21、ty is newly necessary for 21th century information era. Every teacher should try his or her best to be a creativity-oriented teacher. This paper analyzes the reasonableness, connotation and features of being a creativity-oriented teacher. It supports the view that creativity-oriented teachers should

22、 be put in a high premium on and generalized at present.Key words: teachers ; creativity-oriented teachers創(chuàng)造型教師：一個(gè)值得推廣的概念摘要：摘要：創(chuàng)造性是21世紀(jì)信息時(shí)代對教師素養(yǎng)提出的新要求，創(chuàng)造型教師需成為每一位教師應(yīng)該努力實(shí)現(xiàn)的角色要求。本文對創(chuàng)造型教師的合理性、內(nèi)涵和特征作了分析，認(rèn)為當(dāng)前要重視和推廣創(chuàng)造型教師這一概念。關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)鍵詞：教師; 創(chuàng)造型教師； Sample 2On Chinese Translation of the English Text Prescribed

23、in the First Translation Contest Held by the Reference NewsAlso a Talk on Qualifications a Translator Should BearAbstract: The quality of a translated work is determined by the qualifications of the translator. The author of this thesis, by analyzing and studying the original text in the First Trans

24、lation Contest held by the news agency the Reference News in 2009 and the Chinese translated text which won the first prize, with the enlightenment of discourse structure theory, Nidas functional equivalence as well as Yan Fus “faithfulness”, “expressiveness and “elegance”, etc., proved into and poi

25、nted out the success and failure of the said Chinese translated text. The author argues that a good bilingual competence, that is, a good command of bilingual collocation, diction, and translation theories are the indispensable qualifications for a qualified translator.Key words: translators qualifi

26、cations; the Reference News; the first translation contest for readers; functional equivalence; discourse structure; faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance評評“首屆首屆參考消息參考消息讀者譯文大賽讀者譯文大賽”的漢譯的漢譯文文兼談譯者的素質(zhì)兼談譯者的素質(zhì)摘要：摘要：譯者的素質(zhì)在翻譯過程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。本文作者通過研究和分析2009年參考消息舉辦的首屆讀者譯文大賽賽題及一等獎獲獎譯文，綜合運(yùn)用語篇結(jié)構(gòu)理論、奈達(dá)的功能對等以及嚴(yán)復(fù)的

27、“信、達(dá)、雅”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等來探討該一等獎獲獎譯文的得與失。作者認(rèn)為譯者的良好的雙語能力，即雙語詞語搭配能力、措辭能力及翻譯理論知識的掌握等等，都是一名合格譯者應(yīng)具備的素質(zhì)。關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)鍵詞：譯者素質(zhì);參考消息；首屆讀者譯文大賽;功能對等；語篇結(jié)構(gòu)；信、達(dá)、雅v Sample 3vAbstract: Chinese buzz words translation is important to the establishment of a nicer international language environment. Buzz words refer to words or phrases that

28、have become popular and fashionable and are frequently used by people and media in certain areas and during certain periods. Buzz words are the language widely spread in a certain period of time or specific area. They are of epidemic, vulgar and industry features. Firstly, the author analyses the ac

29、hievement of Chinese buzz words translation research by scholars, and summarizes some ideas to present an overview of Chinese buzz words. Secondly, through the analysis of current situation of Chinese buzz words translation, the author discovers that difference in cultures and languages is the main difficulty in