中西文化比較2.ppt

1、Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures環(huán)性與線性 中西文化比較(Part II),2. Core Values價值觀,Linear individuality and circular integrity 線單環(huán)整,W: individualism-oriented and right-based C: collectivism-oriented and duty-based,西方文化以個體主義為導向，以權利為基準； 中國文化以團體主義為導向，以義務為基準。,Western linear ind

2、ividuality單點獨進，個人價值實現(xiàn),Developing individual potentials, realizing individual objectives and seeking individual interests.,西方文化的線性表現(xiàn)為直線的單點獨進，強調(diào)個人潛力的發(fā)揮、個人目標的實現(xiàn)以及個人利益的追求。,Chinese circular integrity整體向心，群體價值取向,Harmonizing community relationships, actualizing community objectives and safeguarding communi

3、ty interests.,中國文化價值觀的環(huán)性表現(xiàn)為圓環(huán)的整體向心，注重群體關系的和諧、群體目標的統(tǒng)率和群體利益的維護。,Individualism Collectivism,1. Everybody taking care of himself 2. “I” consciousness 3. Independence from organizations 4. Emphasis on individual initiative 5. Privacy important 6. Belief in individual decisions,1. People protected by fami

4、lies or clans 2. “We” consciousness 3. Dependence on organizations 4. Emphasis on affiliation with organizations 5. Sharing important 6. Belief in community decisions,個體主義 團體主義,1. 各人關心自己 2. “我”的意識強 3. 獨立于團體 4. 強調(diào)個人努力 5. 隱私重要 6. 相信個人決定,1. 個人受家庭或家族保護 2. “我們”的意識強 3. 依賴團體 4. 注重團體歸屬 5. 共享重要 6. 信任群體決策,Wes

5、tern linear individuality西方：單點獨進，個人價值實現(xiàn),Individualism個體主義 Social systems社會制度 Self-actualization自我實現(xiàn) Private interests私人利益 Thatchers speech 撒切爾講話 Independence獨立意識,Western linear individuality西方：單點獨進，個人價值實現(xiàn),Parallel lines 兩線平行,(Law of survival of the fittest),適者生存法則,Intersecting lines 兩線相交,Chinese cir

6、cular integrity整體向心，群體價值取向,Harmonizing community relationships, actualizing community objectives and safeguarding community interests.,中國文化價值觀的環(huán)性表現(xiàn)為圓環(huán)的整體向心，注重群體關系的和諧、群體目標的統(tǒng)率和群體利益的維護。,Chinese circular integrity整體向心，群體價值取向,Confucius proposition: 天下為公,君子應先人后己。 A public spirit should rule everything und

7、er the sun and a gentleman should put others interest above his own.,Aims in life: 修身、齊家、治國、平天下。 Cultivate personal moral character, put family affairs in order, administer principality affairs well and pacify the whole country.,Couplets：風聲、雨聲、讀書聲，聲聲入耳 家事、國事、天下事，事事關心 The sounds of wind, rain and rea

8、ding each come into my ears. The affairs of the family, state and world are all kept in my mind. 顧憲成：東林書院對聯(lián),The Whole World As One Community,The whole world as one community means that a public spirit should rule everything under the sun. Only by this can the ideal of Great Harmony be attained.,天下為公

9、，是要天下鼎鼎大公。實現(xiàn)了天下為公，就可以達到世界大同了。,Chinese circular integrity整體向心，群體價值取向,Proverb：天下興亡，匹夫有責。 Everyone has a share of responsibility for the fate of his country.,Literature: 先天下之憂而憂， 后天下之樂而樂。 Show concern over state affairs before others,And enjoy comforts after them.,Chinese circular integrity整體向心，群體價值取向,

10、Jean Bricks China ( 1995)： Private interests are vested in the group, that is, in the family or in the community, and not in the individual. True self-fulfillment for the individual lies in fulfilling social responsibilities to the greatest extent possible. In fact, the establishment of harmonious s

11、ocial relations is seen as an absolute necessity, without which any development is impossible.,珍妮布列克的中國 ( 1995)： 私人利益存在于群體之中，也就是存在于家庭或社團之中。真正的個人自我實現(xiàn)在于最大限度地完成各種社會責任。說實在的，建立和諧的社會關系被看作是絕對必要的，沒有這一條，任何發(fā)展都是不可能的。,A Survey of the Values of Present-day University Students,當今中國大學生價值觀調(diào)查,Four Levels of Principl

12、e,Utter devotion to others without thought of self.毫不利己，專門利人。(Extreme altruism) One for all and all for one.我為人人,人人為我 。 Seeking private interests subjectively and benefiting others objectively.主觀為己，客觀為人 。 Everyone pursues his own interests, or Heaven and Earth will destroy him. / Each for himself an

13、d Devil take the hindmost.人不為己，天誅地滅 。(Extreme egoism),行為準則四層次,Which of the 4 levels do you regard as your life tenet and principle of conduct： U O S E 毫不利己 我為人人 主觀為己 人不為己 專門利人 人人為我 客觀利人 天誅地滅 1997 4.4% 74.2% 21.4% 0 2000 2.5% 57.2% 32.1 8.2% 2002 1.2% 53.3% 35.4% 10.1% 2004 0.6% 37.5% 43.2% 18.7% 200

14、6 0.9% 40.8% 36.9% 11.4%,Results of the Investigation,The Advantages of Each Type of Values The individualism-oriented linear values play a positive role in advocating independence and self-reliance, overcoming constraint of conventions, giving play to personal potentials and encouraging individual

15、initiative. The collectivism-oriented circular values play a positive role in advocating due consideration of the overall situation, overcoming ego-centricity, giving play to collective advantages and encouraging teamwork.,兩種價值觀各有優(yōu)勢 以個體主義為導向的西方線性價值觀對于倡導自強自立，克服因循守舊心理，發(fā)揮個人潛力，樹立個人進取精神有著積極意義。以團體主義為導向的中國

16、環(huán)性價值觀對于倡導顧全大局，克服自我中心觀念，發(fā)揮群體優(yōu)勢，樹立團隊協(xié)作精神有著積極意義。,2. Core Values價值觀,Linear individuality and circular integrity 線單環(huán)整,W: individualism-oriented and right-based C: collectivism-oriented and duty-based,西方文化以個體主義為導向，以權利為基準； 中國文化以團體主義為導向，以義務為基準。,3. Outlook on time 時間觀,Linear extension and circular rotation 線

17、伸環(huán)旋,Western: extension, sense of time shortage, future valued Chinese: rotation, sense of time abundance, past cherished,西方文化視時間如直線延伸，單向飛逝，去而不返，因而有時間緊缺感，往往向前看，著眼于未來； 中國文化視時間如圓環(huán)旋轉，冬去春來，周而復始，故而有時間充裕感，常常向后看，立足于過去。,43 B. C. Roman Poet,“Time is the devourer of everything.” Ovid,1608 1674 English Poet,156

18、4 1616 English Playwright,時間是一切事物的吞食者。 奧維特,“Time is the subtle thief of youth.” - Milton,“Time is most brisk and giddy-paced.” - Shakespeare,時間是竊走青春的神秘盜賊 。 彌爾頓,時間步伐如此迅疾，令人眼花繚亂。 莎士比亞,Quotations from Poets 詩人語錄,Time is a river, a torrent, a waterfall. Time is marching, flying and flowing.,線性時間觀 時間是大江、

19、急流、瀑布； 時間是行進、飛行、流逝。,Time,Western linear extension,Proverbs: “Time and tide wait for no man.” “ Time lost is never found again.” 諺語：歲月不待人；時間一去不復返。 Diary or calendar 日記 Attitude toward authorities and exploration: Defy authorities 蔑視權威 Enjoy blazing new trails 喜歡開辟新徑,韓愈 768 824,孔子 551 479 B.C.,Confuci

20、us said on the river bank: “The passing of time is like the flowing of water.”,The easy loss of time effects my dejection; The four seasons pass in quick succession.,Chinese linear outlook on time 中國線性時間觀,子在川上曰：逝者如斯夫。,韓愈幽懷： 但悲時易失，四序迭相侵。,春與秋其代序。（屈原：離騷）Spring alternates with autumn.,日月光華，旦復旦兮。(尚書大傳上卷）

21、 The sun alternates with the moon;Days come one after another soon.,失之東隅，收之桑榆。 What is lost at sunrise can be regained at sunset. 馮異,Idiom: 時來運轉 The favor of the time cycle brings good luck.,Analects （論語）： I engage in introspection every day on 3 points: whether I have done anything unfaithful or di

22、shonest or have shunned my studies.,吾日三省吾身：為人謀而不忠乎？與朋友交而不信乎？傳而不習乎？ 曾子,Farewell Remarks （告別語）慢走，慢用，慢慢看，慢慢做，慢慢商量，慢慢欣賞 ,Metaphor: Time flies like an arrow and days flit like a shuttle. 光陰似箭，日月如梭。,Diary: Recording what has been done. 日記： 記載已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事。,Respect authorities and the aged. 尊重權威，敬重老人。,Looking bac

23、k 向后看,The Advantages of Each Outlook on Time It might be said that the linear view on time encourages bold exploration and promotes scientific creation while its circular counterpart motivates self-examination and contributes to social stability.,兩種時間觀各有優(yōu)勢 線式時間觀向前看，重求知，有利于鼓勵開拓創(chuàng)新；環(huán)式時間觀則向后看，重修身，有利于促進穩(wěn)

24、定守序。,3. Outlook on time 時間觀,Linear extension and circular rotation 線伸環(huán)旋,Western: extension, sense of time shortage, future valued Chinese: rotation, sense of time abundance, past cherished,西方文化視時間如直線延伸，單向飛逝，去而不返，因而有時間緊缺感，往往向前看，著眼于未來； 中國文化視時間如圓環(huán)旋轉，冬去春來，周而復始，故而有時間充裕感，常常向后看，立足于過去。,4. Mode of thinking 思

25、維模式,W: Dissecting things into parts and analyzing their relationships, thinking in terms of logic (邏輯思維）and abstract reasoning （抽象推理）,Linear analysis and circular synthesis 線析環(huán)綜,C: Synthesizing parts and examining the whole, thinking in terms of images （形象思維）and intuitive insight （直覺頓悟）,西方文化如同直線切劃，細

26、分明析，注重抽象推理 ，善長邏輯思維。,中國文化猶如圓環(huán)內(nèi)封，綜觀合察，尋求直覺頓悟 ，善長形象思維。,Referring to Western mode of thinking, Qian Xuesen (1986) said: “Abstractive thinking seems to be linear or branch-like. “抽象思維似乎是線型或枝型的?！?錢學森,Referring to Chinese mode of thinking, Shen Xiaolong (1990) said: “This is a circular dialectic mode of th

27、inking with a strong plastic, flexible and stochastic nature. “這是一種有著極強可塑性、伸張性、隨機性的圓式辯證思維方式。” 申小龍,Mode of thinking 思維模式, 連淑能, 連淑能,Western mode of thinking,Chinese mode of thinking,Mode of thinking 思維模式,Analytical thinking （分析性思維） Rational thinking （理性思維） dissecting abstracting,Synthetic thinking （整體

28、性思維） Perceptive thinking （悟性思維） holistic intuitive,漸悟、頓悟、解悟、 證悟、體悟、領悟、 參悟、感悟、妙悟,概念、判斷、推理 演繹、抽象、概括 切分、歸類、剖析,Western Encyclopedia arranged by classification Animals, plants, objects are divided, sub-divided 西方的百科全書層層切分，種類歸屬分明。,Classification Units of Plants and Animals: kingdom, division, class, order

29、, family, genus, species,界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種,Chinese Leishu A collection of political, social and ethical data arranged circularly in an emperor-centered fashion. 中國古代類書是以皇帝為中心的環(huán)式體例。,唐代藝文類聚、宋代太平御覽、 明代永樂大典、清代古今圖書集成,Western Articles Clear division in the organization of articles title, sub-title, chapters,

30、sections,paragraphs topic sentences 西方文章，標題、章、節(jié)、段細分明切，段中一般都有主題句，脈路清晰，一目了然。,Chinese Articles Unity, harmony, transition and correspondence are given much attention. 中國文章強調(diào)起承轉合，注重通篇的過渡自然及和諧一致。,The Eight-part Essay 八股文分為破題、承題、起講、入手、起股、中股、后股、束股、落下等組成部分。在起股、中股、后股、束股4個部分，各有兩股互相對應的文字，共有八股。八股也稱八比，比是對偶的意思。,W

31、estern medicine, examine parts of the body through tests, X-rays, NMR, etc. 西醫(yī)看病，先給病人胸透、胃透、驗血、驗尿、核磁共振，分而檢之，再作診斷。,Chinese medicine, general physical condition, pulse, complexion, tongue coating 中醫(yī)看病，望、聞、問、切，注意的是全身性的綜合癥狀 。,Western cuisine strictly-followed recipe, ingredients of precise quantity 西餐廚師烹

32、飪，各種配料嚴格計量，操作程序步步分清。,Chinese cuisine casual mixing of ingredients intuitive acquisition of the skill through repeated practice 中餐廚師學廚藝，并不注重定量描述，而是通過模仿，直覺地把握師傅的烹飪技術。,Western painting likeness in appearance emphasis on details: lines, shades of color, light spectrum 西方油畫注重形似，通過線條、色彩、光線等細節(jié)刻意仿真。,Chinese

33、 Painting resemblance in spirit/essence emphasis on general effect, imagination, exaggeration 中國畫追求神似，運用概括、夸張的手法及豐富的聯(lián)想表現(xiàn)物象的神韻。,Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), line of conquest (Macedonia, Greece, Palestine, Syria, Iran, India, Egypt) 亞歷山大大帝戎馬一生，馳騁歐亞非大陸，實現(xiàn)線性的征服。,The First Qin Emperor (259-210 BC), circle of defense (the Great Wall, the Himalayas, the Ocean） 秦始皇下令修建長城，實現(xiàn)環(huán)性的防御。,西方人食用蘋果，也不忘線式切分，然后去核去皮食之。,Westerners eat apples by cutting them linearly into pieces.,Chinese people eat apples by peeling them