Unit 5 同步歸納（原卷版）

選擇性必修第4冊(cè)Unit5Intotheunknown目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航重點(diǎn)詞匯1．intriguev．2．pyramidn．3．tropicaladj.4．cyclonen．5．megadroughtn．6．downfalln．7．getawayn．8．retreatv．9．subduev．10．theunknown11．unchartedadj.12．delvev．13．shrinkv．14．shipwreckn．15．a(chǎn)rchaeologicaladj.16．coraln．17．barreleyen．18．upwardsadv.19．trenchn．20．equivalentadj.21．stackv．22．furthermoreadv.23．substancen．24．vesseln．25．vol(＝volume)n．26．buryv．27．canaln．28．ruinn．29．dismissv．30．millimetren．詞匯拓展1．civilisationn．文明(社會(huì))→v．使文明；使有教養(yǎng)→adj.文明的2．a(chǎn)stronomyn．天文學(xué)→n．宇航員3．a(chǎn)bandonv．離棄，逃離→adj.被拋棄的4．expansionn．?dāng)U大；增加→v．?dāng)U大；增加5．investigationn．調(diào)查→v．調(diào)查；研究；審查6．notableadj.顯要的；顯著的；值得注意的→v．注意7．drillingn．鉆探；勘探→v．鉆孔；打眼；操練重點(diǎn)詞組1．被……包圍2．把……應(yīng)用到……中3．…的結(jié)合4．以不同的速度5．(因無人照料而)衰落，敗落6．逃跑，逃走7．逃命8．調(diào)查，檢查9．試水，試探10．避開……；從……處脫身11．動(dòng)身踏上(漫長(zhǎng)的)旅途12．積極投入到……中去13．再三考慮，慎重考慮14．避免做，不愿做15．調(diào)查(問題)，研究重點(diǎn)句型1．,15-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourythoughthehadmadeanincrediblediscoveryfromhisstudyofancientstarcharts.從很小的時(shí)候就對(duì)瑪雅文明感興趣，15歲的加拿大男孩威廉·甘德瑞認(rèn)為自己從對(duì)古代星象圖的研究中有了一個(gè)驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)。2．makesitsachievementsallthemoreincredibleandmysterious.事實(shí)上，瑪雅社會(huì)在技術(shù)上是比較原始的，這使得它的這些成就更加難以置信，更加神秘。3．a(chǎn)nestimatedthreemillionshipwrecks.據(jù)估計(jì)，全球海底有300萬艘沉船。4．Today，some500yearsaftertheEsmeraldasetsail，thereislittle——landonourplanetleftunexplored.今天，在埃斯梅拉達(dá)號(hào)起航約500年后，地球上幾乎沒有什么未被開發(fā)的陸地。知識(shí)精講知識(shí)精講1correspondv．相一致；符合(教材原句P50)Throughcomparison，hefoundthatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacitiescorrespondtothepositionsofthestars.通過比較，他發(fā)現(xiàn)已知的117個(gè)瑪雅城市的位置與恒星的位置相對(duì)應(yīng)。Youraccountandhersdonot.你說的情況與她說的不相符。[知識(shí)拓展](1)correspondwith/to correspondwith... (2)correspondingadj. 2buryv．將……埋在下面(教材原句P50)Basedonthis，hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacityburieddeepinthejungle.基于這一點(diǎn)，他認(rèn)為他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)掩埋在叢林深處的未知的瑪雅城市。Afterthebattle,theythedead.戰(zhàn)斗結(jié)束后，他們埋葬了陣亡者。[知識(shí)拓展]buryone'shead/faceinone'shands buryoneselfin＝beburiedin beburiedinthought 3applyvi.把……運(yùn)用到(教材原句P50)TheyappliedthisunderstandingtotheMayacalendar，whichwasaccuratetowithin30secondsperyear.他們把這種理解運(yùn)用到瑪雅歷法中，它能精確到每年的誤差在30秒之內(nèi)。Thenewtechnologywastofarming.這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)了。[知識(shí)拓展](1)apply(to...)for applytodosth. applyto applyoneselfto (2)applicationn. applicantn. 4claimv．要求(擁有)；索??；認(rèn)領(lǐng)(教材原句P51)WhenEuropeansarrivedinCentralAmericaintheearly16thcenturytoclaimitsriches，theremainingMayapeoplewerelivinginsmallsettlements.當(dāng)歐洲人在16世紀(jì)初來到中美洲索要其財(cái)富時(shí)，剩余的瑪雅人就住在小定居點(diǎn)里。Alotoflostpropertyisnever.許多失物從未被認(rèn)領(lǐng)。[知識(shí)拓展](1)claimtodosth./that... claimtohavedonesth. Itisclaimedthat... claimone'slife (2)makeaclaimfor... 5leadto引起，導(dǎo)致(教材原句P51)Thisislikelytohaveledtoaseriesofdroughts，eachlastingforacoupleofyears，includinga“megadrought”around900AD.這很可能導(dǎo)致了一系列的干旱，每一次都持續(xù)幾年，其中包括大約公元900年的一次“超級(jí)干旱”。Eatingtoomuchsugarcanhealthproblems.食用過多的糖會(huì)引起健康問題。[知識(shí)拓展]leadsb.todosth. leadsb.to/into＋n. leadalife leadtheway [名師點(diǎn)津]除leadto外，常見的表示“引起，導(dǎo)致”的詞匯還有cause，resultin，bringabout，contributeto等。6ruinn．殘?jiān)珨啾?，廢墟(教材原句P51)Itsonce-greatcitiesfellintoruin，leavingvariousmysteriesforlaterpeopletosolve.它的曾經(jīng)偉大的城市都變成了廢墟，留下了各種謎團(tuán)讓后人去解開。Theoldmillisnowlittlemorethana.老磨坊現(xiàn)在只剩下一點(diǎn)兒殘?jiān)珨啾诹?。[知識(shí)拓展]fallintoruin gotorackandruin inruins 7abandonvt.離棄，逃離(教材原句P52)ButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.但最神秘的是什么導(dǎo)致瑪雅人離棄了他們大部分偉大的城市。Thecrewthesinkingshipafterahardstruggle.經(jīng)過艱苦的斗爭(zhēng)，船員們放棄了沉船。[知識(shí)拓展](1)abandonsb./sth. abandononeselftosth. (2)withabandon (3)abandonedadj. 8dismissv．拒絕考慮，否定(教材原句P52)Althoughhistheoryhasbeendismissedbyscholars,itshowshowpowerfulthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationareamongpeople.雖然他的理論已經(jīng)被學(xué)者們所否定，但它顯示了古代瑪雅文明的奧秘在人們心中是多么有影響力。Ithinkwecansafelytheirobjection.我認(rèn)為我們對(duì)他們的異議完全可以不予理會(huì)。[知識(shí)拓展](1)dismisssb.forsth. dismisssb.from dismisssb./sth.fromone'smind (2)dismissaln. 9expansionn．?dāng)U大；增加(教材原句P52)hugeexpansionofthe...……的極大的擴(kuò)充Thebookisanofaseriesoflecturesgivenlastyear.這本書是去年舉行的系列講座的擴(kuò)充。[知識(shí)拓展](1)expandv． expandinto expandon/upon expandto (2)expansiveadj. 10whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句(教材原句P51)Whateverthereasons，Mayacivilisationlargelydisappearedwithinthedeepjungle.不管是什么原因，瑪雅文明基本上消失在叢林深處。句式分析：句子中whateverthereasons是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，reasons后面省略了are。此句型還可以寫成nomatterwhat...。youwanttochatabout，we'lldoittonight.不管你想聊些什么，我們今晚聊個(gè)夠。hegoes,hetakeshisdigitalcamerawithhim.無論他走到哪里，他都帶著他的數(shù)碼相機(jī)。[知識(shí)拓展](1)whatever，whoever，whichever，whomever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，相當(dāng)于nomatterwhat/who/which/whom。(2)whenever，wherever，however引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，相當(dāng)于nomatterwhen/where/how，意為“無論何時(shí)/何地/如何”。(3)“nomatter＋疑問詞”只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，可放在主句前或主句后。11leave＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(教材原句P52)Meanwhile，theriseandfallofthiscivilisationmustalsoleaveusthinkingaboutourownpast，presentandfuture.與此同時(shí)，這個(gè)文明的興衰也必定讓我們思考我們自己的過去、現(xiàn)在和未來。句式分析：此句中的us是leave的賓語(yǔ)，thinkingabout...是us的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Don'tallthetime.Whatawaste!別總是讓水一直流著，真是浪費(fèi)！Youhadbetternotwhenyouareaway.當(dāng)你外出時(shí)，別讓燈開著。[知識(shí)拓展]leave＋賓語(yǔ)＋名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)leave＋賓語(yǔ)＋分詞leave＋賓語(yǔ)＋不定式leave＋賓語(yǔ)＋where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句/as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句[名師點(diǎn)津]在leave的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓補(bǔ)為現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)，通常表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；賓補(bǔ)為過去分詞時(shí)，通常表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作；賓補(bǔ)為不定式時(shí)，通常表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。語(yǔ)法精講語(yǔ)法精講名詞性從句一、連接詞that，whether，if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句[觀察例句]1．Itispossiblethatcaffeinemaycausebirthdefects(缺陷)inhumans，too.2．Sheaskedmewhether/ifIhadreturnedthebookstothelibrary.3．Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.4．Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.5．Ithink(that)youshouldturntotheteacherforhelp.6．Myreasonisthatthecostwillbetoohigh.7．ThenewsthatIhavepassedtheexamistrue.8．Thequestionwhetherhewilljoinusisveryimportant.[歸納用法]1．that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)(如例1)，that不作從句的任何成分，但通常不可省略。2．引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that不作從句的任何成分，?？墒÷?如例5)。3．引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的that不作從句的任何成分，通常不可省略(如例6、例7)。4．whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句(如例2)。5．whether還可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句(如例3)、表語(yǔ)從句(如例4)以及同位語(yǔ)從句(如例8)，其中引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可以用if來替換。[名師點(diǎn)津]1．動(dòng)詞find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，需用it作形式賓語(yǔ)而將that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句后置，that通常不可省略。Ithinkitnecessarythatwedrinkplentyofboiledwatereveryday.2．that引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)以上的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常只省略第一個(gè)從句中的that。3．whether與if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，大多數(shù)情況下可以互換。但ornot前面用whether；用于介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句也用whether引導(dǎo)。Wedon'tknowwhetherornotshewasready.I'minterestedinwhetheryou'vefinishedthework.4．有時(shí)主句的謂語(yǔ)較短，而同位語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng)，這時(shí)為避免“頭重腳輕”，常常將謂語(yǔ)部分提到從句前面，形成分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句。MywishwillcometrueonedaythatIshouldbuyabighouseformyparents.單句語(yǔ)法填空①Itiswonderfulallofushavepassedthedifficultexam!②Iwondertheyaresoeagertolearnthetechnology.③Thereasonforherabsencewasshewasill.④Thequestionisyoushouldaccepttheirinvitation.⑤Tellmeornotyouarewillingtodothework.⑥Hemustanswerthequestionheagreeswiththeopinion.二、連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句[觀察例句]1．IwilldowhatIcantohelphim.2．Ithasnotbeendecidedwhowillbesentthere.3．Itisunknownwhenwewillhaveoursportsmeet.4．Goandgetyourcoat.It'swhereyouleftit.5．That'swhyIwantyoutoworkthere.6．Idon'tknowwhosebookthisis.7．Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoingintheroomnow.8．Wehaven'tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.[歸納用法]1．引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接代詞有who，whom，whose，what等。它們不但起連接作用，還在從句中作主語(yǔ)(如例2)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(如例1、例7)、定語(yǔ)(如例6)等。缺少連接代詞，從句不完整。2．引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接副詞有when，where，why，how。它們不但起連接作用，還在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間(如例3)、地點(diǎn)(如例4、例8)、原因(如例5)和方式等。缺少連接副詞，從句也不完整。[名師點(diǎn)津]引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的還有“疑問詞＋ever”，如whoever、whomever、wherever、whichever等，它們?cè)趶木渲谐洚?dāng)某些句子成分。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Whereverchildrengomakestheirparentsworry.單句語(yǔ)法填空①Hedidn'ttelluswewouldmeetnexttime.②worriesthemmostisletoutthesecret.③TomhasnoideahecanexpresshimselfclearlyinEnglish.④Theproblemisweshouldputouroldfurniture.⑤Thebookcanbehelpfultowantsthejobtopassthedrivingtest.⑥Thequestionshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Don'ttakeitforgrantedyourparentswilldoeverythingforyou.2．Now，heisstillwaitingtofindouthehasbrokentherecord.3．Hepromisedtogiveagreatrewardtofoundthewatch.4．“That'sexactlyIneed，”Mr.Vincentsaidtohimself.5．Thinkaboutwhatyouwantinthecomingyear，thenaskyourselfyouwantthat.6．Anotherpossiblereasonisonaverage，theBritishpeopledon'ttakethemselvestooseriously.7．hedidknowwasthathewasverythankfulfortheopportunitygiventohim.8．ThetwopresidentstalkedbytelephoneonFriday，butthedetailsoftheysaidwerenotavailable.Ⅱ.短文語(yǔ)法填空AfterbeingupsetatopportunitiesintheUK，IlefttheUKforanothercountryanddiscoveredthatunderstandingan1.(entire)newculturetaughtmealotabouthowtogetahead.Mylifeoverseasbeganafterreadingane-mailaboutagovernmentprogramme2.theaimofgettingyoungpeopleovertothatcountry.I3.(consider)nointernationalworkexperiencebefore，but，realizingthatthiswasanopportunitynottobemissed，Iboardedaplanetothecountry.Themainreasonforpeopletogoonsuchavoyageistodevelop4.betterunderstandingofadifferentculture.Thekeyto5.(get)aheadinthiscountryistogetconnectedwithotherpeople，whichdetermineshowbusiness6.(do)andhowyousucceed.Livingabroadisn'taseasyasIthought.Eachdaywillpresentyouwithanewchallenge7.(overcome)．Butitwillwhollydisappearwithdayswhenyourtaxidriverfinallyunderstands8.youneedtogowithoutyouactingitout，dayswhenyoudiscover9.(taste)dishescostonlyasmallpartofaHappyMeal，anddayswhenthepeopleyou'llrememberforeverorjustfortwoweeksleavealasting10.(impress)onyourlife.寫作園地寫作園地說明文說明文是以說明為主要表達(dá)方式來解說事物、闡明事理而給人以知識(shí)的文章，它要求語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確簡(jiǎn)明，通俗淺顯，條理清晰而又有邏輯性。需要注意的是，說明文是陳述客觀事實(shí)，所以這種文體通常采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。[基本框架]1．開頭——簡(jiǎn)述神秘現(xiàn)象(什么樣的神秘現(xiàn)象，何時(shí)何地被發(fā)現(xiàn)，科學(xué)家對(duì)此的解釋和論據(jù))。2．主體——不同的看法。3．結(jié)尾——自己對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象的認(rèn)識(shí)。[常用詞塊]1．a(chǎn)seriesofattacks一連串的襲擊行為2．muddyfootprintsonthekitchenfloor廚房地板上的泥腳印3．a(chǎn)frighteningexperience一次可怕的經(jīng)歷4．a(chǎn)reportedsightingoftheLochNessmonster據(jù)報(bào)道有人看見尼斯湖水怪5．bringsth.tolight披露某事6．duetohumanerror由于人為錯(cuò)誤[常用語(yǔ)句]★精彩開頭1．Themonsterof...isbackinthenews...……怪物……又上新聞了。2．Itisknowntoallthat...眾所周知……3．Itliesin...它在于……4．Itlookslike...它看起來像……★豐滿主體1．Somescientiststhinkthat...一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為……2．Somepeoplebelieveinitsexistence，because...有些人相信它的存在，因?yàn)椤?．Byrecentresearch，wecanlearnthat...通過最近的研究，我們可以了解到……4．Otherscientistsconsider...其他科學(xué)家認(rèn)為……★余味結(jié)尾1．Personally，I(don't)believe...就我個(gè)人而言，我(不)相信……2．AsfarasIamconcerned，Ithink...就我而言，我認(rèn)為……3．Inmypointofview，Ibelieve...在我看來，我相信……例文假如你是校報(bào)編輯，在本期《科學(xué)探秘》專欄中，要向大家介紹“神農(nóng)架野人”。請(qǐng)寫一篇短文，內(nèi)容包括：1．神農(nóng)架的地理位置；2．目擊者對(duì)“野人”的描述；3．有關(guān)“野人”存在的證據(jù)。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2．可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。參考詞匯：直立地upright靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物primate____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________練習(xí)“北美大腳怪(Bigfoot)”一直引發(fā)人們的熱議。請(qǐng)根據(jù)所給提示寫一篇短文。出沒地帶北美怪物描述像猿(ape)，高6－10英尺，重約500磅以上，全身覆蓋棕色或紅色毛，頭和眼睛很大，腳印長(zhǎng)達(dá)24英寸發(fā)現(xiàn)情況科學(xué)家和研究人員也找到了相關(guān)的毛發(fā)糞便(waste)以及大腳印等結(jié)論無其他證據(jù)證明其存在，也許是當(dāng)?shù)貍髡f以嚇唬徒步者或者獵人注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________分層提分分層提分題組A基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練AJerrie：Myhopeisthatmygrandchildrenandthenextgenerationwillinherit(繼承)someofthevaluesthataresoimportanttome.ItisthebestgiftIcouldhavegivenmyfamily.Jodi：ThespecialbookwrittenbymymotherisoneofthemostpreciousgiftsIcouldeverreceive，andIcannotevendescribemyfeelingsaboutthislaboroflovethatshecompleted，withthehelpoftheteamatLifeBook.Kelli：Iwanttosaythankyoufortakingmygrandma’spictures，emails，andstoriesandturningthemintothisbeautifulandprofessionalbook.ItissuchaworkofartandsomethingIwillforeverkeep.LETUSWRITEYOURPRIVATEAUTOBIOGRAPHY(自傳)FORYOU&YOURFAMILYImagineyourveryownprivateautobiography.Allyourstoriesinabeautifullydesignedbookarethereforthewholefamilytoenjoy—forever.LetLifeBooktakecareofeverything，withexpertwritersandinterviewersrecordingyourexperiencesoveramemorablesix-monthjourney.Theworld’sleadingprivateautobiographyservice.Globally，over7,000peoplewithLifeBookssince2012.Adevotedprojectmanagerandateamof5tohelpyou.20hoursofface-to-faceinterviews.Interest-freepayments.Perfectforyou，orasagiftforalovedone.REQUESTAFREEAUTOBIOGRAPHYGUIDETalktoaLifeBookplannertoday.FREEon0800-999-2280onweekdays.Formoreinformation，visitthewebsite：.1．Whatisthepurposeofthefirstthreeparagraphs?A．Toshowtheimportanceofthebook.B．TospreadJerrie’svaluesacrossherfamily.C．TointroduceJerrie’sautobiographytopeople.D．ToadvertiseandattractcustomerstoLifebook.2．WhatcanwelearnfromLifeBook’sservice?A．LifeBookwilltakeyouonatour.B．Therewillbesixpeoplehelpingyou.C．Therewillbeaninterviewonthephone.D．LifeBookwon’tprovidefreeservicesforyou.3．Whatcanyoudoifyouarestillconfusedafterreadingthistext?A．SendanemailtoLifeBook.B．Talktotheplanneranytime.C．VisitthewebsiteofLifeBook.D．Call0800-999-2280onSunday.題組B能力提升練七選五Businessistheorganizedapproachtoprovidingcustomerswiththegoodsandservicestheywant.Thewordbusinessalsoreferstoanorganizationthatprovidesthesegoodsandservices.Mostbusinessesseektomakeaprofit(利潤(rùn))—thatis，theyaimtoachieveincomethatismorethanthecostsofoperatingthebusiness.1Commonlycallednonprofits，theseorganizationsareprimarilynongovernmentalserviceproviders.2Businessmanagementisatermusedtodescribethetechniquesofplanning，direction，andcontroloftheoperationsofabusiness.3Oneistheestablishment(制定)ofbroadbasicpolicieswithrespecttoproduction；sales；thepurchaseofequipment，materialsandsupplies；andaccounting.4Thethirdrelatestotheestablishmentofstandardsofworkinalldepartments.Directionisconcernedprimarilywithsupervision(監(jiān)管)andguidancebythemanagementinauthority.5A．Controlincludestheuseofrecordsandreportstocompareactualworkwiththesetstandardsforwork.B．Inthisconnection，thereisthedifferencebetweentopmanagementandoperativemanagement.C．Examplesofnonprofitbusinessesincludesuchorganizationsassocialserviceagenciesandmanyhospitals.D．However，somebusinessesonlyseektoearnenoughtocovertheiroperatingcosts.E．Thesecondaspectrelatestotheapplicationofthesepoliciesbydepartments.F．Inthetheoryofbusinessmanagement，organizationhastwomainaspects.G．Planninginbusinessmanagementhasthreemainaspects.題組C培優(yōu)拔尖練Haveyoueverfeltthatsomeoneyouweretalkingwithwasstandingsoclosethatyouhadtheurgetostepbackwards?Ifso，you’renotalone.Weallhaveourownsenseofpersonalspace—thephysicaldistancethatweliketokeepwhileinteractingwithothers.Whensomeoneintrudesintothisspace，it’snaturaltofeelanxietyordiscomfort.However，therootofthisfeelingmayactuallybeless“personal”thancultural.ForNorthAmericansandnorthernEuropeans，theidealamountofpersonalspaceisbetween0.9and1.2meters.Incontrast，forthosewhogrewupinIndia，China，orJapan，personalspacecanbeaslittleasafewcentimeters.Sincethesecountriesarerelativelycrowded，peoplehavebecomeaccustomedtoamuchsmallerpersonalspace.Touchalsoplaysapartindefiningourcomfortzones.WhiletouchingbetweenacquaintancesisdeemedacceptableincasualorintimatesituationsintheUnitedStates，inSouthAmericaandsouthernEurope，physicalcontactisconsideredanimportantpartofeverydayconversation.Intheseplaces，thosewhodonotinteractphysicallyares