Bakhtin.ppt

1、Mikhail Bakhtin,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,2,Introduction, (1895-1975) Russian thinker, philosopher, literary critic, linguist and semiotician “the most important Soviet thinker in the area of human sciences and the greatest literary theorist of the 20th century” (Todorov),2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,3,P

2、rimary works,Toward a Philosophy of the Act Problems of Dostoevskys Art (Problems of Dostoevskys Poetics) Rabelais and His World The Dialogic Imagination “Epic and Novel” “From the Prehistory of Novelistic Discourse” “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel” “Discourse in the Novel” Speech

3、Genres and Other Late Essays,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,4,Biography,1895: born in Oryol, Russia 1913: joined a local university 1918: moved to western Russia, worked as a school teacher, “Bakhtin Circle” 1919: Art and Responsibility 1920: relocated to Vitebsk 1921: married Elena Okolovich 1923: diagno

4、sed with born disease 1924: moved to Leningrad, Historical Institute 1929: Problems of Dostoevskys Art, sentenced to exile,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,5,Biography,1936: taught at Mordovian Pedagogical Institute, Saransk 1937: moved to Kimry 1938: leg amputation 1940: Moscow, submitted a dissertation on

5、 Rabelais 1946, 1949: dissertation defense, denied doctorate, invited back to Saransk 1957: head of the Department of Russian and World Literature 1961: forced to retire 1969: moved back to Moscow 1975: died in Moscow,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,6,Important works and theories (1),Toward a Philosophy of

6、 the Act (1919-1921, 1986) Uniqueness of ones participation in Being: I both actively and passively participate in Being. My uniqueness is given but it simultaneously exists only to the degree to which I actualize this uniqueness. Because I am actual and irreplaceable I must actualize my uniqueness.

7、,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,7,Architectonic model of the human psyche: I-for-myself I-for-the-other Other-for-me Identity does not belong merely to the individual, rather it is shared by all.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,8,Problems of Dostoevskys Art (Problems of Dostoevskys Poetics 1929, 1984) Unfinaliza

8、bility Polyphony Carnival,Important works and theories (2),2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,9,Unfinalizability,Individual people cannot be finalized, completely understood, known, or labeled. Every person is influenced by others in an inescapably intertwined way, and consequently no person can be said to be

9、 isolated.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,10,“one cannot even really see ones own exterior and comprehend it as a whole, and no mirrors or photographs can help; our real exterior can be seen and understood only by other people, because they are located outside us in space, and because they are others.”,20

10、20/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,11,Polyphony,“A plurality of independent and unmerged voices and consciousnesses” Each character represents a voice that speaks for an individual self, distinct from others. “The essence of polyphony lies precisely in the fact that the voices remain independent.”,2020/8/3,Mikh

11、ail Bakhtin,12,Carnival,The context in which distinct individual voices are heard, flourish and interact together. The carnival creates the threshold situations where regular conventions are broken or reversed and genuine dialogue becomes possible.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,13,Carnival represents “th

12、e disunification of what has traditionally been linked, and the bringing together of that which has been traditionally kept distant and disunified.”,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,14,The notion of carnival - a way of describing Dostoevskys polyphonic style: each individual character is strongly defined, a

13、nd at the same time the reader witnesses the critical influence of each character upon the other. Seeds of polyphonic novel: narratologic and character voices are set free to speak subversively or shockingly, but without the writer of the text stepping between character and reader.,2020/8/3,Mikhail

14、Bakhtin,15,Important works and theories (3),The Dialogic Imagination (1930s, 1981) Dialogism Heteroglossia Chronotope,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,16,Dialogism,The presence and interaction between different voices in a discourse. Dialogue exists between characters, writer and reader, and texts,2020/8/3,

15、Mikhail Bakhtin,17,-人要是上了年紀(jì)，容易缺鐵。 -那快喝樸雪口服液啊。,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,18,如果你是喜愛文學(xué)、旅游的女性，又愿意與有相同興趣、在上海某大學(xué)就讀的30歲男博士生交朋友，請電139*。,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,19,出路 - 王菲 聽說1999年是世界末日 到時候我們一定要結(jié)婚 并且有個孩子 在他還沒做太多壞事之前 讓上帝把他帶進(jìn)天堂 也許我們也能沾光 我有很多問題 解決不了的問題 我缺乏耐性 沒什么事能讓我滿意 我常得罪人 這好像是天生的本領(lǐng) 我討厭當(dāng)明星 又希望引人注意 我唯一相信愛情 渴望有個幸

16、福家庭 可算命說我們的婚姻并無那么如意 說你到四十歲的時候會有外遇 這讓我擔(dān)心 真令人擔(dān)心 我想找條出路 到底有沒有出路 我信佛 這有沒有幫助 我試圖接近幸福 可什么是幸福 我概念模糊,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,20,She said she loved Bach. So did Hutton. That was the bond between them, and Hutton (a very bad poet) felt that Mrs Dalloway was far the best of the great ladies who took an intere

17、st in art. It was odd how strict she was. About music she was purely impersonal. She was rather a prig! But how charming to look at! She made her house so nice, if it werent for her Professors. Clarissa had half a mind to snatch him off and set him down at the piano in the back room. For he played d

18、ivinely. (Mrs. Dalloway),2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,21,The dialogic work carries on a continual dialogue with other works of literature and other authors. Dialogic literature is in communication with multiple works. The dialogue extends in both directions. The previous work of literature is as altered

19、 by the dialogue as the present one is.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,22,好個國民黨政府的“友邦人士”！是些什么東西?。斞浮庇寻铙@詫”論） Let us give new meaning to the words written in the ancient Book of Rights what you call the Li Ji: “When the great way is followed, all under heaven will be equal.” (Bill Clintons speech in Xian),2

20、020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,23,I came, I saw, I clicked. 千古江山，英雄無覓，孫仲謀處。舞榭歌臺，風(fēng)流總被，雨打風(fēng)吹去。斜陽草樹，尋常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。想當(dāng)年、金戈鐵馬，氣吞萬里如虎。元嘉草草，封狼居胥，贏得倉皇北顧。四十三年，望中猶記，烽火揚(yáng)州路?？煽盎厥?，佛貍祠下，一片神鴉社鼓！憑誰問、廉頗老矣，尚能飯否？ （辛棄疾永遇樂 京口北固亭懷古）,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,24,For Bakhtin, all language - indeed, all thought - appears dialogic. “The

21、word in language is half someone elses. It becomes ones own only when the speaker populates it with his own intention, his own accent, when he appropriates the word, adapting it to his own semantic and expressive intention.”,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,25,“Any utterancemakes response to something and i

22、s calculated to be responded to in turn. It is but one link in a continuous chain of speech performances.” Dialogism is an inherent quality of language.,Intertextuality,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,26,Heteroglossia,Coexistence of distinct varieties within a single linguistic code. anothers speech in ano

23、thers language, serving to express authorial intentions but in a refracted way.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,27,Any language stratifies into many varieties: social dialects, characteristic group behavior, professional jargons, generic languages, languages of generations and age groups, tendentious langu

24、ages, languages of the authorities, of various circles and of passing fashions.,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,28,All languages represent a distinct point of view on the world, characterized by its own meaning and values, and thus there are no neutral words. “collision between differing points of view” He

25、teroglossia: extralinguistic qualities of a language, e.g. perspective, evaluation, and ideological positioning.,Languages as points of view,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,29,又有賈政至簾外問安，賈妃垂簾行參等事。又隔簾含淚謂其父曰：“田舍之家，雖齏鹽布帛，終能聚天倫之樂，今雖富貴已極，骨肉各方，然終無意趣！”賈政亦含淚啟道：“臣，草莽寒門，鳩群鴉屬之中，豈意得征鳳鸞之瑞。今貴人上錫天恩，下昭祖德，此皆山川日月之精奇，祖宗之遠(yuǎn)德鐘于一

26、人，幸及政夫婦。且今上啟天地生物之大德， 垂古今未有之曠恩，雖肝腦涂地，臣子豈能得報于萬一！惟朝乾夕惕，忠于厥職外，愿我君萬壽千秋，乃天下蒼生之同幸也。貴妃切勿以政夫婦殘年為念，懣憤金懷，更祈自加珍愛。惟業(yè)業(yè)兢兢，勤慎恭肅以侍上，庶不負(fù)上體貼眷愛如此之隆恩也。 ”賈妃亦囑“只以國事為重，暇時保養(yǎng)，切勿記念”等語。賈政又啟：“園中所有亭臺軒館，皆系寶玉所題，如果有一二稍可寓目者，請別賜名為幸。”元妃聽了寶玉能題，便含笑說：“果進(jìn)益了?！辟Z政退出。賈妃見寶，林二人亦發(fā)比別姊妹不同，真是姣花軟玉一般。因問：“寶玉為何不進(jìn)見？”賈母乃啟：“無諭，外男不敢擅入?！痹煲M(jìn)來。小太監(jiān)出去引寶玉進(jìn)來，先

27、行國禮畢，元妃命他進(jìn)前，攜手?jǐn)r于懷內(nèi)，又撫其頭頸笑道：“比先竟長了好些”一語未終，淚如雨下。 曹雪芹紅樓夢,2020/8/3,Mikhail Bakhtin,30,Chronotope,The spatio-temporal matrix, which governs the base condition of all narratives and other linguistic acts. the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature,2020/8/3,Mik