《醫(yī)學(xué)英語視聽說第二版》課件unit3

ContentsPartIIntroductiontotheRespiratorySystem

PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheRespiratorySystemPartIIICelebrityandDiseasePartIVMedicalTerminologyRelatedtotheRespiratorySystem1PartVFurtherThinkingPartIVideo:IntroductiontotheRespiratorySystem2ThinkandTalkTherespiratorysystemisabiologicalsystemconsistingofspecificorgansandstructuresusedfortheprocessofrespirationinanorganism.Therespiratorysystemisinvolvedintheintakeandexchangeofoxygenandcarbondioxidebetweenanorganismandtheenvironment.

Reference3ThinkandTalk

Humanasaerobicorganismsmustautomaticallyobtainoxygenfromtheirenvironmentandbreatheoutcarbondioxideinordertosurvive.Airisbreathedinthroughthenasalpassageways,travelsthroughthetracheaandbronchitothelungs.Thisbreathingoccursowingtotherespiratorysystem,whichincludesthenose,throat,voicebox,windpipeandlungsdeliveringsufficientoxygentothebloodstreamthroughthecapillarywallsandremovingcarbondioxidethatisproducedasawasteproductinthesystem.Reference4ThinkandTalkReference5Therespiratorysystemisagroupoforgansthatsupplythebodywith

oxygen.Theorgansandotherpartsofyourbodygetinvolvedinbreathing,whenoneexchangesoxygenandcarbondioxide.Therespiratorysystemconsistsofthenose,mouth,throat,lungs,and

diaphragm.Theseorgansworktogethertoconverttheairthatisbreathedinintooxygenfortheblood.Toputdifferently,The

respiratorysystem

consistsofthe

upperrespiratorytract

(nasalpassages),theairwayconductionsystem(larynx,

trachea,

bronchi,

bronchioles,andterminalbronchioles),andthe

lowerrespiratorytract

(alveolarductsandalveoli).

Thebody’scellsrequireoxygeninordertofunction,soiftherespiratorysystemdoesnotworkproperly,itcancauseserioushealthcomplicationsorevenbefatal.TaskOne:BlankFilling

alive

(2)respiration(3)respiratory (4)moistened (5)filter WatchandDo(6)pharynx(7)lined(8)bloodvessels(9)feed(10)chestcavity6TaskTwo:TrueorFalse1.Respirationmeanstheprocessofourbreathinginoxygenandbreathingoutcarbondioxide.True2.Therespiratorysystemincludethenose,throat,voicebox,windpipeandlungs.True3.Exercisingcan’thelpourchestcavitytogetbiggerwhichenablesthebodytoincreasetheamountofairittakesin.

False4.Ciliaservesasprotectingthenasalpassagewaysandotherpartsoftherespiratorytractandfilteroutdustandotherparticlesthatenterthenosethroughthebreathedair.TrueWatchandDo7TaskThree:DescriptionTherespiratorysystemiscomposedofnostril,nose,nasalcavity,nasopharynx,oropharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchus,lungs.WatchandDo8PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheRespiratorySystem9PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheRespiratorySystemVideoOneWhatMakesTuberculosistheWorld’sMostInfectiousKiller

VideoTwoMiddleEastRespiratorySyndromeAudioHealthWaystoControlAsthma10VideoThreeCouldabreathalyzerdetectcancerVideoOneWhatMakesTuberculosistheWorld’sMostInfectiousKiller11ThinkandTalkCommonsymptomsofTBdiseaseincludeprolongedcough,chestpain,weaknessorfatigue,weightloss,fever,nightsweats.Often,thesesymptomswillbemildformanymonths,thusleadingtodelaysinseekingcareandincreasingtheriskofspreadingtheinfectiontoothers.IfthehealthcareprovidersuspectsapatienttohaveTBdisease,theywillsendthepatientfortesting.InthecaseofsuspectedlungTBdisease,patientswillbeaskedtogiveasputumsamplefortestingforTBbacteria.Fornon-lungTBdisease,samplesofaffectedbodyfluidsandtissuecanbetested.WHOrecommendsrapidmoleculardiagnostictestsasinitialtestsforpeopleshowingsignsandsymptomsofTB.OtherdiagnostictoolscanincludesputumsmearmicroscopyandchestX-rays.WithTBinfection,apersongetsinfectedwithTBbacteriathatlieinactiveinthebody.ThisinfectioncandevelopintoTBdiseaseiftheirimmunesystemweakens.PeoplewithTBinfectiondonotshowanysignsorsymptomsofTB.ToidentifyTBinfection,healthcareproviderswillscreenat-riskpatientstoruleoutactiveTB,andtheymayuseaskinorbloodtesttocheckforTBinfection.Reference12PartII-VideoOneThinkandTalkTBdiseaseiscurable.Itistreatedbystandard6monthcourseof4antibiotics.Commondrugsincluderifampicinandisoniazid.InsomecasestheTBbacteriadoesnotrespondtothestandarddrugs.Inthiscase,thepatienthasdrug-resistantTB.Treatmentfordrug-resistantTBislongerandmorecomplex.ThecourseofTBdrugsisprovidedtothepatientwithinformation,supervisionandsupportbyahealthworkerortrainedvolunteer.Withoutsuchsupport,treatmentadherencecanbedifficult.Ifthetreatmentisnotproperlycompleted,thediseasecanbecomedrug-resistantandcanspread.InthecaseofTBinfection(wherethepatientisinfectedwithTBbacteriabutnotill),TBpreventivetreatmentcanbegiventostoptheonsetofdisease.Thistreatmentusesthesamedrugsforashortertime.Recenttreatmentoptionshaveshortenedthedurationtotreatmenttoonly1or3months,ascomparedto6monthsinthepast.Reference13PartII-VideoOneWatchandDo1.Tuberculosisisstilloneoftheworld’sbiggestinfectiouskillers,causingmoredeathsthanmalariaorevenHIVandAIDS.2.Typically,TBbacteriacalledmycobacteriumtuberculosis,areairborne.Theytravelintoourairwaysandinfectourlungs.3.Theindividualswithmalnutrition,HIV,diabetesorinpregnancyaremorevulnerabletotuberculosis.Totally,tuberculosisisstillprevalentin30countries.14PartII-VideoOneTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswersWatchandDo4.Theinitialsymptomsoftuberculosisincludechestpain,coughingupblood,decreaseinappetiteandironproduction,backpainandmovingdifficulty,abdominalpain,headachesandevenimpairedconsciousness.Typically,thesymptomscanbesummarizedasweightloss,ahacking,bloodycough,andashenskin.5.Healthexpertsagreeweneedtodevelopbetterdiagnostics,fasteractingantibiotics,andmoreeffectivevaccines.15PartII-VideoOneTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers

1.B2.C3.A4.C5.DWatchandDoWatchandDo16PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:MultipleChoice

1.Y2.Y3.N4.N5.YWatchandDoWatchandDo17PartII-VideoOneTaskThree:Topicindentificatiom

TBiscausedbybateria.SymptomsoflungTBincludecough,sneezeorspit.ThenumberofpeoplewhofallillwithTBannuallyamountsto10millionandthenumberofpeoplewhodiefromTBannually1.5million.ThevulnerableofTBarethosefromlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.8countriesmostlyaffectedbyTBincludeBangladesh,China,India,Indonesia,Nigeria,Pakistan,PhilippinesandSouthAfrica.BothTBinfectionanddiseasearecurableusingantibiotics.WatchandDoWatchandDo18PartII-VideoOneTaskFour:RetellingVideoTwoMiddleEastRespiratorySyndrome19ThinkandTalkMiddleEastrespiratorysyndromecoronavirus(MERS-CoV)isavirustransferredtohumansfrominfecteddromedarycamels.Itisazoonoticvirus,meaningitistransmittedbetweenanimalsandpeople,anditiscontractablethroughdirectorindirectcontactwithinfectedanimals.MERS-CoVhasbeenidentifiedindromedariesinseveralcountriesintheMiddleEast,AfricaandSouthAsia.Intotal,27countrieshavereportedcasessince2012,leadingto858knowndeathsduetotheinfectionandrelatedcomplications.Reference20PartII-VideoTwoThinkandTalkTheoriginsofthevirusarenotfullyunderstoodbutaccordingtotheanalysisofdifferentvirusgenomesitisbelievedthatitmayhaveoriginatedinbatsandlatertransmittedtocamelsatsomepointinthedistantpast.Human-to-humantransmissionispossible,butonlyafewsuchtransmissionshavebeenfoundamongfamilymemberslivinginthesamehousehold.Inhealthcaresettings,however,human-to-humantransmissionappearstobemorefrequent.

Reference21PartII-VideoTwoTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers1.SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome2.Dr.AnthonyS.Faucisaystheydonotyetknowhowthevirusistransmittedtopeople.3.Ifthathappens,itcouldsparkaglobaloutbreak4.Ifyoudothemathis50casesandyouhave30deaths,soyouaretalkingabouta60percentmortalityalready.WatchandDo22PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:BlankFilling1.triggeredtheoutbreak...775peoplein2003.2.aseverestomachvirus...leadtopneumoniaandkidneyfailure.3.itdoesn'tspreadwell...what'scalledsustainedtransmissibility...WatchandDo23PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:BlankFilling4.relativelylowsofar,...growingconcern...5.millionsandmillionsofpeopleinfected,afractionofapercent...6.isolatedcaseshavebeenexported...WatchandDo24PartII-VideoTwoTaskThree:ErrorCorrection1.ThenewMiddleEastRespiratorySyndromestrainwasdiagnosedinSaudiArabialastyear.2.Researchersdonotyetknowhowthevirusistransmittedtohumanbeing.3.Theinfectedareassumedtobeexposedinadvertentlytoaninfectedanimal.4.ThelargestclusterofinfectionsisinSaudiArabia,whichdrawmillionsofpilgrimsayear.5.TheWorldHealthOrganizationsaysitiscloselymonitoringthesituationbutisnotrecommendinganytravelortraderestrictions.WatchandDo25PartII-VideoTwoAudioHealthWaystoControlAsthma26ThinkandTalk

Asthmaisachronic(long-term)conditionthataffectstheairwaysinthelungs.Theairwaysaretubesthatcarryairinandoutofyourlungs.Ifyouhaveasthma,theairwayscanbecomeinflamedandnarrowedattimes.

Asthmaaffectspeopleofallagesandoftenstartsduringchildhood.Youmaywheeze,cough,orfeeltightnessinyourchest.Thesesymptomscanrangefrommildtosevereandcanhappeneverydayoronlyonceinawhile.Certainthingscansetofforworsenasthmasymptoms,suchascoldair.Thesearecalledasthmatriggers.Whensymptomsgetworse,itiscalledanasthmaattack.

Anasthmaactionplancanhelpyoumanageyourasthma.Theplanmayincludemonitoring,avoidingtriggers,andusingmedicines.Reference27PartII-AudioTaskOne:BlankFilling(1)affects (2)hospitalized(3)tighten(4)flowin(5)whistling (6)issittingon(7)combination(8)inresponsetoListenandDo28PartII-Audio(9)haveidentified(10)impurities(11)fungus(12)estimates(13)Chemicalsprays(14)outofbreath(15)diefromTaskTwo:Questions&AnswersListenandDo1.TheWorldHealthOrganizationsaysasthmaaffectsaboutthreehundredmillionpeopleworldwide.Anestimatedtwohundredfiftythousandpeoplediefromthediseaseeveryyearandmorethanfivehundredthousandarehospitalized.2.Asthmahappenswhentissuethatlinestheairwaystothelungsbeginstoexpandorswell.Theswellingmakestheairwayssmaller.Themusclesintheairwaystighten.Cellsintheairwaysbegintoproducetoomuchofathick,stickysubstancecalledmucous.Themucouscausestheairwaystocloseevenmore.Thismakesitdifficultforairtoflowinandoutofthelungs.Thisseriesofeventsiscalledanasthmaattack.29PartII-AudioTaskTwo:Questions&AnswersListenandDo3.Whenasthmaismostsevere,thepersonmayhaveextremedifficultybreathing.Thediseasecanseverelylimitaperson'sactivity,andevenleadtodeath.4.Oneisaquick-acting"rescue"medicinetakenwhenneededtostopasthmasymptoms.Theotherisacontrollermedicinetakeneverydaytopreventthesesymptoms.5.Firstly,asthmapatientsshouldknowthecausesoftheirasthmasymptomsandtrytoavoidthesetriggers,takemedicineifnecessary.Secondly,asthmapatientsshouldworkwiththeirdoctorstocontrolthediseasebycheck-upsandpropermedicinetakingtimeandmethodandseekingmedicalhelp.30PartII-AudioVideoThreeCouldabreathalyzerdetectcancer?31TaskOne:TrueorFalseTrueFalseTrueFalseFalseListenandDo32PartII-AudioTaskTwo:TopicIndentification1.ItisJulianBurschkathatdetailsthecomplicatedprocess.(Y)2.Whenonebreathesintoabreathalyzer,

theethanolinhisorherbreathpassesintoareactionchamber.(Y)3.Testingforlungcancerisalotmorecomplicatedthantestingforalcohol.

(N)4.Indeed,researchersareunwillingtoexploreintocancersdiagnosisthroughbreathanalysis.

(N)5.Tofindthesubtledifferences,

researcherscomparethebreathofhealthypeople

withthebreathofpeoplewhosufferfromaparticulardisease

usingprofilesbasedonhundredsofbreathsamples.

(Y)ListenandDo33PartII-AudioPartIIICelebrityandDiseaseVideoOneFrancisBaconVideoTwoWillemJohanKolffVideoOneVideoTwo34VideoOne

FrancisBacon35ThinkandTalkFrancisBacon(1561–1626)wasoneoftheleadingfiguresinnaturalphilosophyandinthefieldofscientificmethodologyintheperiodoftransitionfromtheRenaissancetotheearlymodernera.Asalawyer,memberofParliament,andQueen'sCounsel,Baconwroteonquestionsoflaw,stateandreligion,aswellasoncontemporarypolitics;buthealsopublishedtextsinwhichhespeculatedonpossibleconceptionsofsociety,andheponderedquestionsofethics(Essays)eveninhisworksonnaturalphilosophy(TheAdvancementofLearning).Reference36PartIII-VideoOneThinkandTalkAfterhisstudiesatTrinityCollege,CambridgeandGray'sInn,London,Bacondidnottakeupapostatauniversity,butinsteadtriedtostartapoliticalcareer.AlthoughhiseffortswerenotcrownedwithsuccessduringtheeraofQueenElizabeth,underJamesIherosetothehighestpoliticaloffice,LordChancellor.Bacon'sinternationalfameandinfluencespreadduringhislastyears,whenhewasabletofocushisenergiesexclusivelyonhisphilosophicalwork,andevenmoresoafterhisdeath,whenEnglishscientistsoftheBoylecircle(InvisibleCollege)tookuphisideaofacooperativeresearchinstitutionintheirplansandpreparationsforestablishingtheRoyalSociety.Reference37PartIII-VideoOneThinkandTalkTothepresentdayBaconiswellknownforhistreatisesonempiricistnaturalphilosophy(TheAdvancementofLearning,

NovumOrganumScientiarum)andforhisdoctrineoftheidols,whichheputforwardinhisearlywritings,aswellasfortheideaofamodernresearchinstitute,whichhedescribedin

NovaAtlantis.Reference38PartIII-VideoOneThinkandTalkHewasahard-workingmusician,composingover600works,suchas,thePianoConcertoNo.24inCminor,theSymphonyNo.40inGminor,andtheoperaDonGiovanni.Heisamongthemostpopularofclassicalcomposers,havingagreatinfluenceonsubsequentWesternartmusic.Reference39PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:BlankFilling1.FrancisBaconwasoneofthepioneersofmodernscientificthoughtandanEnglishpoliticianandMemberofParliament.2.AfterJamestheFirstcametopower,FranciswasknightedandappointedastheKeeperoftheGreatSeal,animportantsymbolofthemonarchyinEngland.3.Baconbelievedthatindeterminingscientifictruth,scientistrequiredevidencefromtherealworld.WatchandDo40PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:BlankFilling4.Hisbook,the‘NovumOrganum’gaveinformationonthecorrectmethodsofacquiringknowledgethroughthemediumofempiricalevidence.5.HewaslaterpardonedbythekingbutretiredtohishomeinHertfordshirewherehecontinuedhisscientificwritinguntilhediedofpneumonia.WatchandDo41PartIII-VideoOneTaskTwo:TrueorFalseFTTFFWatchandDo42PartIII-VideoOneTaskThree:CollectionFrancisBaconQuotesWatchandDo43PartIII-VideoOne1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.2.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproning,bystudy;andstudiesthemselves,dogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.3.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.4.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtitle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.WatchandDo44PartIII-VideoOne5.Inorderforthelighttoshinesobrightly,thedarknessmustbepresent.6.Animblecautiousperson,willmakeafortune.7.Ifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics.8.Itisimpossibletoloveandtobewise.9.Travel,intheyoungersort,isapartofeducation;intheelder,apartofexperience.10.Hethatwillnotapplynewremediesmustexpectnewevils;fortimeisthegreatestinnovator.TaskThree:CollectionFrancisBaconQuotesWatchandDo45PartIII-VideoOne11.Thebestpartofbeautyisthatwhichnopicturecanexpress.12.Ageappearstobebestinfourthings;oldwoodbesttoburn,oldwinetodrink,oldfriendstotrust,andoldauthorstoread.13.Silenceisthesleepthatnourisheswisdom.14.Inorderforthelighttoshinesobrightly,thedarknessmustbepresent.15.Iwillneverbeanoldman.Tome,oldageisalways15yearsolderthanIam.TaskThree:CollectionFrancisBaconQuotesWatchandDo46PartIII-VideoOne16.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.17.Fortitudeisthemarshalofthought,thearmorofthewill,andthefortofreason.18.Wivesareyoungmen'smistresses,companionsformiddleage,andoldmen'snurses.19.Imaginationwasgiventomantocompensatehimforwhatheisnot;asenseofhumortoconsolehimforwhatheis.20.Thereisnocomparisonbetweenthatwhichislostbynotsucceedingandthatwhichislostbynottrying.TaskThree:CollectionFrancisBaconQuotesWatchandDo47PartIII-VideoOne21.Abachelor'slifeisafinebreakfast,aflatlunch,andamiserabledinner.22.Readnottocontradictandconfute,nortobelieveandtakeforgranted...buttoweighandconsider.23.Travel,intheyoungersort,isapartofeducation;intheelder,apartofexperience.24.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.25.Menfeardeathaschildrenfeartogointhedark;andasthatnaturalfearinchildrenisincreasedbytales,soistheother.TaskThree:CollectionFrancisBaconQuotesWatchandDo48PartIII-VideoOne26.Wisemenmakemoreopportunitiesthantheyfind.27.Ifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics.28.Truthissohardtotell,itsometimesneedsfictiontomakeitplausible.29.Certainlythebestworks,andofgreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromtheunmarried,orchildlessmen.30.Themomentousthinginhumanlifeistheartofwinningthesoultogoodorevil.31.Thereisadifferencebetweenhappinessandwisdom:hethatthinkshimselfthehappiestmanisreallyso;buthethatthinkshimselfthewisestisgenerallythegreatestfool.TaskThree:CollectionFrancisBaconQuotesTaskFour:RetellingWatchandDo49PartIII-VideoOneFrancisBaconwasanEnglishlawyer,statesman,essayist,historian,intellectualreformer,philosopher,andchampionofmodernscience.Earlyinhiscareerheclaimed“allknowledgeashisprovince”andafterwardsdedicatedhimselftoawholesalerevaluationandre-structuringoftraditionallearning.Totaketheplaceoftheestablishedtradition(amiscellanyofScholasticism,humanism,andnaturalmagic),heproposedanentirelynewsystembasedonempiricalandinductiveprinciplesandtheactivedevelopmentofnewartsandinventions,asystemwhoseultimategoalwouldbetheproductionofpracticalknowledgefor“theuseandbenefitofmen”andthereliefofthehumancondition.PartIVMedicalTerminology50PartIVMedicalTerminologySuffix1Suffix251-oasis?alyzerSSuffix152-oasisThinkandTalkhydronephrosiskidneystonenephritisnephrolithiasisnephropathynephrectomy

nephremia

nephroptosispolycystickidney renalcolic renalfailure renaltransplantationrenalpelvis renalsinusrenaltubuleReference53PartIV-Suffix1TaskOne:Matching1.b2.a3.d4.e5.c6.g7.f8.h9.iPracticeandProduce54PartIV-Suffix1TaskTwo:Collection-pnea：dyspneahyperpneatachypneabronch/o-:bronchitisbronchoscopybronchiectasisalveo/o-:alveolusalvellocapillaryalveolaritisox/o-:hypoxemiaoxyacidoxygenatetrache/o-:tracheotomytrachealtracheostomyepiglott/o-:epiglottisepiglottiditisepiglottectomyPrac