西塞羅翻譯思想.ppt

1、西塞羅的翻譯理論,古羅馬發(fā)展的歷史階段,古羅馬的歷史一般分為三個階段: 王政時代（約公元前八世紀(jì)到六世紀(jì)） 共和時代（約公元前510到公元前27） 帝國時代（約公元前27到公元476）,王政時代,公元前六世紀(jì)，羅馬勢力剛剛興起，希臘文化高出一籌。希臘作品為羅馬譯者奉為至寶，在翻譯中亦步亦趨，緊隨原文。唯一目的在于傳遞原文內(nèi)容，照搬原文風(fēng)格。,共和時代,羅馬共和國鼎盛時期（公元前三世紀(jì)），羅馬人大規(guī)模的翻譯、汲取希臘的典籍，通過翻譯和模仿繼承了希臘文化，形成了西方翻譯史上第一個重要的發(fā)展時期。,譚載喜，西方翻譯簡史北京：西方翻譯簡史.2004.P16,共和鼎盛期到帝國初期羅馬人意識到自己是勝利者

2、，一反常態(tài)，把希臘作品當(dāng)成是可以任由自己宰割的文學(xué)戰(zhàn)利品。,西塞羅（106 BC 43 BC） 賀拉斯（65 BC 8 BC） 昆體良（ca. 35 ca. 100）,譯文不應(yīng)以原文為中心，為原文說話； 不應(yīng)依樣畫葫蘆，逐字照搬； 應(yīng)是一種創(chuàng)作，不僅要與原文媲美，如有可能，要在藝術(shù)表達(dá)性上超越原文； 翻譯的主要目的不是 interpretatio 或imitatio,而是與原文競爭 aemulatio。 （昆體良演說術(shù)原理）,帝國時代,古羅馬后期，文學(xué)翻譯不如以前活躍； 公元4世紀(jì)，圣經(jīng)譯成拉丁語的高潮。宗教翻譯形成了西方翻譯史上的第二次高潮。,Marcus Tullius Cicero,Ma

3、rcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC December 7, 43 BC), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, orator, political theorist, Roman consul and constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Romes greatest orators and prose sty

4、lists.,He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia) distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher.,Petrarchs rediscovery of Ciceros letters is

5、often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliski, Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of classical antiquity.,The peak of Ciceros authority and prestige came during the eighteen

6、th-century Enlightenment, and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers such as Locke, David Hume, and Montesquieu was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and re

7、vision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.,Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. Following Julius Caesars death Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the ensuing power stru

8、ggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and subsequently murdered in 43 BC.,/wiki/Cicero,西塞羅的翻譯思想,論最優(yōu)秀的演說家 De optimo genere oratorum 論善與惡之定義 De finibus bonorum et malorum 論演說家 De oratore,De optimo genere

9、oratorum (excerpt),But since there was a complete misapprehension as to the nature of their style of oratory, I thought it my duty to undertake a task which will be useful to students, though not necessary for myself. That is to say I translated the most famous orations of the two most eloquent Atti

10、c orators, Aeschines and Demosthenes, orations which they delivered against each other.,And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might say, the “figures” of thought, but in language which conforms to our usage. And in so doing I di

11、d not hold it necessary to render word for word. But I preseved the general style and force of the language.,For I did not think I ought to count them out to the reader like coins, but to pay for them by weight, as it were. The result of my labor will be that our Romans will know what to demand from

12、 those who claim to be Atticists and to what rule of speech, as it were. They are to be held.,De Optmio Genere Oratorum, Cicero,1949:364,If I render word for word, the result will sound uncouth, and if compelled by necessity I alter anything in the order or wording, I shall seem to have departed fro

13、m the function of the a translator.,I decided to take speeches written in Greek by great orators and to translate them freely, and I obtained the following results: by giving a Latin form to the text I had read, I could not only make use of the best expressions in common usage with us, but I could also coin new expressions, analogous to those used in Greek, and they were no less well received by our people as long as they seemed appropriate.,De oratore, Cicero,1.譯者在翻譯中應(yīng)像演說家那樣，使用符合古羅馬語言習(xí)慣的語言來表達(dá)外來作品的內(nèi)容，以吸引和打動讀者、聽眾的感情。 2.直譯是缺乏技巧的表現(xiàn)。應(yīng)當(dāng)避免逐字死譯，翻譯應(yīng)保留的是詞語最內(nèi)層的東西 （genus omne vim