強烈推薦英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識

1、英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識-動詞分類我們應(yīng)該從三個方面了解一下動詞的分類。 第一方面：按詞義和句中的作用，動詞可以分為四類。見下表。類別特點意義舉例實義動詞 (vt. vi.)及物動詞跟賓語須跟賓語一起才能表達(dá)完整的意思i have a book.不及物動詞不能直接接賓語能獨立作謂語she always comes late.系動詞(link-v)跟表語不能獨立做謂語，跟表語構(gòu)成完整意思i am a student.助動詞(aux. v.)跟動詞原形或分詞（無詞匯意義）不能獨立做謂語，跟主要動詞構(gòu)成謂語，表示疑問，否定及各種時態(tài)he doesnt speak chinese.i am watching

2、tv.情態(tài)動詞 (mod. v.) 跟動詞原形（有自己的詞匯意思）不能獨立做謂語。表示說話人語氣、情態(tài)，無人稱和數(shù)的變化we can do it by ourselves.that would be better.第二方面：短語動詞，短語動詞是由一些動詞和其它詞構(gòu)成短語，表達(dá)一個完整的意思。其構(gòu)成方式如下。 構(gòu)成方式舉例動詞+介詞look at, look after動詞+副詞give up, put into動詞+副詞+介詞catch up with, look down upon動詞+名詞+介詞take care of, pay attention to be+形容詞+介詞be proud

3、 of, be afraid of 復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)make up ones mind, wind ones way 第三方面：按動詞的形式可以分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。1、謂語動詞 形式意義舉例人稱與主語在人稱一致i am reading now. 第一人稱數(shù)與主語在數(shù)上一致he writes well. 第三人稱單數(shù)時態(tài)表示動作發(fā)生的時間he wrote a letter to me last month. 過去時態(tài)語態(tài)主語是動作的發(fā)生者或者承受者we study english.主動the road was filled with rubbish. 被動語氣說話人表達(dá)事實、要求、愿望等he ha

4、s flown to america. 事實i wish i could fly to the moon some day. 愿望2、非謂語動詞 形式意義用途舉例不定式起形容詞和名詞作用可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語it takes me 20 minutes to go to school.動名詞起名詞作用作主語和賓語she likes reading.分詞現(xiàn)在分詞起形容詞、副詞作用，表主動作表語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語the cup is broken過去分詞起形容詞、副詞作用，表被動the steam is seen rising from the wet clothes.中學(xué)生英語學(xué)

5、習(xí)常見錯誤-動詞誤 she laid down and soon fell asleep. 正 she lay down and soon fell asleep. 析考試中常出現(xiàn)的是易混動詞lay放，lie躺，lie說謊。它們的過去時、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞變化如下： lay (放) laid， laid， laying (及物動詞) lie (躺) lay， lain， lying (不及物動詞) lie (說謊) lied， lied， lying 誤 please rise your hand. 正 please raise your hand. 析 rise 是不及物動詞，其后不能接賓語

6、，如：the sun rises in the east.而raise是及物動詞。 誤 i like to swim very much, but i dont like swimming this afternoon. 正 i like swimming very much, but i dont like to swim this afternoon. 析 like作為喜歡講時，可以接動名詞也可以接不定式，但接動名詞時多表達(dá)一種習(xí)慣性動作。而接不定式則側(cè)重于表達(dá)一次性、特殊性的動作。但要注意的是like 與would連用時則一定要接不定式，如：would you like to go wi

7、th me?再有一點要注意的是，like作為介詞像講時，只能用分詞作其賓語。 誤 stop! did you listen to a strange voice? 正 stop! did you hear a strange voice? 析 hear的側(cè)重點是聽到、聽見什么，而listen to 的側(cè)重點為聽的傾向，如：listen! do you hear someone calling help?這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ook與see。它們的側(cè)重點也不同，look重于看的傾向，而see重于看見沒看見。 誤 did you watch some film recently? 正 did you se

8、e some film recently? 析 英語中see 與 watch 各有不同的用處，see用于看電影、劇目，而watch用作看電視和看球賽。 誤 look. a beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling. 正 look. a beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling. 析 hang有兩個含義， 掛，它的過去時與過去分詞是hung， hung; 絞刑，這時它是規(guī)則動詞，其過去式與過去分詞則為hanged， hanged。 誤 how long can i borrow this book? 正 how long can

9、 i keep this book? 析 借在英文中有三個詞， 借入，即borrow,如：may i borrow some books from the library? 借出，如：i can lend my bike to you. 借多久要用keep, 因為borrow與lend都是截止性動詞，而keep是延續(xù)性動詞。如 how long can i keep it? 誤 we have won your class. 正 we have beaten your class. 析 win是及物動詞，其后面的賓語應(yīng)是比賽、戰(zhàn)爭、獎品、獎金。而beat的賓語，應(yīng)是人、隊、班級等等，如：we

10、won the game. 誤 i left my key. 正 i forgot my key. 正 i left my key at home. 析 leave是丟下，其后一定要接地點狀語，而forget其后不要接地點狀語。 誤 oh! its raining outside. please bring the rain coat with you. 正 oh! its raining outside. please take this rain coat with you. 析 bring為帶來如：next time bring your little sister here.而take

11、為帶走，fetch為去某處取什么回來，如：please fetch some coffee for us要熟記的是在初中課文中與take有關(guān)的詞組，如： take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下take off 脫下 takeout 拿出 take place 發(fā)生 take hold of 拿住 take part in 參加take a seat 坐下take ones place 替代take a look 看看 take ones turn 輪流 take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 別著急ta

12、ke ones time 慢慢來 take ones temperature 測量體溫 誤 the policeman reached his gun. 正 the policeman reached for his gun. 析 reach作到達(dá)講時是及物動詞，如：i reached the hotel at 830但作伸手去拿，則要用reach for something。作為到達(dá)講時還有arrive (in+大地方)(at較小的地方)和get to.要注意的是與get有關(guān)的詞組有： get back 回來 get in 收割 get into 進(jìn)入 get off 下車 get on 上

13、車 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到達(dá)get ready for=be ready for get on well with 與人相處融洽 get 加比較級為變得如何，例如： get colder and colder. 誤 this dictionary spent me five dollars. 正 this dictionary cost me five dollars. 析 英文中的花費有4個spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中spend 與pay所在句中的主語應(yīng)為人，如：i spent two hours in doing my homew

14、ork. i paid five dallars for the book.而cost與take的主語則是事物，如：it takes me two years to finish this book. 誤 in summer i always sleep with the windows opened. 正 in summer i always sleep with the windows open. 正 i always sleep with the windows closed. 析要注意open是動詞也是形容詞，而close則要用其過去分詞作形容詞。 誤 please wait a mi

15、nute. im having on my clothes. 正 please wait a minute. im putting on my clothes. 析英語中的穿衣服要分狀態(tài)，是什么樣的穿著打扮，還是穿衣服的動作兩類動詞。表示穿著狀態(tài)的詞有have on, wear,在用法上have on不宜用進(jìn)行時態(tài)，它多用一般時態(tài)，如：she has on a new school dress. 而wear則多用進(jìn)行時來表示狀態(tài)，如：she is wearing a new sweater.在表示動作的詞中put on是常用的一詞。dress用作動詞當(dāng)穿衣講時其后賓語不應(yīng)接衣物，而要接人，如：

16、my children were very young they couldnt dress themselves.在表示穿著狀態(tài)時用其過去分詞當(dāng)形容詞，如：he is dressed in white. 誤 my computer cant begin. could you find someone to help me? 正 my computer cant start. could you find someone to help me? 析 begin與start均可指開始，而且常?？梢曰Q，如：school begins (starts) at 8 a. m. 但是在兩種情況下不宜用

17、begin 而要用start, 當(dāng)作機器開動、發(fā)動講，如：my car cant start. there must be something wrong with it. 作為旅途開始講，如：we should have to start early. there was a lot of traffic on the road. 誤 im very glad because i have founded my lost key. 正 im very glad because i have found my lost key. 析 find是不規(guī)則動詞，它的過去式和過去分詞是found, f

18、ound，而found又是另外一詞建立，它是規(guī)則動詞，其過去式與過去分詞是founded founded, 如：the peoples republic of china was founded in 1949. 誤 please. lets speak in english. 正 please. lets speak english. 正 please. lets talk in english. 誤 can you speak it english? 正 can you say it in english? 析 英文中說有4個常用詞say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物動

19、詞有speak和talk，如：i want to talk with you.we are talking about the new film.而speak其后接語言時是及物動詞，其他情況是不及物動詞。say 與tell是及物動詞，其中tell常用雙賓語，如：tell us a story.但用于講實話或謊話時也用單賓語。如： tell the truth. 誤 can you say japanese from chinese? 正 can you tell japanese from chinese? 析 tellfrom為固定詞組，即分辨兩者的不同。 誤 excuse me, did

20、i step on your foot? 正 oh, sorry, did i step on your foot? 析 excuse me用于未打擾對方前，以提醒對方注意的用語，而sorry則是由于自己已做的事向?qū)Ψ降狼浮?誤 would you care for to swim with us? 正 would you care to swim with us? 析 care for 后接不定式時，要省略for,或換用名詞，如：would you care for a cup of tea. care for 作照顧講時與look after相同。在初中階段學(xué)習(xí)與for有關(guān)的詞組有：ask

21、 for 請求 call for 接人，請人 care for 關(guān)心go in for 從事 answer for 負(fù)責(zé) look for 尋找wait for 等待 send for 請人 pay for 付款search for 尋找 leave for 去某地 prepare for 準(zhǔn)備thank somebody for something 為某事向某人道謝。 誤 are you understanding it? yes, i got to it. 正 do you understand it? yes, i got it. 析 understand這一詞沒有進(jìn)行時態(tài)，如同感觀動詞

22、love、hate i got it 是美語，即i understood it。要記住get 作為到達(dá)講時是不及物動詞，如：ill get to the school at 8 a. m.初中范圍常用與to有關(guān)的動詞詞組如下： belong to 屬于 come to 蘇醒 point to (at) 指著get to 到達(dá) refer to 談到 stick to 堅持lead to 導(dǎo)致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望agree to 同意 誤 the meat has gone badly. 正 the meat has gone bad. 析 英語中g(shù)o,

23、get, become, turn作為轉(zhuǎn)變時，其后接形容詞，這時這些動詞應(yīng)被看作系動詞。 誤 the teacher said the earth moved around the sun. 正 the teacher said the earth moves around the sun. 析如果主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時，其賓語從句可以是任何時態(tài)。如果是過去時，則賓語從句中的時態(tài)應(yīng)與之呼應(yīng)。但地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)是不隨時間而變化的客觀事實，所以還應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)來表達(dá)。 誤 ill come to see you as soon as ill be back. 正 ill come to see y

24、ou as soon as i am back. 析 在狀語從句中要用一般時來表示將來，如：i should tell him when he came back. 誤 i want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not. 正 i want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not. 析在賓語從句中則要用將來時表示將來的動作。要注意的是如果賓語從句中仍有狀語從句時，依然要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來，如：i want to know if it rains to

25、morrow youll come here or not. 誤 what did you do at eight last night? 正 what were you doing at eight last night? 析在描述過去某一具體時刻的動作或從某時到某時一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作要用過去進(jìn)行時，如：i was washing clothes from eight till noon last sunday 誤 my classmates came to see a film yesterday. i didnt go with them, because i have seen

26、it before. 正 my classmates came to see a film yesterday. i didnt go with them because i had seen it before. 析現(xiàn)在完成時與過去完成時的相同之處是其動作均開始于過去的某一點，它的差別在于該動作是截止到什么時候。如動作截止到現(xiàn)在用現(xiàn)在完成時；如動作截止到過去，用過去完成時。例如：ive learnt english for three years.(到現(xiàn)在為止)又如：before i went to college, i had learnt english for three years.

27、 (動作截止到上大學(xué)那時，即截止于過去) 誤 im feeling well now. 正 i feel well now. 析瞬間動詞有些無進(jìn)行時態(tài)，它們是：表示思維狀態(tài)的詞：believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want 表示感情的動詞：care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear 表示狀態(tài)的詞：belong, own 感觀動詞： feel, hear, see， smell, taste 誤 when have you don

28、e this work? 正 when did you do this work? 析 when提問的是一個時間點不可用于完成時態(tài)的問句中。 誤 this is our new english teacher. he has gone to many foreign countries. 正 this is our new english teacher. he has been to many foreign countries. 析 have gone to 是到某地去了，此人現(xiàn)在不在這里。have been to 是到過某地，現(xiàn)在此人在說話現(xiàn)場。 誤 i have borrowed th

29、is book for two weeks. 正 i have kept this book for two weeks. 析截止性動詞有完成時態(tài)，但不可和與表達(dá)一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：when i got to the cinema the film had begun. 但要講 when i got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 這樣的用法還有buy, join, die, 如：i bought this book yesterday. 我昨天買的這本書。 i have had this book for two d

30、ays. 這本書我已買了兩天了。 i joined the club two years ago.兩年前我加入了這個俱樂部。 i have been in this club for two years. 我加入這個俱樂部已兩年了。 my father died five years ago. 我父親是5年前去世的。 my father has been dead for five years. 我父親已去世5年了。 誤 have you understood the lessons? 正 do you understand the lessons? 析 有些動詞不易用完成時態(tài)，它們是unde

31、rstand, think, believe, know (知道) 誤 it was said that the second world war had broken out in 1939. 誤 it was said that the second world war was broken out in 1939. 正 it was said that the second world war broke out in 1939. 析在講述過去的歷史事件時，總要用過去時而不要用完成時，而且happen, break out, take place作為發(fā)生講時均沒有被動語態(tài)。 誤 when

32、 i walked along the street. i happened to meet an old friend. 正 when i was walking along the street i happened to meet an old friend. 析在一個長動作發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的過程中，某一突然事件發(fā)生，這時長動作應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時或過去進(jìn)行時)，而突發(fā)性動作用一般時(一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時)，如：when my father is reading a newspaper the telephone rings. 誤 please buy a book to me. 正 pl

33、ease buy me a book. 正 please buy a book for me. 析在接雙賓語的動詞后面的兩個賓語，一個是直接賓語，一個是間接賓語，如：buy me a book中me是間接賓語，而a book是直接賓語。如果將直接賓語前置，其后應(yīng)加for，其它加to如： tell me a story. tell a story to me. give me a book. give a book to me. 誤 he was seen come into the book store. 正 he was seen to come into the book store. 析

34、 在主動語態(tài)中，有時可以加不帶to的不定式作賓語，如：i saw him come into the book store.但如果變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，則要將省略的to還原。當(dāng)然這些動詞還可以加動名詞作賓語， 如： i saw him coming into the book store, 如變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，則沒有變化。如：he was seen coming into the book store輕松記住英語不規(guī)則動詞英語動詞按其過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成方式可分為規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞。規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞由詞尾加ed構(gòu)成，而不規(guī)則動詞的變化因詞而異。但如對不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞做一分析，

35、就可發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的“規(guī)則”。為方便同學(xué)們記憶，現(xiàn)將初中英語教學(xué)大綱中的69個不規(guī)則動詞的原形、過去式和過去分詞列出并規(guī)為五種類型。同學(xué)們還可將第二、三類分為若干組，以便準(zhǔn)確記憶。 一、aaa型（原形、過去式和過去分詞同形）：cost cost costcut cut cutlet let letput put putread read read二、abb型（過去式與過去分詞同形）：bring brought broughtbuild built builtbuy bought boughtcatch caught caughtdig dug dugfeel felt feltfind found

36、foundget got gothave had hadhear heard heardhold held heldkeep kept keptlearn learnt learntleave left leftlend lent lentmake made mademeet met metpay paid paidsay said saidsell sold soldsend sent sentshine shone shonesit sat satsleep slept sleptsmell smelt smeltspend spent spentstand stood stoodteac

37、h taught taughttell told toldthink thought thoughtunderstand understoodunderstood三、abc型（原形、過去式和過去分詞各異）：be was/were beenbegin began begunblow blew blownbreak broke brokendo did donedraw drew drawndrink drank drunkdrive drove driveneat ate eatenfall fell fallenfly flew flownforget forgot forgottengive

38、 gave givengo went gonegrow grew grownknow knew knownlie lay lainride rode riddenring rang rungsee saw seenshow showed shownsing sang sungspeak spoke spokenswim swam swumtake took takenthrow threw thrownwake woke wokenwear wore wornwrite wrote written四、aba型（原形與過去分詞同形）：become became becomecome came c

39、ome 五、aab型（原形與過去式同形）：beat beat beaten（注：帶號的詞也可視為規(guī)則動詞。）易混難辨英語動詞集中練習(xí)i.難辨動詞選擇40例：1.he _ me to give up smoking. a. hopes b. suggests c. advises d. makes2.they _ him working all day long. a. had b. made c. forced d. obliged3.he is too young to _ right from wrong. a. speak b. talk c. say d. tell4.at last

40、he _ worker. a. became b. turned c. changed d. grew5.the peasants are _ good seeds for the coming spring. a. picking out b. choosing c. selecting d. choosing from6.when did you _ yesterday? a. arrive b. reach c. get d. get to7.how long will it _ you do the job? a. cost b. spend c. last d. take8.its

41、too cold to _ the engine. a. begin b. start c. ride d. drive9.will you take part in the meeting to be _ next week?a. held b. taken place c. had d. happened10.who _ the new world? a. invented b. made c. discovered d. uncovered11.need i help you? yes, you _. a. need b. may c. must d. should12.the peop

42、les republic of china was _ in 1949. a. found b. founded c. built up d. put up13.he is _ as our best friend. a. thought b. looked c. considered d. regarded14.when did you _ his letter? a. hear from b. receive c. accept d. hear15.a new look has _ in china in the last few years. a. broken out b. taken

43、 place c. happened d. taken on16.she is _ her best clothes today. a. wearing b. dressing c. putting on d. having on17.will you _ me a few minutes? a. share b. spare c. save d. spend18.he _ from his seat. a. rose b. stood c. got d. raised19.trains _ more people than buses. a. take b. carry c. fetch d

44、. bring20.loud noises can _ people mad. a. drive b. turn c. cause d. have21._ while the iron is hot. a. strike b. hit c. beat d. knock22.i found a wallet _ on the ground. a. laying b. lying c. lay d. lie23.i havent _ his letter yet. a. written b. answered c. replied d. returned 24.they _ the differe

45、nt parts into one. a. united b. connected c. joined d. linked25.he got _ in the battle. a. hurt b. harmed c. injured d. wounded26.will you _ me the favour to put on the coat? a. do b. make c. give d. have27.who _ it be? it must be mary. a. must b. can c. should d. may28.he _ his way put when the fil

46、m was over. a. did b. found c. made d. took29.did you _ the concert yesterday? a. attend b. join on c. join d. have30.it is well _ to all that china is a large country. a. said b. told c. known d. reported31.we _ the apple into three parts. a. separated b. split c. parted d. divided32.china _ a larg

47、e population. a. covers b. takes c. has d. makes33.they were _ busy working all day long. a. made b. kept c. had d. let34.i have been searching for my _ key. a. missed b. lost c. gone d. disappeared35.how i _ i were a happy bird. a. hope b. wish c. want d. expect36._ your child here next time. a. ta

48、ke b. fetch c. get d. bring37.the boy _ an apology for being late. a. made b. asked c. expressed d. had38.would you like to _ and have a cup of tea? a. call on b. visit c. drop in d. see39.she decided to _ her studies at home. a. continue b. go on c. keep on d. have40.it is hard for them to _ a good

49、 job. a. look for b. find out c. find d. discoverii.易混動詞選擇40例：41.can you _ her becoming a bus driver? a. think b. imagine c. expect d. believe42.youve changed a lot. i can hardly _ you at first. a. know b. remember c. find out d. recognize43.weve _ friends for many years. a. been b. become c. made d

50、. promised44.he asked me to _ him a helping hand. a. lend b. borrow c. make d. get45.we dont _ smoking here. a. admit b. allow c. agree d. let46.i am _ that a film will be shown tonight. a. said b. told c. spoken d. reported47.many comrades _ in the battle. a. dropped b. fell c. lost d. killed48.did

51、 you _ milk in my tea? a. get b. place c. put d. drop49.eggs _ bad easily in summer. a. go b. become c. are d. change50.he didnt come to the party though he had _ to. a. invited b. promised c. allowed d. permitted51.the building is not _ yet. a. finished b. ended c. done d. completed52.the man is ha

52、rd to _ with. a. deal b. do c. go d. meet53.hes _ sixty this year. a. got b. reached c. had d. arrived54.im _ her off. a. watching b. looking c. seeing d. noticing55.our life _ poor. a. stays b. remains c. keeps d. continues56.he _ himself between jack and tom. a. was seated b. sat c. seated d. was

53、sat57.i _ my key at home. a. forgot b. lost c. left d. missed58.i _ to persuade him not to smoke, but failed. a. tried b. managed c. had d. had got59.he _ the children going into the rice field. a. stopped b. kept c. forbade d. warned60.he _ on his back. a. lied b. laid c. lain d. lay61.i _ across h

54、er in the street. a. came b. went c. met d. saw62.he was _ by her beauty. a. moved b. excited c. touched d. struck63.on hearing the sad news, she _ tears. a. burst into b. broke out c. cried out d. wept with64.she _ the cup and broke into pieces. a. fell b. felt c. failed d. dropped65.the new house has not been _ yet. a. equipped b. provided c. furnished d. supplied66.the sick mans heart is _ fast. a.