鳳凰國(guó)際英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法6非謂語(yǔ).ppt

1、基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法（6）,非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),內(nèi)容,1）分詞 2）動(dòng)名詞 3）獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 4）不定時(shí),Warm-up 1,分析精彩英語(yǔ),Paragraph 1,Everyone goes through their lives seeing and experiencing different things. At times, these different situation stated that “Ease does not challenge us; adversity helps up discover who we are.” People learn more from losing than

2、 winning. Through literature, one can see how this statement probes to be true.,Paragraph 2,When lunch time is approaching, there is always a problem lingering in my mind: whether I should go to KFC for varied but unhealthy food or have ordinary family dishes. People around me are also confused by s

3、uch questions, not only the choice itself is hard to make, but also which kind of lifestyle, healthy or a little bit harmful, that matters. Therefore people go to extremes on the way how healthy life style that people want can be ensured.,一、形 式, 過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式。, 現(xiàn)在分詞：,二、 功 能,1作表語(yǔ) 2作定語(yǔ) 3作狀語(yǔ) 4作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 5. 現(xiàn)在

4、分詞的完成形式和被動(dòng)形式 6. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),1作表語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征或?qū)傩?；過(guò)去分詞多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，如： The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. 注：已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞，可以用 very 修飾；沒(méi)有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或 quite，有時(shí)也可用very much，如： Im very much pleased. Hes very muc

5、h worried about his health.,注：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。 系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)；被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，指主語(yǔ)所承受的動(dòng)作。此外還有： 系表結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；b. 一般不帶狀語(yǔ)； c. 可以有不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 有多種時(shí)態(tài)，常與主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)一致；b. 可以帶時(shí) 間、方式或 by 短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)；c. 必須是及物動(dòng)詞。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài)) The small village was soon surrounded by

6、enemy soldiers. (動(dòng)作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921.,2作定語(yǔ)： 單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)，應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders

7、 entered the banquet hall. 注：分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，意義上接近于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing 在更多情況下，可以用分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，這時(shí)分詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads

8、) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun?, 作定語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間有兩種情況： a. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, (變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man

9、talking (who was talking) to the manager? b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作, 或現(xiàn)在 (或當(dāng)時(shí)) 的狀態(tài), (變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí), 用一般時(shí)態(tài)), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作可以在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性，如： Is this the book recomme

10、nded by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. I hate to see letters written in pencil.,注：如果所表示的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. 注：如果所表示的是一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作，可以用一個(gè)不定式的被動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示，如： The

11、 meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting., 分詞還可以作非限制性定語(yǔ)（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句），這時(shí)，它和句子的其他部分用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，試比較： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer

12、written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister., 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，所表示的動(dòng)作不能先于謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作，也不可以表示將來(lái)。另外，一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語(yǔ)，所以，下列句子都是錯(cuò)的： Those having finished their work can go home now. (應(yīng)改為who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left f

13、or Shenzhen this morning. (應(yīng)改為who gave us) 系動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語(yǔ)，此時(shí)要用從句來(lái)表示，如： Those being busy dont have to go. (應(yīng)改為Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (應(yīng)改為who is) 不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不可用作后置定語(yǔ)，若要表示這個(gè)意思要用從句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion.

14、 (應(yīng)改為which/that died),3作狀語(yǔ)： 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示陪襯性的動(dòng)作或伴隨情況，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. 注意：a. 分詞表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作；b. 分詞表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作（或狀態(tài)）是同時(shí)發(fā)生的；c. 分詞表示的是比較次要的動(dòng)作，對(duì)謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)加以說(shuō)明；d. 大部分放在謂

15、語(yǔ)之后；e. 分詞有時(shí)可以與句子的其他部分用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示行為方式或手段（這類狀語(yǔ)可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時(shí)還可以放在句中。其他參考上述a-c），如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities., 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave the

16、m a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital. 注：如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to w

17、rite another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 現(xiàn)在分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（相當(dāng)于 when 引導(dǎo)的從句），如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.,注：這里分詞表示的是一個(gè)極短暫的動(dòng)作，這動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一般放在句首。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的，多用 when 或 while + 分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如： Be c

18、areful when crossing the street. Dont mention this while talking to him. 注：如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，分詞的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，這個(gè)分詞要用完成形式，如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction., 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)還可以表示結(jié)果、條件和讓步，如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving

19、 her with five children. (結(jié)果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (條件) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (讓步), 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，可以修飾謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或

20、情況，如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)表示原因（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句），如： The children, exhaus

21、ted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted), 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間（相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句）和條件（相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句），如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen from the hill, the park lo

22、oks very beautiful. 注：過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面有時(shí)可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等連詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是一種省略的狀語(yǔ)從句（省略部分多為 “主語(yǔ) + be 的多種形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)相同，如： If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until sp

23、oken to.,4作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laughing. 注：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作過(guò)程。 過(guò)去分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如： He watched the TV set carried out of the r

24、oom. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended. 注：過(guò)去分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作完成結(jié)果，并有被動(dòng)意義。, 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，與賓語(yǔ)有著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一般為賓語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作；過(guò)去分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，與賓語(yǔ)有著動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，賓語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，如： He saw an old man getting on the bus. An old

25、man was getting on the bus. I once heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once sung in Japanese. I dont want the children taken out in such weather. The children were taken out in such weather. 以上句子可以變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，與謂語(yǔ)一起稱為“復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)”，如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She wa

26、s never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken., 有些動(dòng)詞既可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，有些動(dòng)詞只能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，這些動(dòng)詞是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等，例如： She caught her son smoking a cigarette. Wed better keep the fire burning. The heavy

27、rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remember him ever saying anything like that. We must try to stop them getting into trouble. His words started me thinking seriously. Can you smell something burning? The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground.,現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式和被動(dòng)形式, 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形

28、式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中，表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，如： Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai. 注：在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式，如： His comrades having all left for the front, he didnt want to stay in the rear., 在表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，如果這個(gè)動(dòng)作是現(xiàn)刻正在進(jìn)行的，或是與謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作

29、同時(shí)發(fā)生的，就可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式。這種形式可以作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如： That building being repaired is our library. （定語(yǔ)） He asked who was the man being operated on. （定語(yǔ)） Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)） As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)） Being asked to give a performance,

30、she couldnt very well refuse.（狀語(yǔ)） Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （狀語(yǔ)）, 有時(shí)還有完成被動(dòng)形式，如： Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?,在用分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致, 但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ), 這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為:,獨(dú) 立 結(jié) 構(gòu),獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示伴隨動(dòng)作或情況, 表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等, 例如： 1. He r

31、ushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴隨情況) 2.The shower being over, we continued to march. (時(shí)間) 3.So many students being late, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) 4.Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (條件) 5.All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yo

32、urs. 6.The job done, we went home. 7.The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.,一、動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，形式為v+ing，與現(xiàn)在分詞同形。 基本形式：,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,A. 動(dòng)名詞的特點(diǎn)：兼具名詞和動(dòng)詞的特征。 1. 動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞特征：動(dòng)名詞可以有賓語(yǔ)，可以用狀語(yǔ)修飾 （1）帶賓語(yǔ) a. He avoided giving us a definite answer. 動(dòng)名詞giving后有雙賓語(yǔ)。 b. The doctor advised taking exercise. 動(dòng)名

33、詞taking后有賓語(yǔ)exercise. （2）用狀語(yǔ)修飾 a. I enjoy working with you. with you 是狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)名詞working b. She doesnt allow smoking in her house. in her house 是狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)名詞smoking,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,2. 動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征即其語(yǔ)法功能：在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。 1）作主語(yǔ) a. Smoking may cause cancer. b. Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just

34、graduated. c. Its nice talking to you. It 是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)talking to you d. Its a waste of time arguing about it.,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,（2）作表語(yǔ) a. The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. b. His greatest interest in life is traveling. （3）作賓語(yǔ) a. Would you mind not using your mobile phone in

35、 the meeting room? b. Your shoes need polishing(擦一擦). c. Are you interesting in going to the show(演出)？ d. Im proud of having a friend like you.,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,以下動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 贊賞，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避開(kāi) imagine 想象 miss 錯(cuò)過(guò) practice 練習(xí) delay 耽擱 mind 介意 consider 考慮 postpone 推遲 enjoy 享受 risk

36、 冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn) suggest 建議,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,B. 動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)式 表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)。,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,B. 動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)式 完成時(shí) a. He regrets having wasted so much time when he was young. 年輕時(shí)浪費(fèi)了那么多時(shí)間，他現(xiàn)在很后悔。 b. He apologized for not having kept his promise. 他對(duì)于沒(méi)有遵守諾言表示歉意。 被動(dòng)式 c. He dislikes being interrupted when he is

37、working. 他不喜歡在工作時(shí)被人打擾。 d. He didnt mind being left at home. 他并不介意把他留在家里。,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,C. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ) 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。 Hercomingtohelpencouragedallofus. 她來(lái)幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。 Janesbeingcarelesscausedsomuchtrouble. 簡(jiǎn)這么粗心惹來(lái)了不少麻煩。 Whatstroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughfood. 困擾他們的是食物不足。,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,C. 動(dòng)名

38、詞的邏輯主語(yǔ) 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。 Would you mind _ the computer game in your room? A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play B He forgot about _ him to attend my wifes birthday party. A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to ask B,二、不定式 不定式是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，由不定式符號(hào)to加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，多與某些動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞搭配。

39、 基本形式：,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,語(yǔ)法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 1）作主語(yǔ)不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如：To serve the people well is our duty. 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面，用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。上述句子也可改為：It is our duty to serve the people well.,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,語(yǔ)法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 1）作主語(yǔ)例如：It is our duty to help them.It will ta

40、ke you quite a long time to finish it.It is easy for us to answer this question.It is kind of you to help me. 注： 1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等： 2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,語(yǔ)法功能：不定式在句子中可

41、以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 2)作賓語(yǔ)We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.注意：如果不定式作賓語(yǔ)而又跟有補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，這時(shí)，通常要用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將不定式放到補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面去。 例如：他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,以下動(dòng)詞只能跟不定式作賓語(yǔ) afford 花費(fèi)得起，提供 appear 好像 happen 碰巧 arrange 安排 hope 希望 a

42、ttempt 試圖 intended 企圖 decided 決定 learn 學(xué)會(huì) plan 計(jì)劃 expect 期望 offer 打算 pretend 假裝 promise 答應(yīng) refuse 拒絕 fail 未能 manage 設(shè)法 fear 害怕 want 要想 wish 希望,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,語(yǔ)法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 3)作定語(yǔ)This is the best way to solve the problem. 注意：用不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它與它所修飾的詞有時(shí)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后面應(yīng)跟上必要的介詞。例如：Mary ne

43、eds a friend to play with.There is nothing to worry about.,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,語(yǔ)法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 3)作定語(yǔ)不定式作定語(yǔ)，如果與他所修飾的詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則不定式后面不能再帶賓語(yǔ)。例如：Here is a letter for you to type it.Here is a letter for you to type.The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.The smell tells the b

44、ees what kind of flowers to look for.同時(shí)要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,語(yǔ)法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 4)作狀語(yǔ)In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard.注意：不定式能夠修飾作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞，在句中作狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)不定式不能再帶賓語(yǔ)。例如：The water is unfit to drink.錯(cuò)誤：The water is unfit to drink it.They found Mr.Jones lec

45、ture hard to understand.錯(cuò)誤： They found Mr.Jones lecture hard to understand it.同時(shí)要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,語(yǔ)法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 4)作狀語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)一致。 例如：To save money， we took the bus instead of plane. To save money， the bus was taken instead of plane.,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式,語(yǔ)法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 4)作賓補(bǔ) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的不定式（do）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 1）感官動(dòng)詞：see, watch, notice , look at, hear, lis