英語語言學(xué)樹型圖

1、樹形圖詳細(xì)講解1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left.Det A N Qual Vb) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det Nc) The snow might have blocked the road.d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A2. The following phrases incl

2、ude a head, a plement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) full of peopleAPAPNfullofpeopleb) a story about a sentimental girlNPNPPPDetNPNPDetANa story about a sentimental girlc) often read detective storiesVPQualVNPANoftenread detective storiesd) the argument against the

3、 proposalsNPNPPPDetNPNPDetNthe argument against the proposalse) move towards the windowVPVPPPDet Nmovetowards the window3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.a) The jet landed. InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetNPstVThejetlandedb) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S)NP InflVPNPst VAPDegAMa

4、rybecame veryillc) What will you talk about?CPNPCSNInflNP Infl VPVPNPVPNWhatwillyou e talk about ed) The apple might hit the man.SNPDetTheORNPDetTheVPNAuxVNPDetNapplemight hit theInflP(=S)InflVPNVNPDetNapplemight hit themanmane) He often reads detective stories.SNPVPNQualVNPANHeoftenreads etective s

5、toriesORInflP(=S)NPInflVPPresNQualVNPANHeoftenreads etective stories4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetAN Pst VNPDe

6、tANA frightened passenger landed the crippled airplaneb) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetAN Pst VPPPNPDetANAhugemoonhung inthe blackskyc) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetAN Pst VPPP NPDetNAn unusual event occurred before themeetingd) A quaint

7、old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANP Pst VPPANPNPDetANA quaint old house appeared on the grassyhill5. The followingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Draw a treestructurefor each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S)NPVPNAuxVNPDetANPN

8、CON NJimhaswashedthe dirty shirts andpantsORInflP(=S)NPVPNInflVNPDetANPN CON NJimhaswashedthe dirty shirts andpantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNPVPNVPCONVPVPNPVAdvVPDetNHelen putonher clothes andwentoutORInflP(=S)NPNPstVPVPInflVPNPDetVPCONNVPVAdvHelen putonher clothes andwentoutc) Mary

9、 is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNPVPNVPCONVPVPNPVPNPV APNVAPNMary is fond of literaturebut(is) tired of statisticsORInflP(=S)NPInflVPNPresVPVPNPV APNMary is fond of literatureCONVbutVPVPNPAPN(is) tired of statisticsd) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.SSCONSNPVPNP

10、VPDetNVAdvDet ANVAdvThe detectivewent out and the mysterious man came ine) Crusoe knows that spring will e and the snow will melt.SNPVPCPNVCSSCONSNPVPNPVPNAuxVDet NAuxVCrusoeknowsthatspringwilleand the snowwill melt6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as plements of

11、a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNPNVPCPVCSNPVPNVNPNYouknow thatIhatewarORCPCInflP(=S)NPInflNPresVPCPVCSNPVPNVNPNYouknow thatIhatewarb) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.SNPVPCPNVCSNPNV CVPCPSNPVPDet N

12、VL AHesaidthat Tom asked whether the class was overc) Gerry can t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNPVPNVPAux NegVNPCPNPCSDetNNPVPNVNPDet A NGerrycannot believethefact thatAnna flunked theEnglish examd) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNPVPNVLCPA CSNPVPDe

13、t NV NP NPNDet NChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Roycee) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SDetNPNVPVPCPCSVPNPVPNVNPNThe childrenargued over whether batshadwings7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure tre

14、es for each of the sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was too long. Deep structureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVAPCSDegPNPInflVPNVNPNTheessayhewrote thatwasSurface StructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVAPCSDegPNPNPInflVPNNPstVNPtoolongNTheessay that hewrote ewastoolongb) The dog that he keeps bites. Deep structureCPCSNPDetNCP

15、CInflSPres NPVPNVNPVPVNThedoghekeepsthatSurface StructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPCSNPNPInflVPNN Pres VNPNThedog thathekeepseVbitesbitesc) Herbert found the man she loved. Deep structureCPCSNPVPNInflVNPCPHerbertDetNCSNPInfl VPNPNVNfoundthemanshelovedwhoSurface StructureCPCNPNInflHerbertSVPVNPCPDetNSCNPInfl VPN

16、PNVNfound theman (whom)NPNsheloveded) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. Deep structureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVPPPNPCInflSNNPVPPPNQualVPNPVPNThegirlheoften quarrels with whom majors inlinguisticsSurface StructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVPPPNPCSNNPNPNNInflVPPPQualVPNPVPNThegirlwhomheoftenquarre

17、lswithemajorsinlinguistics8. The derivationsof the followingsentencesinvolvethe inversiontransformation.Give the deep structureand the surfacestructuretreesforeach of these sentences.a) Would you e tomorrow?Deep structureCPCSVPNPAdvPNInflVAdvyouwouldetomorrowSurface structureCPCSVPNPAdvPInflNInflVAd

18、vwouldyoueetomorrowb) Can you pass me the newspaper? Deep structureCPCSVPNPNPNPNInflVNDetNyoucanpassmethenewspaperSurface structureCPCSVPInflNPNPNPNInflVNDetNCanyouepassmethenewspaperc) Should the students report the incident? Deep structureCPCSVPDetNPNInflVNPDetNthestudentsshouldreportSurface structureCPthe