定語(yǔ)從句課件

1、定語(yǔ)從句,The Attributive Clause,帶定語(yǔ)從句的諺語(yǔ)： 1. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。 2. He who laughs last laughs best. 誰(shuí)笑到最后，誰(shuí)笑的最好。 3. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。,關(guān)系代詞的用法,關(guān)系代詞在從句中可以：,whom,who,which,that,whose,何時(shí)可以省略？,做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略,定語(yǔ)：,用于修飾名詞或代詞,He is a clever boy. 他是一

2、個(gè)聰明的男孩。 He is a physics teacher. 他是一個(gè)物理老師。 Australia is an English-speaking country. 澳大利亞是一個(gè)講英語(yǔ)的家。,Key words: 復(fù)合句 (含有從句的句子;從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)什么成分就叫什么從句) e.g. 1. When I came in ,he was reading a book. ( 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句) 2. I hope (that )you will give me a reply soon. (賓語(yǔ)從句),定語(yǔ)從句：,由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)定語(yǔ),即在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句,定語(yǔ)從句的位置：,在修

3、飾名詞或代詞后,先行詞：,引導(dǎo)詞：,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞 關(guān)系代詞 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why,被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞,For example:,This is a book which tells about space knowledge.,先行詞,關(guān)系代詞,定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句四步： 第一步,找出先行詞； 第二,找出定語(yǔ)從句 第三,看先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的語(yǔ)法功能（主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)） 第四,選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。,e.g. This is the car which he bought last year.,先行詞,定

4、語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞的作用： (1) 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 (2) 在從句中作一成分 (3) 代替先行詞在從句中的 位置,關(guān)系代詞,that,that在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，指人 和物,1)A plane is a machine that can fly. （ 主語(yǔ)）,2)The noodles that I looked were delicious.（賓語(yǔ)）,This is the factory. The factory is near our school. This is the factory _,which/that is near our school,1.This is the facto

5、ry. 2.I visited the factory. This is the factory _,which/that I visited.,which,Which 在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，指物,1) They planted the trees which didnt need much water. (主語(yǔ) ),2) The fish which we bought were not fresh. （賓語(yǔ)）,This is the factory. The factory is near our school. This is the factory _,which/that is ne

6、ar our school,1.This is the factory. 2.I visited the factory. This is the factory _,which/that I visited.,who,who 在從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),指人,1) The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.（主語(yǔ)）,2) Comrade Li is a man who we should learn from （賓語(yǔ)）,I have a friend. I have a selfless friend. I have

7、 a friend _,who is selfless,whom,whom 在從句中作賓語(yǔ),指人,3) The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. （賓語(yǔ)）,4) Mr. Read is the professor to whom you should write . （賓語(yǔ)）,whose,2) This is the book whose cover is blue.,whose 在從句中作定語(yǔ)，指人或物,1) Miss Flower is the teacher whose house caught fire last week.,whose

8、 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1.whose 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作定語(yǔ)其后應(yīng)緊跟名詞 Thats the child whose drawing we looked at just now.,2. whose 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞可指人，也可指物 I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.,3. whose 在定語(yǔ)從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起可作介詞賓語(yǔ),可以與介詞一起放在先行詞與從句之間 Tom , on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine.,4. Whose

9、 的先行詞指物時(shí), 可用of which 代替whose.指人不可 whose + n = the + n + of which= of which+ the + n. He lives in the room whose window faces south. = He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.,1) Do you know the man _is standing over there? 2) The girl _ we were talking about is Mary.,who/that,who(m)/th

10、at,3) The book _ is about the USA has been lost. 4) Did you see the pen _ I lost yesterday?,that/which,that/which,5)There are some people _ faces you cant forget. 6) I am sitting in the chair _legs are broken.,whose,whose,There are some people whose faces you cant forget. There are some people of wh

11、om the faces you cant forget.,I am sitting in the chair whose legs are broken. I am sitting in the chair of which the legs are broken.,關(guān)系代詞who, that作主語(yǔ),1. Your friend came to see you yesterday. 2. Your friend studies in Beijing University.,Your friend who/that studies in Beijing University came to s

12、ee you yesterday.,關(guān)系代詞whom, that 作賓語(yǔ),1. He is the man. 2.You have been waiting for the man.,He is the man (whom/that) you have been waiting for.,關(guān)系代詞 which, that 作主語(yǔ),1. It sounded like a train. 2. A train was going under my house.,It sounded like a train which/ that was going under my house.,關(guān)系代詞whi

13、ch/ that 作賓語(yǔ),1. The earth is a big ball. 2. We live on the earth.,The earth (which/ that) we live on is a big ball.,關(guān)系代詞whose 作定語(yǔ),1. Do you know the man? 2. The mans watch is missing.,Do you know the man whose watch is missing?,where,where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,并在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞(which)”。 where=in

14、 which=at which,1.This is the factory. 2.I worked in the factory. This is the factory _,which/that I worked in., This is the factory in _ I worked.,which,=,where,1.We visited the house. 2. Luxun once lived in the house. We visited the house _ Luxun once lived.,where,=,in which,1.This is the library

15、_ has many books. 2. This is the library _ I visited. 3. This is the library _ I read books.,which/that,which/that,in which/where,the library,the library,in the library,when,when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞,并在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞(which)”。 關(guān)系副詞 when=in which=at which=on which,1. Ill never forget the day. 2. I

16、joined the Party on the day. Ill never forget the day _ I joined the Party.,when,=,on which,We still remember that August _ we traveled together.,in that August,in which/when,This is the day _ we cant forget. This is the day _ I was born.,which/that,on which/when,the day,on the day,why,why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾表

17、示原因的名詞,并在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞(which)”。 why=for which,1. There are many reasons. 2. People like traveling for many reasons. There are many reasons _ people like traveling.,for which,why,=,This is the reason _ he gave me. This is the reason _ he was late.,for which/why,which/that,the reason,for the

18、reason,the way that,方式 關(guān)系副詞 that = in which This is the way that( in which) he did it,I dont lie the way that(=in which) you laugh at her,提醒一：關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選擇有兩個(gè)原則：1）先行詞是人還是物;2)先行詞在從句中作什么成分。若先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，或定語(yǔ)，則選關(guān)系代詞；若在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，則選關(guān)系副詞。,1We will remember those days that/which we spent together.(作賓語(yǔ)) 2we wil

19、l remember those days when we played by the sea.(作狀語(yǔ)),提醒二：關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，根據(jù)先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。,1He is the only one of the students who knows French (the only one 為先行詞) 2He is one of the students who know French (students 為先行詞),提醒三：關(guān)系代詞的省略：在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)（這時(shí)介詞不能在關(guān)系代詞前）時(shí)常可省略。,The boy (that/w

20、ho/whom) we saw last night was Tom,提醒四：定語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤,1缺先行詞：Is this school that you visited last year? 該句缺先行詞，應(yīng)在school后面 加上the one,2 缺引導(dǎo)詞：Chinese eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 應(yīng)在children后面加上who 關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略,3成分重復(fù)：This is the house where I lived there years ago. Where 和there 句子成分重復(fù)，應(yīng)去掉there,提醒五 關(guān)

21、系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的判斷方法 關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的選擇是根據(jù)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作的成分。若是做狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系副詞或“介詞+which” 若是作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系代詞。例如：,I will never forget the days (that/ which) I spent with my teacher I will never forget the days when I played with you,The factory (that/which) we visited yesterday was built last year The factory where he works w

22、as built last year,This is the reason (that/which) she gave me for doing it Do you know the reasons why he came late?,但要注意在以下8種情況下,指物時(shí)用that 不用which, who,注意！,1.先行詞是all, any, everything, anything, nothing ,something, much, little, few, none ,the one 等時(shí), There is much that should be used. You can take

23、any seat that is free.,2.先行詞被all, any , no, only, little, much, very, every, some, few, none 等修飾時(shí), I have read all the books (that) you gave me. Every dictionary that our library bought is good.,3.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。, This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. The first lesson that I learn

24、ed will never be forgotten.,4.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時(shí)。, This is the very book that belongs to him. The Great Wall is the last place that Mr. Smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing.,5. 在以 which, who作主語(yǔ)的特殊疑問(wèn)句中的定語(yǔ)從句中, Who is the man that is reading a book there? Which is

25、 the magazine that you borrowed from the reading room?,6.當(dāng)先行詞既有表示人又有表示物的詞時(shí), We talked of the things and persons that we remembered.,7. 當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做表語(yǔ)時(shí),無(wú)論先行詞是人還是物, China is no longer the country that she was.,8.主句以there be 開(kāi)頭時(shí), There is little that I can do to make up for the lost time.,(1) 關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)

26、從句中緊跟介詞作賓語(yǔ)（介詞提前）。 There are many trees _ they can have a rest. This is the ring _ she spent 1000 dollars.,2、只用which不用that的情況,(2) 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。 Football, _ is a very popular game, is played all over the world.,under which,on which,which,3. 表所有關(guān)系及整體中的一部分或全部時(shí)，用介 詞of, 有時(shí)可用whose轉(zhuǎn)換。 1) Im painting a house,

27、the roof _ is round.,Im painting a house _ is round.,2) They live in a house, _ windows face south.,They live in a house, the windows _ face south.,of which,whose,of which,whose roof,不用that的場(chǎng)合如下： 1）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March . 2）介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí) This is t

28、he man from whom I learnt the news 3）句中出現(xiàn)了that，或先行詞是that時(shí) I have found that which I was looking for.,二、只用who的情況,One _ has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth. The ones _ laugh at the disabled are not good students. Anyone _ fails to finish the task should be punished. Those _ want to go to The G

29、reat Wall sigh up here.,who,who,who,who,先行詞是one, ones, anyone, those時(shí)用who.,限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它 主句意思往往不明確；,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也 不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。,(1)This is the house which we bought last month.,（限制性）,(2)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.,(非限制性）,(3)Charl

30、es Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.,(非限制性）,定語(yǔ)從句必須注意的特殊例子 1.先行詞為situation , case , stage, point, position關(guān)系詞要用where, in which eg. Can you imaging the situation where/ in which you can use the word. 2.先行詞為way ,關(guān)系詞要用that, in which 或省略 eg. Do you know the way (that/in which/-) he wor

31、ked the problem.,3.定語(yǔ)從句的必須注意的兩個(gè)句型。 Is this school the one we visited that year? Is this the school that we visited that year ? He is one of the students who are from the south. He is the (only) one of the students who is from the south.,修飾人時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that 和who, whom的區(qū)分。 當(dāng)主句中的主語(yǔ)是who時(shí)，只能用that。 eg. Who is th

32、e girl that is standing over there? 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中以及介詞后面時(shí)只能用who 或者whom。 eg. I have a son, who is really lovely and interesting. There are 40 students in the class, most of whom are boys. 關(guān)系代詞whose既能修飾人，也能修飾物，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，修飾先行詞。 eg. She is the girl whose English sounds very beautiful. Mary has a very good

33、dog, whose hair turns out white and black.,關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的用法以及與關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)分。 關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中只能充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，當(dāng)一個(gè)句子能夠完整地表達(dá)一個(gè)意思時(shí)，我們就可以給這個(gè)句子加上特定的關(guān)系副詞。 eg. I wont forget the time when I got married. Have you still remember the days when we stayed together? This is the place where we had a good time. Is this the hous

34、e where Mr Smith lives? I dont know the reason why he wont join us. Do you know the reason why he didnt come to sweep the classroom?,關(guān)系副詞when, where, why 和介詞+which之間的關(guān)系。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why可以用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~+which來(lái)替代。如：when=in/on/at+which, where=in/on/at+which, why=for+which介詞的位置非常靈活，有時(shí)放在關(guān)系代詞之前，有時(shí)放在動(dòng)詞之后。 eg.

35、1. I wont forget the date when( on which) I was born. 2. This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in. 3. I dont know the reason why (for which) he havent come today. 4. Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin.,1 . whose 既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，又可引導(dǎo) 非

36、限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 My uncle whose office we have just passed , is a lawyer . Once there was a wise king whose name was Alfred . 2. whose 代指“的”，既可以指人，也可以指物。 Look at the building , whose roof is white . The girl lives in the house , whose windows face south .,whose 在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法,關(guān)系副詞when, where和關(guān)系代詞that, which的區(qū)分。同

37、樣是修飾一個(gè)地點(diǎn)，有時(shí)使用where，有時(shí)使用that/which；同樣是修飾一個(gè)時(shí)間，有時(shí)使用when， 有時(shí)使用that/which。這主要看兩點(diǎn)：一是定語(yǔ)從句是否完整；二是定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。請(qǐng)比較以下句子： This is the park that we visited last year. This is the park where we held a birthday party. She wont forget the days that she spent on the island. She wont forget the days when they

38、 stayed together. Thats the date when we went to the college. Thats the date that she wont forget for ever. I like the time when we lived together. I like the time that we had together.,注意: 1. 介詞關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)鍵是判斷介詞的選擇 看從句謂語(yǔ)部分缺少什么介詞(習(xí)慣搭配) 先行詞放在從句中需不需要添介詞 通過(guò)整個(gè)句子整體含義來(lái)判斷 2. whom, which作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞一般可放在whic

39、h之前, 也可放在從句原來(lái)的位置上,在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞固定詞組中,介詞只能放在原來(lái)的位置上.,關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞如何區(qū)別？,1.取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，就必須用關(guān)系副詞或介詞+關(guān)系代詞；而及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ)，則要求用關(guān)系代詞。 2.要看他們?cè)趶木渲凶魇裁闯煞荻??；蛘哒f(shuō)，假如把先行詞放到從句中是作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)而定。 1）This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 2）Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 3）Ill never

40、 forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.,1.Ill never forget the days _we spent together in Paris. 2.Ill remember the days _we stayed together. 3.This is the factory _we visited last year. 4.This is the house _Lincoln once lived.,thatwhich,when,thatwhich,where,vt.,vi.,vt.,vi.,during which

41、,in which,5.The reason _he missed the speech is that he forgot the time. 6.The reason _he gave us sounded reasonable.,why,thatwhich,(合理的）,for which,This is the house . I lived in it two years ago.,This is the house_ I lived in two years ago.,This is the house _ I lived two years ago.,This is the hou

42、se _ I lived two years ago.,(that/which),in which,where,“介詞關(guān)系代詞”即“介詞whom/which”引 導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意： 1介詞的選用至少要考慮以下的兩個(gè)因素 A.與先行詞的搭配關(guān)系 1）I will never forget the day _ I joined the army. 2) I will never forget the days _ I worked in the school. 3) I will never forget the year _ my son went to college. 4) I got ho

43、me at 7:00 p.m. yesterday, _ most people had had supper.,on which,during which,in which,by which,B. 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配習(xí)慣 1）Have you found the book _ I paid 29 US dollars? 2) Have you found the book _ I spent 29 US dollars? 3) Have you found the book _ we learnt a lot? 4) Have you found the book _ she often ta

44、lks?,for which,on which,from which,about which,關(guān)系代詞as的用法及其與which的區(qū)別。 關(guān)系代詞as在定語(yǔ)從句中指代整件事，充當(dāng)句中的主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，它經(jīng)常和the same, such, as一起搭配使用，共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)固定詞組。 eg. As we all know, he is a famous scientist. He is a diligent boy, as is expected. She has the same book as you have. 關(guān)系代詞as可以放在句子的開(kāi)頭，可以使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而關(guān)系代詞which則不可以。請(qǐng)

45、比較： As everyone knows, it is necessary to build a hospital in this small town. It is necessary to build a hospital in this small town, which is clear to us. Our department will hold the meeting,as is known by us.,2.which和as都能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,a. As we expected, he passed the exam. b. He took away my photo,

46、 which made me unhappy. c. The house, which they built 2 years ago, fell down in the earthquake.,1)as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)只能指代整個(gè)句子。而which既可指代前面整個(gè)句子，也可指代前面句子中的一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)。,1.which和as都能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代主句的某一個(gè)詞，在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。,但as通常用在the same.as , suchas , asas結(jié)構(gòu)中 I will give you such things as you may need. This is the same

47、 watch as I lost. This is the same watch that I lost.,“as”和”which”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別,同一,同樣,3)as 本身有“正如.正象”. 的含義,常用于as is announced / expected / known / reported / said / imagined / shown或as usually happen, as is often the case, as we know等句型,2)as和which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句指代整個(gè)主句, as引導(dǎo)的從句可放在主句之前、之后或中間,而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在句末

48、.,4）當(dāng)后置的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是否定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用which引導(dǎo) He made a long speech, as was expected. He made a long speech, which was not expected/unexpected. Tom drinks a lot everyday, which his wife doesnt like at all.,區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句與其相似句型,Mr.Wu has two sons, and both of them are fond of playing golf.,(這里and連接的是并列句，不能用whom代替 them。如

49、去掉and，就必須用whom代替them 成定語(yǔ)從句。,It was last night that the terrible fire broke out.,(這里是“It was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that. ”構(gòu)成的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，故連接詞不用when。),1. Ive read all the books which I borrowed from the library.,which that或去掉which。當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little等修飾時(shí),常用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。,2. This is the best film which I have

50、 ever seen.,which that或去掉which。當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)或the only, the very等所修飾時(shí),常用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。,3. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.,如果先行詞既指人又指物時(shí), 常用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。,that,4. Everything which we saw was of great interest.,當(dāng)先行詞為something, anything, everything, nothing, all等時(shí),常由that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。,which that或去掉which。,1. That book that you want it is on the desk.,2. Is this factory that we visited last week?,the one,This factory is the one that we visited last week?,3.