12語法第32講

1、Lecture 32,Subordination ( II ) ( p.p. 361378 ),32.1 Infinitive clauses Types of infinitive clauses 1) 不帶邏輯主語的不定式分句 S1: I hope to be able to come. S3: All she seems to do is (to) gossip with her neighbours. S8: To be frank, I dont think much of it. you need a great deal of courage. 2) 帶邏輯主語的不定式分句 （1

2、) 用 for 引出邏輯主語 S1: The best thing would be for you to tell everybody. S2: He opened the door for the children to come in. S4: Its important for there to be a fire-escape. （2) 用 of 引出邏輯主語 Its kind of you to say so. Its foolish of them to behave like this.,（3) 有時由 with, rather than 等引導。 S1: He knew th

3、at with him to help, she could and would succeed. S3: Rather than you do the job, Id prefer to finish it myself. 3） 帶有疑問詞的不定式分句 S1: I dont know what to do. Where to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. What worries me most is how to fulfil the task in two days. Syntactic functions of infinitiv

4、e clauses 1) 作主語和主語補語 2）作賓語和賓語補語 3) 作狀語，表示目的、結果、原因,Do Ex. 32 A: 2，8； 11，19，13，14； 1， 3，4， 6，7，10，8，20 17； 5，9，12，15，16 Key to Ex. 32 A: 1. We went via Worcester so as to miss the traffic jam. 2. I havent decided whether to answer his letter or not. 3. He opened his mouth wide as if to speak. 4. His

5、work was so good as to make him internationally famous. 5. The man to consult is Wilson. 6. To hear him talk, you would think he was a celebrity. 7. She stood up to be seen better. 8. As we talked of where to meet, I noticed something unusual in his tone. 9. He was the first man to discuss the quest

6、ion with Professor Haliday. 10. My brother got up early in order to have enough time to pack. 11. Whether he had changed his mind about what to day I did not know. 12. Is he really a man to be trusted? 13. We consider the girl to be trustworthy.,14. We ask very citizen to watch closely any developme

7、nts in this matter. 15. The place (for you) to stay is the Hilton. 16. David was miserable unless he had neighbours with whom to quarrel/ neighbours to quarrel with. 17. Betty works too slowly to be much use to us. 18. Ill buy you some magazines to read on the journey. 19. We thought it wrong to pun

8、ish him/ for him to be punished. 20. For a vote to be valid, the deputy must be present and vote in person.,Do Ex. 32 B: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14; 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Key to Ex. 32 B: too old to speak or hear. 2. too fat (for me) to wear 3. too excited to think. 4. too diffic

9、ult (for me) to explain. 5. too personal for Cyril to answer. 6. too sour (for me) to eat. 7. too empty-headed to earn a single thing. 8. too dirty for them to see through. 9. too badly broken to be mended. 10. too deep for them to wade across. 11. clear enough for you to see 12. strong enough to ho

10、ld 13. too strong for him to swim against. 14. too fat to tie up his own shoes. 15. not good enough for me to marry. 16. thirsty enough to drink a well dry. 17. You dont eat enough to keep 18. not enough beer for you all to have a drink. 19. enough food left over to feed a dozen more people. 20. I h

11、avent got enough wool to make,Do Ex. 32 C: Key to Ex. C: 1. so that it should/ might look 2. so that there should be 3. so as not to get 4. so as not to leave 5. so that the room should look 6. so as to avoid 7. so as to have 8. so that we should not have 9. so as not have 10. So that I should not b

12、e 11. so that it should not get 12. so that it should be 13. so as not to get 14. so as to cover 15. so that my arms should not get 16. so as not to get 17. so that the brush should not get 18. so that it may/can be used 19. so that it shall not get 20. so as to use b) 1. so kind as to invite 2. so

13、(that) I was 3. so happy that I danced 4. to get 5. so unfortunate as not to have 6. for the snow to be 7. so thick as to cover 8. cold enough to freeze 9. so (that) I had 10. so kind as to send 11. for it to arrive 12. too excited to untie 13. so (that) I cut 14. for me to wear,32.2 ing participle

14、clause Types of -ing participle clauses 1) 不帶邏輯主語的 ing 分句 S2: He denied having been there. S1: One of my bad habits is biting nails. S4: I heard him singing in the next room. S7; Generally speaking, this book is not very difficult. 2) 帶從屬連詞的 ing 分句 S1: When sleeping, I never hear a thing. S4: Though

15、 understanding no Greek, Charles was able to communicate with them. 3) 帶邏輯主語的 ing 分句 (1）名詞性 ing 分句 S1: Do you mind my/ me making a suggestion? S3: Its no use your / Xiao Lis pretending to be deaf.,(2）副詞性 ing 分句 S1: The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. S2: The report having been read, a liv

16、ely discussion began. ing 分句的句法功能 a）作主語、賓語、主語補語和賓語補語 b) 作狀語，表示原因 、條件、讓步、結果和伴隨情況,Do Ex. 32 D: 1, (2, 9); (3), 4, (5, 6, 7, 8); 19, (20); (10), 11; 12,(13); 14, (15, 16, 17, 18) Key to Ex. 32 D: Playing the piano is my favourite pastime. 2. Is it worth while doing such experiments? 3. They insisted on

17、 holding a reception in our honour. 4. I have got used to doing this kind of work. 5. After booking the ticket, she began to pack her things. 6. Instead of criticizing him, we should praise him. 7. Have you any objection to carrying out this plan? 8. At the meeting he stressed the importance of foll

18、owing the mass line. 9. Rebuilding this canal has already brought many benefits to our national economy. 10. Seeing so many people before her, she felt very nervous. 11. Having lived in Sichuan for many years, I know that place very well. 12. Pointing at a new building, he said, “This is our club.”

19、13. We began to knock at the door, thinking that was his home.,14. The river being too wide, we couldnt swim across. 15. Such being the case, I wont insist on your staying here. 16. The weather being so warm, someone suggested having the party in the open air. 17. Being so excited, he didnt know wha

20、t to say. 18. She sat there silent, tears streaming down her cheeks. 19. When he got to the village, he found the girls picking cotton in the fields. 20. Yesterday afternoon the school master caught some pupils smoking cigarettes in the classroom.,32.3 ed participle clause -ed 分詞分句的結構模式 a) 不帶邏輯主語的 e

21、d分詞分句 S1: S2: b) 帶從屬連詞的 ed 分詞分句 S1: S4: c) 帶邏輯主語的 ed 分詞分句 S1: S2:, -ed 分詞分句的句法功能 a）作名詞的后置修飾語 S1: S2: b) 作狀語，表示原因 、條件、讓步、結果和伴隨情況 S1:,Do Ex. 32 E: (1, 2, 4), 5, (7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17), 18, (19, 20) 6, 9, (11), 13, (15) Key to Ex. 32 E: 1. Anyone not hearing that noise must have been stone-deaf. 2.

22、 We were delayed by heavy trucks being loaded onto the ship. 3. Suddenly feeling dizzy, Mrs. Wilson sat down quickly. 4. Presents costing less than ten pounds in all may be imported duty-free. 5. Planning to buy a car, Mrs. Jay has opened a savings account. 6. Any dutiable articles not declared to t

23、he Customs will be liable to confiscation. 7. Having worked hard all day, I was ready for bed by eight oclock. 8. The man was accompanied by a porter weighing at least 160 kilos. 9. The castle, burnt in the sixteenth century, was never rebuilt. 10. Putting/Having put down my newspaper, I walked over

24、 to the window and looked out. 11. Used economically, one tin will last for at least six weeks.,12. Any driver not having a licence ought to be sent to jail right away. 13. It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday. 14. Everybody, hearing the noise, jumped up in alarm. 15. Cars

25、parked illegally were removed. 16. The men working on the site were in some danger. 17. At the station, we were met by a man carrying a copy of The Times. 18. Anyone providing information leading to the conviction of those responsible will receive a reward not exceeding 1000. 19. Living in the count

26、ry, we had few amusements. 20. The British Museum has a right to one copy of any book appearing in Britain.,Do Ex. 32 F: (1), 2, (3), 4, (5, 6, 9, 12) 7, (8), 11, (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17); 8, 23, 27, (28, 31) Key to Ex. 32 F: I hope to finish the paper by Saturday. 2. We think it strange for him to

27、say a thing like that. 3. I showed them how to do it. 4. He is not the man to be trifled with. 5. He worked all night to get the job done in time. 6. He was believed to have been a reporter. 7. I cant understand him behaving so foolishly. 8. I dont remember you ever speaking on that subject. 9. Mary

28、 is the lady to vote for. 10. Ambushed and cornered, the enemy surrendered. 11. Spocks having pointed ears is intriguing. 12. will anyone wanting a ticket please apply to me? 13. While waiting at the dentists, 14. , occurring, as it does, only once in many years. 15. We shall never make it without h

29、urrying. 16. He felt ashamed of having done so little. 17. I cant imagine anything happening to him. 18. United, we stand; divided, we fall. 19. Exhausted, the children fell asleep at once. 20. Considered as, ,Do Ex. 32 G: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), 6, (7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16), 17 (18, 19, 20, 21, 2

30、2, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35); 8, 23, 27, (28, 31) Key to Ex. 32 G: 1. Knowing that he was poor, I offered 2. Having barricaded the windows, we assembled 3. Becoming tired of my complaints, she turned off 4. Finding/ Having found no one at home, he left 5. Hoping to find the will, she searc

31、hed 6. Having removed all traces of his crime, the criminal left 7. Realizing that he had missed the last train, he began 8. Exhausted by his work, he threw 9. Having spent all his money, he decided 10. Having escaped from prison, he looked 11. Having heard the story before, she didnt want 12. Havin

32、g found the treasure, they began 13. Entering the room suddenly, she found,14. Turning/ Having turned on the light, I was 15. Having visited the museum, we decided 16. Thinking we were lost, he offered 17. Having found his revolver and loaded it, he sat 18. Realizing/ Having realized that she couldn

33、t move it alone, she asked 19. Having fed the dog, he sat 20. Addressing the congregation, he said 21. the characters, lying face downwards in a sea of mud, have an unintelligible conversation. 22. Looking/ Having looked through the fashion magazines, I realize 23. The tree, uprooted by the gale, ha

34、d fallen 24. People sleeping in the next room were 25. Knowing that the murderer was still at large, I was 26. Having been accommodated in an inn, he looked 27. Soaked to the skin, we reached 28. Sitting/ Seated in the front row and equipped with, I saw 29. Knowing that the bull was bad-tempered, I

35、didnt like,30. Believing that she could trust him, she gave 31. Slates, ripped off by the gale, fell 32. The lion, finding his cage door open and seeing no sign of his keeper, left 33. The government, trying to tax people according to the size of their houses, put a tax 34. Having heard that the cav

36、es were dangerous, I didnt like 35. Wearing extremely fashionable clothes and surrounded by photographers and pressmen, she swept,32. 4 Verbless clauses 無動詞分句的結構模式 a) 不帶有從屬連詞的無動詞分句 S1: S3: S6: b) 帶有從屬連詞的無動詞分句 從屬連詞 + 名詞詞組 從屬連詞 + 形容詞詞組 c) 帶有邏輯主語的無動詞分句 無動詞分句的句法功能,Do Ex. 32 H: 2, (4, 8); 13, (16, 17, 18

37、, 19 7, 1, 6, 15), 20, 9, (11, 12), 5, 10, 14 Key to Ex. 32 H 1. Eager to begin the climb, the men rose at first light. 2. The summit, bare and black, towered above them. 3. / 4. They found a ledge narrow enough for one man. 5. Thoroughly exhausted, they crawled into their sleeping bags. 6. Stiff in

38、 every joint, they could hardly stand. 7. When fresh, the snow afforded no sure foothold. 8. The wind, keen as a razor, drove them back into the shelter of their tent. 9. Though light as a feather, their tent somehow remained firm. 10. the rescue party brought them down to the base camp, half-dead w

39、ith the cold./ Half-dead with the cold, they were brought down to the base camp by the rescue party. 11. Although/ Though a lawyer by training, he became a great soldier. 12. We shall continue our policy, whatever your objections. 13. An even-tempered man, Paul,14. his face, able to relax for the fi

40、rst time in days 15. Angry with the girl for oversleeping, Mrs. Serafino went to down to wake her up. 16. The heir to a fortune, Bobs friend did not/ Bobs friends, the heir to a fortune, did not 17. A notorious burglar, Bob Rand found it easy to/ Bob Rand, a notorious burglar, found it easy to 18. A

41、 blatant liar, Ron Pall was expelled from/ Ron Pall, a blatant liar, was expelled from 19. A man of integrity, he will keep his word, Im certain. 20. As if by previous arrangement, she came to the palace,32.5 “Absolute constructions” 獨立結構的實質和類型 獨立結構: 帶有自己的邏輯主語的非限定分句和無動詞分句, 包括: (1) 不定式“獨立結構” (2) -ing

42、 分詞“獨立結構” (3) -ed 分詞“獨立結構” (4) 無動詞“獨立結構” S1: S2: S4: S5: S6: 獨立結構的用法 通常在句中起狀語的作用, 用來表示:,時間: His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 原因: The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 條件: Weather permitting, the cricket match will be played on Wednesday. 方式和伴隨情況: He put on his socks wr

43、ong side out. 注 1: 在 “獨立結構” 中作主語的名詞詞組有時可以省去限定詞。 The manager sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed. 注 2: “獨立結構” 的位置比較靈活, 可位于句首、句中或句尾。 S1: All things considered, I think I ought to award the job to Smith. S2: He stood in the doorway, his wet cloak dripping water on the rug, and waited for some

44、sign of recognition. S3: Cartwright sat there in silence, his right cheek twitching as usual. 注 3: “獨立結構” 可變?yōu)橛?with 或 without 引導的介詞詞組。 S1: He entered upon the new enterprise cautiously, (with) his eyes wide-open. S1: The war was over without a shot being fired.,Do Ex. 32 I: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12,

45、 13, 14, 18, 22, 25; 2, 9, 16, 19, 21, 24; 5, 10, 15, 17, 20, 23 Key to Ex. 32 I: 1. She stood back and looked at him, her face smiling radiantly. 2. His exam finished, Porter stumbled wearily out of the room. 3. Henry Adams ran from the room, cold shivers running down his spine. 4. The station wago

46、n sped away, the taillights disappearing into the distance. 5. Dinner over, the family scattered to their various haunts. 6. His opponent gaining a lead of almost 200,000 votes the senator publicly conceded that he had lost his election bid. 7. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. 8. There being no way for me to cross, I walked upstream on the south side. 9. James sat down, wiped his forehead and smiled complacently, his good humour quite restored.,10. Marie sat on the edge of a fr