《四級作文講義-新》PPT課件.ppt

1、四級作文講義,四級作文評分原則及標準,本題滿分為15分 閱卷標準共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標準樣卷一至二份。 閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標準，對照樣卷評分，若認為與某一分數(shù)（如8分）相似，即定為該分數(shù)（即8分）；若認為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分數(shù)則可加一分（即9分）或減一分（即7分）。但不得加或減半分。,評分標準,2分 條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴重錯誤。 5分 基本切題。表達思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴重語言錯誤。 8分 基本切題。有些地方表達思想不清楚，文字勉強連貫，語言錯誤相當多，其中有一些是嚴重錯誤。（多數(shù)句子有錯誤，中式英語較多，思路基本清晰

2、） 11分切題。表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。（用詞較簡單但無誤，句型使用無誤但不新穎，思路清晰，讓人有清爽的感覺） 14分切題。表達思想清楚，文字通順、連貫，基本無語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯。（詞匯難度系數(shù)大，句型使用無誤，思路清晰，邏輯結構連貫） （注：白卷，作文與題目毫不相關，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想，則給0分）,字數(shù)不足應酌情扣分：少10個詞扣一分 （注：1. 題目中給出的主題句、起始句、結束句等，均不得記入所寫字數(shù)。 2. 規(guī)定的內(nèi)容未寫全者，按比例扣分。 3. 如果扣為0分，要慎重處理。）,為了便于閱卷人員掌握評分標準，現(xiàn)將各檔作文分相當于百分制的得分，列表于下，稱

3、為得分率。其中9分的得分率為60（相當于百分制的60分）。,評分標準解讀,兩大基本原則 1.印象分：書寫工整，字跡清晰，卷面整潔 2.語言第一位（語法與詞匯的基本功） 結構第二位（邏輯結構是否清晰） 內(nèi)容第三位（內(nèi)容是否跑題）,四級作文體裁總匯,記敘文記敘人或事（主要回答when, where, what, who, how這五個問題） 描寫文-用文字來再現(xiàn)客觀的人、事、環(huán)境等（主觀描寫文和客觀描寫文） 說明文-說明事實、情況或傳送信息（說明和解釋） 議論文-發(fā)表自己的看法、觀點（主要體裁）,五種?？俭w裁(2005.6-2011.12),四級作文具體題型,提綱作文 最常見的作文題型 （議論文）

4、 圖表作文 較難對付的作文形式（說明文） 情影作文 限定條件最少，發(fā)揮最大的作文形式（記敘文） 關鍵詞作文 （描寫文）,高頻命題形式(2005.6-2010.6),一. 提綱作文（outline composition）,1.現(xiàn)象闡釋型：分析現(xiàn)象，闡述其因利 2.問題對策型：分析問題，找出問題，并提出解決問題的辦法 3.觀點對比型：辨析兩種對立的觀點 4.論說反駁型：支持或駁斥一種觀點,二.圖表作文（graph composition）十年出現(xiàn)過一次,在題目中給出一個或幾個統(tǒng)計表格、柱狀圖或餅狀結構圖，用文字描述圖表客觀信息并解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢并分析其原因或后果。,三.

5、 情景作文（situational composition)共出現(xiàn)過7次,1.書信 告知信、建議信、綜合信 2.綜合敘事型 3.演講致辭型 綜上所述，近十年來，CET4主要以議論文體裁為主，偶現(xiàn)應用文的形式，并且題材與形式越來越向國外的英語考試形式靠近。,三段十句作文法,總分總的原則 120字=10句子*平均每一句12字 10=3+4+3/2+5+3/3+5+2 10句子中基本語法句型要交替出現(xiàn) 不同的句子中同義詞要交替使用,十句作文具體分配,第一段開門見山進入主題=現(xiàn)象句+擴展句+過渡句,1.現(xiàn)象句=題目里中文提示語1的翻譯內(nèi)容 如：2009.6越來越多的博物館免費開放的目的是什么（Nowa

6、days, a growing number of museums are open to the public free of charge）2008.6娛樂活動多種多樣（With the development of the economy and society, the number of recreational activities grow.）,2.擴展句=對現(xiàn)象句情況的進一步解釋或說明 如：2007.12各大學為學生開設了多種多樣的選修課（在陳述完現(xiàn)象之后應舉例說明選修課的種類與細節(jié)The elective courses vary widely from history to

7、 science, from literature to business administration and almost cover every field.）2006.12許多人喜歡在除夕夜觀看春節(jié)聯(lián)歡晚會（Starting in the 1980s, the spring festival gala on CCTV has become an indispensable part of our annual celebration. Millions of people watch it on the eve of the lunar New Year.）,3.過渡句=對第一段內(nèi)容進

8、行小結并引出下文要闡述的觀點，內(nèi)容為題目里中文提示話2內(nèi)容的翻譯整合 如：2008.12(2)一次性塑料袋造成的問題For many years we have been using disposal plastic bags when we are shopping on the market, and most often these bags are offered by the shops for free. This, undoubtedly, has brought us great convenience in our daily life. However, its disad

9、vantages are also very apparent, and Ill just venture to explore two aspects.,第一段模板句,When it come to/When asked about/Faced with There is a general discussion today about Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that,第二段直奔主題，合理陳述觀點現(xiàn)象，做到有理有據(jù)，立駁充分恰當=對于題目里中文提示語(2)的具體解釋說明,陳述句一,陳句一=現(xiàn)象或立論/駁論

10、觀點的第一個表述句 如：2008.6(Some people think these recreational activities are great and necessary, because they can help people release their strain and stress.) 2008.12(For one thing, the plastic bags are mostly indecomposable in the natural state so that with the increasing use of these bags, it will ser

11、iously bring about the so-called “white pollution” to the environment),陳述句一模板句,1.A number of factors can account for the phenomenon in 2.There are many causes for 3.The phenomenon in mainly result from the fact that 4.is responsible for the rise/decrease in,擴展支持句一,擴展支持句一=對陳述句一所闡述現(xiàn)象或觀點的進一步舉例解釋或說明 如：2

12、009.6(, it also causes some concerns. One is that some museums may find it increasingly difficult to run as usual without admission fees.) 2005.12(In this way, people would be exposed to deep culture and knowledge deposits of the institution.),支持句一模板句,1.利弊說明 The advantages of A outweigh any benefit

13、we gain from B. Good as A, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, ; for another, 2.舉例論證 Numerous examples can be given, but this will suffice. I can think of no better illustration than the following one.,陳述句二,陳述句二=更進一步陳述現(xiàn)象或自己所要表述的觀點，亦或是與陳述句一相悖的意見與觀點 如：2007.12(Furthermore, the use of plastic b

14、ags is now so macro around the world that have become a major source of litter)2006.12(On the other hand, some people spent by the government nor the attention from the audience so that it should be abandoned.),陳述句二的模板句,轉折型 But in the meantime, whether has become a hot issue. However, has sparked/ar

15、oused/created/provoked a debate Yet at the same time, people are divided over whether But meanwhile, whether is an issue open to debate,遞進型 More importantly, which, also confirms the belief. Another point I would like to support the finding is There is another evidence suggesting that Moreover, it i

16、s widely accepted that ,擴展支持句二,擴展支持句二=對陳述句二所闡述現(xiàn)象或觀點的進一步舉例解釋或說明 如：2005.12(Others argue that the academic atmosphere there would be destroyed. Tourists would inevitably disturb the learning environment on campus instead of offering benefits.)2006.6(Moreover, .In addition, the teacherss humor sense oft

17、en plays an important role in being chosen by students.),支持二的模板句,原因說明 It is reasonable due to the fact The main reason for this view is obviously It is generally arguable that 舉例論證 Plenty of evidence has shown that Our own experience has revealed that I have to emphasize the fact that ,第三段對全文中心思想做出的

18、精煉濃縮或是對個人觀點的闡述及總結=主題句+擴展句+總結句,主題句,主題句=對第二段所述內(nèi)容的總結及下一段內(nèi)容的過渡 如：2008.6(As a college student, I hold a belief that recreational activities do good for us.) 2007.12 (As far as I concerned, I am inclined to choose elective courses that truly satisfy my curiosity for knowledge.),擴展句,擴展句=對主題句的延申內(nèi)容或個人觀點的基本表述

19、、建議解決問題的措施 如：2009.6(For example, the government should provide more funds to museums and raise publics awareness to protect our valuable heritage preserved in the museums.),總結句,總結句=全文及個人看法、觀點的總結 如：2008.12(Therefore, every citizen should support this action by reducing the use of disposable plastic b

20、ags in our daily lives.) 2008.6 (As long as we arrange time by reason, and take part in recreational activities properly we can make the a helpful tool for our development.),主題句 as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual

21、need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.,-多變句型原則 文章以簡單句為基礎，配以適當?shù)牟⒘芯浜蛷秃暇洹?簡單句包括S+V（主謂句），S+V+O（主謂賓）， S+V+O+O （主謂雙賓）， S+V+O+C（主謂賓賓補），S+V+C（主系表） 并列句是前后的句子有先后關系或者并列關系時使用的連詞and, or, yet 等構成的句子。 復合句包括主語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句和表語從句等。,-句式富于變化 可以用強調(diào)句、倒裝句、疑問句、感嘆句，還有非謂語動詞結構、獨立主格結構等，如 The weather being fin

22、e, a large number of people went hiking.同時還可以用一些修辭如明喻、暗語、排比等。,過渡性關系詞的使用,思想清晰 行文流暢 有跳躍感 表達地道,關系詞1,遞進 1.首先 First, firstly, in the first place, to begin with, to start with, for one thing 2.其次 Second, secondly, in the second place, then, moreover, further, furthermore, besides, for another 3.最后 Lastly,

23、 finally, last but not least, more importantly, above all, additionally,關系詞2,讓步/轉折 In other words, despite that, in spite of, even though, even if, nevertheless, however, yet, but 因果 so that, since, over all, therefore, as a result, as a consequence, hence, thus, to conclude, in conclusion, conseque

24、ntly,關系詞3,舉例說明 such as, that is to say, by that I mean, for instance, take for example, a case in point is , one illustration of this is 總結 in summary, to sum up, in the final analysis, based on all the arguments offered above, on the basis of the above discussion, having considered all the argument

25、s above,關系詞4,對比 while, whilst, whereas, by/in contrast, 假設 provided that , if ,用詞是否恰當，準確，形象，關鍵詞是否換用，切勿老用重復詞,Goodadvisable/sensible/informative/useful/instructive; Goodbeneficial, advantageous, helpful; excellent, outstanding; Badundesirable/mindless/worthless; Badharmful, baneful, detrimental,Lots o

26、fa host of , a vast number of(可數(shù)名詞），a great deal of , a vast amount of ( 不可數(shù)名詞）-substantial; considerable; heaps of Importantcrucial, vital, significant, key;indispensable/integral;,desire 替換want bear in mind that 替換remember 促進/提高/增強/改善 give a boost to/enhance/motivate/ better/ promote,角色與功能,Play an

27、 important( active, major, central, crucial, essential, integral, prominent, vital) role Play a big part- Take a leading part-,允許與阻止,Makepossible電腦的使用促使人們在家上班: The use of computers and other high-tech office equipment has made it possible for more people to work from home.,非常地exceedingly/extremely/g

28、reatly/remarkably/significantly/ utterly) 在當代 In contemporary society, in present-day society, in this day and age; for my part ,from my own perspective 替換 in my opinion,Transformchange(應用: 科技改變我們的生產(chǎn)和生活方式, 環(huán)境變化教育思路取消文理分科,通才教育generalist); Preserveprotect-保護某種資源，natural resources or old buildings-demo

29、lishtear down;-英國人尊重歷史和文化。,解決: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle( economic crisis, deteriorated environment, shortages of water, unemployment, traffic jams.)_; 培養(yǎng)：Develop, cultivate, foster, culture( educationcultivate the spirit of independence,認為：maintain, assert, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, Alleviateease; 減輕,緩解( 就業(yè)壓力,新能源緩解資源緊張;經(jīng)濟增長方式轉變緩解發(fā)展壓力-A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.) Worsendeteriorate; aggravate( 環(huán)境惡化),四級作文中常見錯誤分析,詞匯錯誤判斷詞匯量大小，找準主客觀系數(shù)比 語法錯誤學生基本功的表露，與作文最終分數(shù)直接相關 內(nèi)容