段落的展開方法.ppt

1、段落發(fā)展幾種手段,文章一般分為引言introduction，正文body和結(jié)束語conclusion三部分。其中的引言部分和結(jié)束語就形成了文章的引言段和結(jié)尾段，而正文部分就是發(fā)展段，它既可以是一個(gè)段落，也可以是幾個(gè)段落。 在實(shí)際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。,1 列舉法(details),作者運(yùn)用列舉法，首先擺出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，然后列舉一系列的論據(jù)對(duì)其進(jìn)行陳述或解釋。是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對(duì)topic sentence中擺出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間等進(jìn)行。,Examples,Yeste

2、rday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skir

3、t. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left

4、my key in my office. So I broke a window to get inand cut my hand.,Examples,Some people think that man are superior to woman in many ways. For one thing, many jobs which can easily be done by men can hardly be done by woman. And for another, most of the world famous people are found to be males. Mor

5、eover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only. Hence, men should enjoy more rights than women.,常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞有：,to begin with, first, second, also, besides, for one thing , for another, finally, moreover, one another , still another, 等。,2. 舉例法(example),作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述

6、、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。通過主題句直截了當(dāng)?shù)奶岢鲎约旱挠^點(diǎn)，再舉出具體例子加以說明。,Supporting a topic sentence with examples or illusions makes a general statement specific and easy to understand. Vivid illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear, intere

7、sting, memorable, or convincing. It is not always necessary to say “for example” or “for instance” when an example is given. The paragraph can start with a topic sentence. Then details are given to back up the opening statement. This is the general-to-specific pattern. Another possible arrangement o

8、f details (or examples) in a paragraph is from the specific to the general. The details are mentioned first, and the general statement, which may be the topic sentence, comes ate the end of the paragraph, summarizing the main idea of the paragraph.,Examples,There are many different forms of exercise

9、s to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.

10、In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,Examples,Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. For example, the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to

11、breathe. For another example, waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, many water lives are dying out. Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.,My view on animal communication,Many people thin

12、k that animals cannot communicate with each other. In their opinion, they cannot speak or write. However, I hold that they can communicate. The following examples serve as proofs to support my view. First, animals of the same species can communicate with each other through signals. Bees, for example

13、, use signals to communicate information to other bees. When a bee has found food, it returns to its own hive. It dances in the air to tell other bees the place where the food is. As another instance, some animals make sounds to communicate their feelings to pass information to each other. A case in

14、 point is that a dog barks when it is angry or excited. This is also true in the case of birds. Birds make sounds to show danger or friendship. Interestingly enough, animals can even communicate with each other by touch. Lions rub each other The list of examples is endless. In a word, these are the

15、usual ways animals “talk” with each other.,常用的過渡連接詞：,for example (instance), one example is, another example is, furthermore, moreover, in addition, To illustrate/a case in point is Therefore/From the above example/in conclusion/in short,3. 敘述法(narration),敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時(shí)間或空間的排列順序，通過對(duì)一些特有過渡連接詞的使用，

16、有層次分步驟地表達(dá)主題句的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如：,Examples,In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbour was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the c

17、all, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.,常用于敘述法中的過渡連接詞有：,first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等

18、。,4 對(duì)比法或比較法(comparison spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags,

19、 Morse code, and picture signs.,6. 因果分析法(cause and effect ),在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如： The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at ho

20、me. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,Examples,Every year, earthquakes are responsible f

21、or a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. 1)Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of vibration. 2)Other damage results from landslides, large ocean waves or major f

22、ires which are initiated by the quake.,常用于因果分析法的連接詞有：,because, so, as a result， since, owing to, because of, accordingly, as a result of, to result in, to result from, therefore, consequently, for this reason, to be the cause of, to be due to, to have an effect on,等。,7 定義法(definition),在科普文章的寫作中，定義法必

23、不可少的。通過下定義，可使讀者對(duì)該事物有一個(gè)更直接的認(rèn)識(shí)。用定義法發(fā)展的段落包括兩個(gè)部分。首先是定義句，說明是什么東西。其后是擴(kuò)展部分，如：被定義物的來歷、性質(zhì)、特征、原理、用途等。 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible

24、 the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.,Examples,A teaspoon is a utensil for scooping up and carrying small amounts of something. It has two joint parts: a flat, narrow, tapered handle, by which it is held, and a shallow, oval bowl to dip carry liquid, food or other materials. The handle is about four inches long. It arches slightly upward at the wide end. The shape of the handle allows it to fit easily in the hand when it is c