dictation_專四聽寫技巧總結(jié)

1、practice makes perfect,1.syllabus 2.marking criteria 3.strategies 4.error analysis 5.exercises,一、大綱要求,1、測(cè)試要求： （a）能在全面理解內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上逐字逐句寫出所聽材料。 （b）拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)正確無(wú)誤，錯(cuò)誤率不超過(guò)8%。 （c）考試時(shí)間10分鐘。 2、測(cè)試形式： 本部分為主觀試題。所聽材料共念4遍。第一遍用正常速度朗讀，錄音語(yǔ)速為每分鐘120個(gè)單詞，讓學(xué)生聽懂大意。第二、三遍朗讀時(shí)意群、分句和句子之間留出約15秒空隙，讓學(xué)生書寫。第四遍再用正常速度朗讀，讓學(xué)生檢查。,3、測(cè)試目的： 測(cè)試學(xué)生聽

2、力理解能力、拼寫熟練程度以及正確運(yùn)用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的能力。 4、選材原則： （a） 題材廣泛，體裁多樣。 （b） 聽寫材料難度以不超過(guò)大綱規(guī)定為準(zhǔn)。 （c） 聽寫材料長(zhǎng)度約80-90個(gè)單詞。,back,二、聽寫評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),1、聽寫共分10小節(jié)；每節(jié)1分。 2、每節(jié)最多扣1分。 3、重復(fù)錯(cuò)誤，僅扣一次。 4、錯(cuò)誤共分兩類：小錯(cuò)誤（minor mistake）和大錯(cuò)誤（major mistake）。,back,a. 小錯(cuò)誤： 1）單詞拼寫錯(cuò)一到兩個(gè)字母。 例如：inconvenient-unconvenient, inconvient; originally-origionally, original()

3、y; knives-()nives. 2）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤： 例如：when-when; to solve this problem, theto solve this problem() the。,3）冠詞、單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤：shells-shell(); with a solution-with the solution。 4）小錯(cuò)誤扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：小錯(cuò)誤在一節(jié)中出現(xiàn)一次，留作總計(jì)，出現(xiàn)兩次，扣0.5分；出現(xiàn)三次，扣0.5分留一小錯(cuò)做總計(jì)；出現(xiàn)四次（以上），扣1分。 5）未扣分小錯(cuò)誤的扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 累計(jì)2-4個(gè)：扣0.5分。 累計(jì)5-8個(gè)：扣1分。,back,b. 大錯(cuò)誤,漏寫、加詞、造詞、換詞（冠詞作小錯(cuò)

4、計(jì)），大移位，時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤，原文一個(gè)詞變兩個(gè)詞。每個(gè)錯(cuò)誤扣0.5分。 例如：are still paid-is still paid; ()still paid, ()till pay; were used-we used; coins were-coin was; began-begun goods-good(); cloth-cloths; slat-soit; paid-payed; throughout-all through; through of; accepted-an acception; as payment-for payment; for goods-to goods; th

5、ey-these, there.,back,一些特殊的扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 1）下列情況不扣分：world war i world war one race car racecar well-balanced well balanced 90 percent 90% two thousands =2000 2）下列情況扣分： throughout-through out;（小錯(cuò)誤） a piece of-pieces of （兩個(gè)小錯(cuò)，扣0.5）。 空白卷一律打0分 只寫聽寫標(biāo)題的給1分,back,三、strategies（策略）,1、充分了解聽寫的形式。多進(jìn)行一些模擬實(shí)踐，體會(huì)全過(guò)程。 2、根據(jù)朗讀方

6、式，選用相應(yīng)的書寫技巧： 第一遍：重點(diǎn)聽主題思想、重點(diǎn)單詞和詞組，掌握全局概念，不要一聽錄音就寫，也許能寫出前邊的單詞或句子，卻有可能不知全文的大意。,第二遍、第三遍：在第二遍朗讀錄音時(shí)，要以意群為單位去理解，因時(shí)間關(guān)系，不可能一字一字地寫下，所以要分清主次信息，抓句型和關(guān)鍵詞（主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)等）；第三遍，再把其他如修飾語(yǔ)，定冠詞等遺漏內(nèi)容補(bǔ)上，若有些詞還來(lái)不及寫，可用一些自己認(rèn)識(shí)的縮略形式，甚至符號(hào)先代替，等最后一遍或復(fù)查兩分鐘時(shí)再恢復(fù)原形。,如果在聽的過(guò)程中有個(gè)別詞或詞組一下反應(yīng)不出來(lái)，就不要苦苦糾纏單個(gè)的詞，要跟著錄音進(jìn)行下一意群的聽寫，因?yàn)殚喚硎且砸馊簞澐?，每個(gè)意群最多扣1分，所以個(gè)別詞或

7、句的錯(cuò)或漏不會(huì)影響其他的得分。而對(duì)于聽不懂的單詞，不妨寫下音標(biāo)，等回頭檢查時(shí)可再想。 第四遍：邊聽邊校對(duì)。檢查記錄內(nèi)容是否與錄音原文完全一致，單詞拼寫是否正確（包括大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、人稱、同音異義詞以及時(shí)態(tài)等）。,3、其他注意事項(xiàng)：大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)和書寫。字不要追求好看，但是一定要保持頭面的整潔，以便于評(píng)閱，同樣也能給閱卷老師留下一個(gè)好印象。,back,四、錯(cuò)誤分析,a. 由音變現(xiàn)象而導(dǎo)致的錯(cuò)誤 正確：more energy arrives at the earths surface in an hour than is consumed in the world in a whole year.

8、 錯(cuò)誤：more energy arrives at the earths surface in a now than is consumed in the world in a whole year. 正確:it is up to the tour operator. 錯(cuò)誤:its up to the tour operator.,正確：can you imagine how difficult life would become. 錯(cuò)誤：can you imagine how difficult life will become. 正確:everywhere we turn, we fin

9、d paper. 錯(cuò)誤:everywhere we turn, we fine paper.,常見音變現(xiàn)象:連讀,連讀，即語(yǔ)速加快時(shí)，兩個(gè)或多個(gè)分屬不同單詞的相鄰音連在一起讀出的語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象。常見的連讀分為以下三種： 輔音+元音 即第一個(gè)單詞以輔音結(jié)尾，下一個(gè)單詞以原因開頭時(shí)，兩個(gè)詞連讀。 如：out and out sit up look out of,輔音+h音 即第一個(gè)單詞以輔音結(jié)尾，下一格單詞以清輔音h開頭，前一輔音將擊穿清輔音h，直接與h后的原因相拼。 如：give her miss him is he busy 字母r+元音 即第一個(gè)單詞以字母r或者re結(jié)尾，下一個(gè)單詞以原因開頭，原本

10、不發(fā)音的字母r或者re發(fā)輔音r，并與后面的元音相拼。 如：far away there are more and more where am i,2004,flight 5125 scheduled to take off at 11:30 will be delayed for 20 minutes. please check in half an hour prior to departure.,常見音變現(xiàn)象:同化,英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中，某些音，特別是輔音連讀通常發(fā)生音變，稱作音的同化現(xiàn)象。 常見的同化變音有四個(gè) t+j not yet last year d+j did you could you

11、 and you z+j because you seize you s+j suit issue,常見音變現(xiàn)象：弱音,弱音指元音的弱化，即一個(gè)單詞中的元音在口語(yǔ)中，由于說(shuō)話速度快或在句中處于次要位置而不發(fā)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)讀音，變?yōu)槿趸舻默F(xiàn)象。常見的弱音現(xiàn)象： 長(zhǎng)元音弱化為短元音 he been 元音前的輔音省略或輔音前的元音弱讀 his have 元音弱化 us for,常見音變現(xiàn)象:失去爆破,/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/是英語(yǔ)中的6個(gè)爆破音。（爆破音是指發(fā)音器官 在口腔中形成阻礙，然后氣流沖破阻礙而發(fā)出的音。）在 某些 情況下，發(fā)爆破音時(shí)，氣流不必沖破阻礙 ，而只是發(fā)音

12、器官在口腔中形成阻礙，并稍做停頓，即做好發(fā)出這個(gè)爆破音的準(zhǔn)備，但不要發(fā)出音來(lái)。這類情況就叫做失去爆破或不完全爆破 。,不完全爆破的幾種可能,1. /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/這6個(gè)爆破音中的任何兩個(gè)音素相鄰時(shí),前者發(fā)不完全爆破音,后者則要完全地，徹底地進(jìn)行爆破。 i has a ba(d) col(d) today. you shoul(d) ta(k)e care of the children. gla(d) to meet you.,2.爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在/t?/, /d?/, /?/, /?/的前面時(shí)不完全爆破。

13、 have you rea(d) the book about tha(t) child? the thir(d) chair is broken. 3.爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在/m/, /n/, /l/, /s/的前面時(shí)不完全爆破。 goo(d) morning, sir. goo(d) night. they are very frien(d)ly to us.,2009,for many people in the west, new years eve is the biggest party of the year. its time to g

14、et together with friends or family and welcome in the coming year.,b.由英美兩種發(fā)音差異而導(dǎo)致的錯(cuò)誤,the fees and ceremonies vary (very) greatly from state and state. todays family, however, can be composed of diverse combinations.(cambinations) there are carefully scheduled (.)stops.,英音和美音的幾大區(qū)別,美音中除了mrs.中的“r”不卷舌之外

15、，只要含有“r”字母的單詞均要卷舌。 spare burglar purpose chairman horse dirty ladder lecture weather,字母a的發(fā)音,ask cant dance fast half path chance advantage answer .,字母o的讀音,bottle popular odd shop box crop hot polish spot .,美音中/t/ 出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)元音之間且處于非重讀位置的時(shí)候，發(fā)音近似/d/,letter matter city better pretty waitor winter chapter .,字

16、母u在l, d, n, t 之后,發(fā)音不同,due produce attitude student opportunity supermarket tune stupid .,ile的發(fā)音不同,fertile hostile missile textile .,特殊的單詞,either neither record dictionary factory laboratory history .,總結(jié),英語(yǔ)美語(yǔ)在讀音上的差別主要表現(xiàn)在： （1）在/s/ /f/ /m/ /n/等輔音之前的字母a， 美國(guó)英語(yǔ)一般讀作/音，而英國(guó)音則發(fā)作/a：/。如：美國(guó)人將pass， chance分別讀作/ps/

17、，/tns/；而英音則為/pa:s/，/ta:ns/。 （2）在英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音中，字母r在元音前才發(fā)音，如real，而在輔音前或詞尾時(shí)時(shí)不發(fā)音的。但在美語(yǔ)中，r在輔音前發(fā)明顯的卷舌音，在詞尾時(shí)亦發(fā)音，如：farm /fa:rm/，car /ka:r/。,（3）使用相同的音標(biāo)，但發(fā)音情況不同。例如：當(dāng)清輔音/t/加在兩個(gè)元音之間，前一個(gè)是重讀元音，后一個(gè)是輕讀元音時(shí)，如writer，美國(guó)人習(xí)慣將清輔音濁化，所以writer和rider發(fā)音幾乎相同。類似的例子還有l(wèi)atter與ladder; petal 與pedal. (4)非重讀字母e，在美語(yǔ)中常讀作/e/,而在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中則讀/i/。如美國(guó)人將ex

18、cept讀作/eksept/,英國(guó)人則讀作/iksept/。,（5）詞尾-ile在美語(yǔ)中讀作/il/或/i:l/，而英國(guó)人將這一詞尾讀作/ail/。如：hostile /hsti:l/; /hstail/。 （6）美國(guó)人說(shuō)話往往把非重讀音節(jié)中的元音都讀出來(lái)，如history/histri/。英國(guó)人說(shuō)話則習(xí)慣省略其中的音節(jié)，讀作/histri/。 （7）有些詞在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中雖然詞義和拼寫相同，但發(fā)音不同。,c.同音詞與近音詞,同音詞 air-heir,aisle-isle,arent-aunt, bare-bear, brake-break, bred-bread, buy-by, ce

19、ll-sell, cent-scent, cereal-serial, coarse-course, complement-compliment, dam-damn, dear-deer, die-dye, eight-ate, eye-i, fair-fare, father-farther, flour-flower, for-four, forth-fourth, groan-grown, hair-hare, heal-heel, hear-here, herd-heard, hole-whole, hour-our, idle-idol, knight-night, knot-not

20、, know-no,同音詞,knows-nose, knew-new, made-maid, mail-male, wring-ring, meat-meet, one-won, pair-pear, passed-past, peace-piece, plain-pear, poor-pour, pray-prey, principal-principle,profit-prophet,real-reel, right-write-rite, root-route, sail-sale, scene-sen,sea-see, seam-seem, sew-so-sow, sight-site

21、,steal-steel, sun-son,tail-tale, there-their,threw-through,tire-tyre, two-to-two, way-weigh, wear-where, weather-whether, week-weak, weight-wait, wood-would,wore-war, worn-warn,近音詞,lead-lid, deed-did, peek-pick fool-full, pool-pull cart-cut, heart-hut mass-mess, bad-bed, dad-dead fight-fat, bike-bac

22、k, lack-like veil-whale, vest-west, vet-wet,近音詞,sign-shine, sigh-shy, same-shame course-cause,fuss-fuzz,house-house,loose-lose worth-worse,path-pass,think-sink thin-thing, sin-sing, ban-bang, right in-writing lace-race, collect-correct, light-right need-lead, night-light,nine-line,近似音錯(cuò)誤,有些學(xué)生有時(shí)(尤其是當(dāng)聲

23、音信號(hào)的質(zhì)量不高時(shí))難以把相近的音素區(qū)別開來(lái)，對(duì)于元音尤其如此。例如： 正：when a slight breeze began to blow 誤：when a slight bracebreathbreasebraze began to flowslow 正：this went on until a steamer came up to rescue them 誤：this went on until a stimmer came up to rescue them,正：he pretended to be dead 誤：he pretended to be died,單詞尾部弱讀音節(jié)或輔

24、音錯(cuò)誤例子,正：by the entire farm family with the help of a hired man 誤by the entire farm family with the help of a high man 正：for bears never touch dead men 誤：for bear never touch dead men,單詞尾部弱讀音節(jié)或輔音錯(cuò)誤例子,正：.the piano turned over at every wave 誤:.the piano turned over at every way 正：he hid himself among t

25、he trees 誤：he hit himself among the trees 正：scientists tried to find 誤：scientists try to find,d.單詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤,容易混淆的詞尾 visitor-visiter builder-buildor distributor-distributer resistance-resistence independence-independance license-lisence .,indispensable indispensible fundamental foundamental inconvenience

26、inconvinence separate seperate foremost formost,benefit benifit buddhism buddism nowadays nowdays sophomore sophmore modern morden mordem,詞性轉(zhuǎn)換引起的錯(cuò)誤,explain exhibit complex sympathy,拼寫小結(jié),注意數(shù)字的書寫，避免數(shù)字表達(dá)法引起的錯(cuò)誤。 認(rèn)真核查單詞的拼寫，句首單詞首字母要大寫。 注意單詞中有不發(fā)音字母的拼寫形式，并勤記錄。如exhibit, honor,knife,island,comb,tomb 注意單詞中輔音字母

27、的單雙寫問(wèn)題。如success,necessary,command,disappear,commonplace, attitude, communication,e.語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,名詞單復(fù)數(shù) the medicine men (man) were often successful for another reason, too. 語(yǔ)法規(guī)則： 名詞前若有a,an,則該名詞必為單數(shù) 名字前若是the，則該名詞可能為單數(shù)也可能為復(fù)數(shù) 名字前若是few, a few, a good many, a great many, a number of等詞或短語(yǔ)，則該名詞一定為復(fù)數(shù),名詞前若是little, a

28、little, much, an amount of, a great deal of等詞或短語(yǔ)，則該名詞一定為不可數(shù)名詞 名詞前若是some,any, a lot of, plenty of, a quantity of, masses of等詞或短語(yǔ)，則該名詞可能為單數(shù)也可能為復(fù)數(shù) 名詞后的謂語(yǔ)是is, was，則該名詞一定為單數(shù) 名詞后的謂語(yǔ)是are,were，則該名詞一定為復(fù)數(shù),因動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和單復(fù)數(shù)而引起的錯(cuò)誤,the language which remains (remain) unchanged (unchange) is nothing but dead.(2000) i

29、n most states, a waiting period is required (require) before the license is issued.,冠詞使用不當(dāng)引起的錯(cuò)誤,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前必須加冠詞，聽寫完后，必須檢查冠詞的使用是否恰當(dāng)。,f.由于背景知識(shí)缺乏而導(dǎo)致的錯(cuò)誤,正確：in victorian times 錯(cuò)誤：in victory times 正確：the nuclear family 錯(cuò)誤：the new clear family 正確：united nations day 錯(cuò)誤：united nations day,g.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),the idea, for e

30、xample, of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive.(2008) the idea for example of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive. a three-day wait is the most common.(1997) a three day wait is the most common. for many people in the west, new years eve is the biggest party of the year.(2009) for many people in the west, new years eve is the the biggest party of the year.,閱讀時(shí)多注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的應(yīng)用。 注意插入語(yǔ)前后都應(yīng)該用逗號(hào)，如it is said,it is believed, it is reported, for example, for in