2020年中考英語閱讀理解之推理判斷題的解題技巧.ppt

1、閱讀理解推理判斷題的解題技巧,所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知的信息，即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。此類考題雖然沒有明確的答案，但考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上可以進(jìn)行推理和判斷其答案。廣東卷中的推理判斷題主要包括推斷隱含意思、推斷目標(biāo)讀者、推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度、推斷文章出處、推斷寫作意圖等。尤以推斷隱含意義的題居多。,第一類 推斷隱含意義 推斷隱含意義，即要求考生根據(jù)文章的某個(gè)句子、段落或全文所提供的事實(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到的或者沒有明說的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。旨在考查考生透過詞語的字面意義去

2、理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。,推斷隱含意義的題干中常含infer(推斷)，suggest(暗示)，imply(暗示)，indicate(暗示)，conclude(推斷，得出結(jié)論)等詞語。常見的題干設(shè)題形式如下： 1We can know from the passage that _ 2. We can infer from the (first/last) passage that _ 3The passage/author implies/suggests that _ 4It can be concluded from the passage that _ 5The underl

3、ined sentence indicates that _,一、常見的設(shè)問形式,解答這類題時(shí)，首先通過尋讀找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)(推理的依據(jù))；然后細(xì)讀、理解相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)的字面意義；最后結(jié)合語境和常識，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。解答此類題目，需注意以下幾個(gè)問題： 1嚴(yán)格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進(jìn)行推理，切忌摻雜自己的主觀想法或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 2如果某選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容是閱讀材料的簡單重復(fù)，那它就不是推論，也就不是正確答案。,二、解題方法,3如果某選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與經(jīng)驗(yàn)相吻合，文中卻沒有涉及，那它屬于主觀臆斷的結(jié)論，也不是正確答案。 4如果某個(gè)選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容雖在文中提到，但很片

4、面或很不完整，那也不是正確答案。 5文中的虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動詞(should，must，may等)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，這有助于我們確定正確答案。 6.注意作者在文章中的措辭，比如作者在形容詞前用了too，excessively，rather等，則常帶有否定的意味。,例 The position was offered at the last minute，and I was given two weeks to prepare，a period I spent searching for briefcase (公文包)and standing before my fulllength m

5、irror，repeating the words，“Hello，class.Im Mr.Davis.” Sometimes I would give myself an aggressive voice.Sometimes I would sound experienced.But when the day eventually came，my nerves kicked in and the true Mr.Davis was there.I sounded not like a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12yearold boy.,What c

6、an we learn about the author from the Paragraph? AHe would be aggressive in his first class. BHe was wellprepared for his first class. CHe got nervous upon the arrival of his first class. DHe waited long for the arrival of his first class.,推斷隱含意義題。根據(jù)本段中的“But when the day eventually came，my nerves ki

7、cked in and the true Mr.Davis was there.”和“I sounded not like a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12yearold boy.”可知本題選C。,C,第二類 推斷寫作意圖 推斷寫作意圖，即要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容推斷作者寫該文章的目的。,1The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to _ 2The passage is meant to _ 3The authors purpose is to show _ 4The purpose of t

8、he article is to _,一、常見的設(shè)問形式,作者的寫作目的通常有娛樂讀者、說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)和告知讀者某些信息三種。 解答此類題時(shí)主要有兩種方法： 1主旨推斷法：寫作目的是闡述作者為何要表達(dá)某個(gè)中心主題，因此可根據(jù)主旨推斷作者的寫作目的。 2文體推斷法：根據(jù)文體的特點(diǎn)和用途來推斷作者的寫作目的。如記敘文，,二、解題方法,特別是個(gè)人的有趣經(jīng)歷或幽默故事類的文章，其目的是娛樂讀者；夾敘夾議的文章，其目的是讓讀者得到某種啟示或教育；廣告和議論文的目的是說服讀者接受某種產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或接受某種觀點(diǎn)；科普說明文或新聞報(bào)告，其目的是告知讀者某些信息。,例Cold weather can be

9、hard on pets，just like it can be hard on people.Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter(住所) as they are.Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time，thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors.This can put their pets in danger

10、of serious illness.There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.,Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad.If you have to take them out，stay outside with them.When youre cold enough to go inside，they probably are too.If you must leave them outside for a long t

11、ime，make sure they have a warm，solid shelter against the wind，thick bedding，and plenty of nonfrozen water. What is the purpose of this text? ATo solve a problem. BTo give practical advice.,CTo tell an interesting story. DTo present a research result.,推斷寫作目的題。根據(jù)第一段的中心句(最后一句)可知，這是一篇說明文，其目的是給養(yǎng)寵物的人提一些實(shí)用

12、的建議。,B,第三類 推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度 推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，即要求考生推斷作者對某人某事的看法或作者所持的觀點(diǎn)。,1The author seems to be in favor of/against _ 2The author may probably agree with/support _ 3Whats the authors opinion about.? 4In the authors opinion.?,一、常見的設(shè)問形式,根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和作者的措辭能推斷作者所持的觀點(diǎn)或看法，判斷作者的態(tài)度是客觀的、主觀的，肯定的、否定的或是中立的。 例It is not just unkind but a

13、lso dangerous to say a fourhourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied.The first of the experts to advocate a strict clockwatching schedule was Dr.Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night.Ive never heard anything so,二、解題方法,ridiculous.Baby feeding shouldnt follow a timetable se

14、t by the mum.What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks. What does the author think about Dr.Frederic Truby King? AHe is strict. BHe is unkind. CHe has the wrong idea. DHe sets a timetable for mothers.,推斷作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由“Ive never heard

15、 anything so ridiculous (荒謬可笑的)”可知。,C,第四類 推斷文章出處 推斷文章出處，即通過閱讀材料，感知內(nèi)容，從而推斷材料的來源。,1The text is most likely to be taken from _ 2Where does the text probably come from? 3Where can we most probably read this text?,一、常見的設(shè)問形式,解答這類推斷題時(shí)，可根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來推斷，也可根據(jù)各種文體的特征來判斷其出處，如廣告的用詞和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨認(rèn)；報(bào)紙的前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名

16、稱；產(chǎn)品說明的特點(diǎn)也比較明顯，一般會介紹其名稱、作用或操作方式等。 例 The multimillion pound new Library of Birmingham (LoB) will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization(數(shù)字化) of everyday life.,二、解題方法,Set to open in 2013，the 188m LoB is already beginning to take shape next to the Birmingham Repert

17、ory Theatre，with which it will share some equipment. As digital media(媒介) is important to its idea，the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies. Brian Gambles，the LoB project director，says it is about giving people the right

18、tools for learning.“The aim is to mix the physical with the digital，providing 24hour services which can be used through many different ways.It is important to enable us to reach more people，more effectively.”,The digital library will，he says，be as important as the physical one，allowing the distant u

19、se of the services，making sure that it is never closed to the public. Even before the LoB is complete，the public has been able to go online to visit the Virtual(虛擬的) LoB，designed by Baden，the Birmingham virtual worlds specialists.Not only have the public been able to learn about the LoB，but the virt

20、ual one has also enabled those working on the LoB to understand the building and how it will work before it even opens.,Two other small Birminghambased digital companies are also working on the LoB projects.Substrat，a digital design company，is developing what it calls an example of an “enlarged real

21、ity” project.It is about the use of an exciting smart phone，an important part of the LoB which is in the early stages of development.And The Peoples Archive is an online library of historical figures of the city being built up by a digital content company in Cahoots，in which users will be encouraged

22、 to add to and comment on the material.,Gambles says : “Technology will enable us to make the librarys content and services open to citizens as never before.” The text is most probably taken from _ Aa computer book Ba library guide Ca project handbook Da newspaper report,推斷文章出處。文章開頭用簡短的話概括文章，結(jié)尾又有評論，

23、符合新聞報(bào)道的特點(diǎn)。,D,第五類 推斷目標(biāo)讀者 推斷目標(biāo)讀者，即要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和文中的措辭推斷此篇文章主要是寫給誰看的。,1The passage is probably written for _ 2Who is the passage written for? 3The text is written mainly for _,一、常見的設(shè)問形式,解答此類題要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，特別是從作者使用的詞語和口氣來判斷。 例 Exploit your parking space An unused parking space or garage can make money.If you liv

24、e near a city center or an airport，you could make anything up to 200 or 300 a week.Put an advertisement (廣告) for free on Letpark or Atmyhousepark. Rent(出租) a room,二、解題方法,Spare room? Not only will a lodger(房客) earn you an income，but also，thanks to the governmentbacked “rent a room” program，you wont h

25、ave to pay any tax on the first 4，500 you make per year.Try advertising your room on Roomspare or Roommateeasy. Make money during special events Dont want a fulltime lodger? Then rent on a shortterm basis.If you live in the capital，renting a room out during the Olympics or other big events could bri

26、ng in money.Grashpadder can advertise your space.,For whom is the text most probably written? ALodgers. BAdvertisers. CHouse owners. DOnline companies.,推斷目標(biāo)讀者題。文中圍繞如何利用家中閑置的空間來賺取額外的收入進(jìn)行論述，故其目標(biāo)讀者應(yīng)為房主。,C,閱讀下列文段，從題后所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 1When I was a teenager，my mothers broken English embarrassed me.But

27、now，I see it differently.To me，my mothers English is perfectly clear，perfectly natural.It is my mother tongue.Her language，as I hear it，is vivid，direct，and full of observation and wisdom.It was the language that helped shape the way I saw things，expressed ideas，and made sense of the world.,即學(xué)即練,What

28、 does the author think of her mothers English now? AIt confuses her. BIt embarrasses her. CIt helps her understand the world. DIt helps her tolerate rude people.,推斷隱含意義。由“But now，I see it differently.To me.and made sense of the world”可知選C。,C,2When I put on my flashlights，I was saying to other driver

29、s，“I have a problem here.I am weak and doing the best I can.” And everyone understood.Several times，I saw drivers who wanted to pass.They couldnt get around me because of the stream of passing traffic.But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in s

30、ome way weak. What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?,AThey speeded up to pass. BThey waited with patience. CThey tried their best to help. DThey put on their flashlights too.,推斷隱含意義。由該段中的“But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them

31、 was in some way weak.”可知選B。,B,3Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we dont feel that way.But those are few and far between.More often，it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared. In this passag

32、e，the author advises us to_. Ahandle problems by ourselves Baccept help from others Cadmit our weakness Dshow our bravery,推斷隱含意義。根據(jù)文章最后一句“More often，it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.”可知選C。,C,4However，it wasnt all s

33、weetness and light.There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes，while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes.One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite.For example，when a cat turns its head away，it signals aggres

34、sion，while a dog doing the same signals submission. Some cats and dogs may fight when_ Athey are cold to each other,推斷隱含意義。根據(jù)該段中的“One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite.”一句可知選C。,C,Bthey look away from each other Cthey misunderstood each others signals Dthe

35、y are introduced at an early age,5The significance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond petsto people who dont get along，including neighbors，colleagues at work，and even world superpowers.If cats and dogs can learn to get along，surely people have a good chance. What can we human beings lear

36、n from cats and dogs? AWe should learn to live in harmony. BWe should know more about animals. CWe should live in peace with animals. DWe should learn more body languages.,推斷隱含意義。通讀全文不難判斷：貓狗且能和諧相處，人類有何不可？根據(jù)該段大意可知本題選A。,A,6A year after graduation，I was offered a position teaching a writing class.Teach

37、ing was a profession I had never seriously considered，though several of my stories had been published.I accepted the job without hesitation，as it would allow me to wear a tie and go by the name of Mr.Davis.My father went by the same name，and I liked to imagine people getting the two of us confused.“

38、Wait a minute，” someone might say，“are you talking about Mr.Davis the retired man，or Mr.Davis the respectable scholar？”,The author took the job to teach writing because_ Ahe wanted to be respected Bhe had written some stories Che wanted to please his father Dhe had dreamed of being a teacher,推理隱含意義。

39、根據(jù)該段中的“as it would allow me to wear a tie and go by the name of Mr.Davis.”一句可知選A。,A,7Providing guidance for parents on how to raise children is an ageold tradition.Perhaps the most widelyused guide was Baby and Child Care by Benjamin Spock，published in 1946，one of the biggest bestsellers of all time

40、. Michael Ungar adds a new handbook to show how parents can instill in their children a sense of compassion (同情)，giving priority to “we” rather than to “me”He draws on other authorities，his own experience as a father，and the understanding he has achieved from years,of offering help to disturbed fami

41、lies.Practical guidance is offered on producing children who are responsible for themselves and others.Ungar fully recognizes the difficulty of helping young people move from selfcenteredness to caring for other people.Accordingly，he ends each chapter with a “Tips List” that offers effective suggest

42、ions on how to prepare children to become compassionate by engaging in simple acts of kindness.,The importance of associations with parents and other adults is explored in two chapters that show how relationships can lead to responsibility.What Ungar calls “good touch”，both physically and emotionall

43、y，is thoughtfully examined as a way of fostering connections and kinship (親密關(guān)系) Chapters are devoted to showing how children can be helped to take responsibility for themselves and others；to criticizing what are called “monster homes” in wealthy suburbs；and to arguing for communities that facilitate

44、 (促進(jìn)) human interaction.,The author of this helpful guidebook is a Canadian social worker on the faculty of Dalhousie University in Halifax，Nova Scotia.He earned bachelors and masters degrees in social work at McGill University and his doctorate in social work at Wilfrid Laurier University. As an ac

45、complished researcher and practitioner, Ungar has numerous publications to his credit. His new book will deservedly enhance his wellmerited reputation. It is a useful addition to the list of parental handbooks.,(1)The above passage is most probably taken from a _ Aresearch paper Bbiography Cbook rev

46、iew Dtextbook (2)The last paragraph is written to _ Atell us the works Michael Ungar Blet us know how famous Michael Ungar is Cmake a summary of Michael Ungars life Dmake us more convinced of Michael Ungars book,(1)推斷文章出處。全文主要介紹Michael Ungar的新書的主要內(nèi)容和特色。,C,(2)推斷寫作意圖。最后一段簡要介紹Michael Ungar的經(jīng)歷，結(jié)尾句“It is

47、 a useful addition to the list of parental handbooks.”的意圖是為了使讀者對Michael Ungar的新書更有信心。,D,8I dont want to see anyone cut off from the expressive，personal associations that a pen still promotes better than a digital keyboard does.For many a biographer，part of really getting to know their subjects is le

48、arning to read their handwriting. According to the author，handwritten notes_ Aare harder to teach in schools Battract more attention Care used only between friends Dcarry more message,推理隱含意義。由該段第一句“the expressive，personal associations that a pen still promotes better than a digital keyboard does.”可知選D。,D,9Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself.Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant expect someone else to love you until you love yourself.Either way，youve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky.Sure we all know that were the