大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文筆記(陳萍教授歸納)

理論篇一、前言(一)最新作文得分統(tǒng)計(jì)：四級(jí)新題型考試后，一項(xiàng)內(nèi)部閱卷統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示考生作文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得分36分下為30%，36分63分為40%，63分85分為20%，85分以上為10%。70%的考生得分為63 以下。（二）寫作中應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題1. 長(zhǎng)度問(wèn)題： 四級(jí)作文一般120150詞為宜： 第一部分34句； 第二部分68句 第三部分34句2. 格式問(wèn)題 3 結(jié)構(gòu)正確 4.卷面整潔5.字體工整 6. 語(yǔ)法無(wú)誤 7. 中心（句）突出8. 內(nèi)容完整（三）四級(jí)寫作中語(yǔ)言重于內(nèi)容：1. 詞匯方面： 拼寫錯(cuò)誤（分可原諒錯(cuò)誤-難詞和不可原諒錯(cuò)誤-簡(jiǎn)單詞）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單：主要表現(xiàn)在用詞單一；時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)單一2. 句子方面：語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤： 主謂不一致； 時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題； 語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題 句型單一3. 篇章方面： 常用三段式 三個(gè)主題句 有閃光點(diǎn) 瘋狂使用定語(yǔ)從句二、高分作文的要素1、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。2、語(yǔ)言豐富。3、內(nèi)容充實(shí)。4.出現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)：遣詞造句要地道 開頭結(jié)尾破常規(guī) 適當(dāng)應(yīng)用修辭法 恰當(dāng)使用警言句三、四級(jí)寫作過(guò)程()前寫作階段：審題、列提綱（前35分鐘）1第一步：解決文章內(nèi)容問(wèn)題：讀懂考題，劃出考題要點(diǎn)第二步：解決文章結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題：依據(jù)要點(diǎn)，打開思路例1、中心思想 interview is good分論點(diǎn)interview forces us to study harder(第一方) interview is good to employer company(第二方對(duì)方) interview is good to society(第三方)第三步帥選出最佳寫作思路，從多個(gè)角度考慮一個(gè)相同的問(wèn)題：第一方-己方；第二方對(duì)方；第三方 2（二）寫作階段：1任務(wù)： 解決文章語(yǔ)言問(wèn)題（6th30th 分鐘）2 成功語(yǔ)言體現(xiàn)的幾個(gè)方面：(1) 長(zhǎng)句、短句錯(cuò)落有致 (2) 倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)適當(dāng)穿插(3) 主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)合理應(yīng)用 (4) 比較結(jié)構(gòu)巧妙應(yīng)用3 選擇的適切性(1) 考慮讀者與作者的關(guān)系（寫給朋友與公司是不能用同一種方法來(lái)寫）(2) 語(yǔ)言的正式程度（幼兒與成人、口語(yǔ)與書面語(yǔ)不同）四 四級(jí)考試作文的結(jié)構(gòu)要求1引言段：表明文章話題，吸引讀者興趣，暗示正文內(nèi)容用數(shù)字：e.g.: Nowadays tens of thousands university students are graduated from school, and they all want to be successful in this modern world.用問(wèn)題e.g.: Do you know any university students who do not want to succeed in the society? What does it take for them to succeed in the modern society?用引語(yǔ)e.g.: Success comes not only from perspiration and inspiration, but also from sati factory performance in interview. commented Dr Kenly in his book.開門見山式e.g.: In the modern society, almost all university students look forward to success駁論式（推薦使用：先說(shuō)錯(cuò)的，后說(shuō)對(duì)的，然后解釋為什么）e.g.: As the modem society puts more emphasis on personal difference and personal values, it provides more opportunities for students to seek success. However, the fact is that not everyone can succeed. Success calls for certain opportunities, but more importantly, it calls for many personal qualities.2 正文段的寫法(1)第一部分： 本段主題句(2)第二部分： 三組支持的論據(jù)(以下R=理由)： R1 + R2 + Example2 + R3 R1+ Example1；R2 + Example2； R3 + Example3(3)第三部分：簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)本段內(nèi)容3 結(jié)論段的寫法：(1)總結(jié)的寫法： 簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)前文內(nèi)容(2)評(píng)論的寫法： 自己的觀點(diǎn)實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇一、四級(jí)寫作構(gòu)思文章（一）確保文章內(nèi)容正確（二）確保文章內(nèi)容充實(shí)1 expert testimony 專家證言（不一定專家與證言對(duì)號(hào)）2 statistics 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)計(jì)法（不要老用very, 數(shù)據(jù)不一定正確，但要真是、合理、適中）3 example 舉例法 權(quán)威事例身邊事例（For example, Here is an example, I got from sb./sth.+定語(yǔ)從句，which works quite well in this case）舉例萬(wàn)能公式： if + if not + so-增加文章長(zhǎng)度 所舉事例必須是積極而非消極的4 personal experience 個(gè)人經(jīng)歷（謝積極經(jīng)歷而非消極經(jīng)歷）e.g： 如果有電腦，我就玩游戲；如果沒(méi)電腦，我就認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)，所以電腦不好。改為：如果有電腦，他們就天天玩游戲，沒(méi)人和我一起學(xué)英語(yǔ)。5 logic and reasoning 邏輯推理法 why (分析問(wèn)題段)： R1; R2 + E; R3. 或 R1 +權(quán)威事例； R2+ 身邊事例 How （解決問(wèn)題段） 宏觀觀點(diǎn)+ 他人觀點(diǎn) + 自己觀點(diǎn)6 known facts 常識(shí)法7 analogy 類比法二 四級(jí)作文常用句式：1 there be 結(jié)構(gòu): 時(shí)態(tài)變化 單復(fù)數(shù)變化（就近原則）(1) be動(dòng)詞變化There is（was） a concert last night. There are(is an ) English book, a dictionary and some(+other ) books on the desk.(2) There are many people (+who ) like to go to movies. There were many friends (+who )visited our school.2否定結(jié)構(gòu)(1)詞的否定： need 和 have 的否定: neednt / havent dont need to/ dont have to have no (2) 否定轉(zhuǎn)移 ：與思維、大腦有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞需要用否定轉(zhuǎn)移(3) 部分否定： 指all, both, every與not 構(gòu)成的成分 I dont(x) remember (not) all the details.全部否定： 指肯定式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+ 否定意義的詞（rare, scare, seldom, never, neither, none, hardly, barely）I have never seen such things before.(4) 雙重否定： 其功能表肯定 加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣She is too sensitive not to notice that.(5)具有否定意義的短語(yǔ)：by no means （句中） in no way （句尾）in no wise （句尾） on no account （句首，且倒裝）eg: The problems are by no means difficult to solve. On no account are you to cheat in the coming exams. The situation is serious in no wise.(=is not serious)(6) 常用于否定的詞組：at all by many meansin any way in the leasteg: I am not tired in the least. (7)含有否定詞不含否定意義: cant but do sth.; cant help doing不含否定詞但否定意義 ：free， fail to do, lack, short 3 比較結(jié)構(gòu)eg: The climate in Shengyang is colder than (+that in )other cities. Comparing ( Compared )with cars, train runs much faster.(1) 同級(jí)比較我叔叔和你父親一樣高。這個(gè)杯子里的水和那個(gè)杯子里的水一樣多。你的帽子和我的帽子一樣。(2) 比較級(jí)和英語(yǔ)相比我更擅長(zhǎng)物理。(3) 固定句型：A：“越越”他越忙越感到快樂(lè)。你越努力取得的進(jìn)步越大。B：句子主要成分+比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)假期航班越來(lái)越不貴了。在這上面花的時(shí)間越來(lái)越多。C：句子的主要成分+the+比較級(jí)+of the two這是兩個(gè)問(wèn)題中比較簡(jiǎn)單的一個(gè)。D：句子成分+more than+ He is more than a singer; he is a famous composer.A science is more than a large amount of information on some subject.-I am more than sad to hear that.-More than 70% of people are man.(4) 選擇比較：與其說(shuō)他聰明，不如說(shuō)他幸運(yùn)。在春節(jié)，人們寧愿在家一起看電視，也不要出去旅游。4. 因果結(jié)構(gòu)（1）原因類My secretary didnt attend the meeting because he was ill.I wont tell you about it since youve not interested.We went without him as he wasnt ready in time.-In that he is very busy, he feels unable to do it.-She didnt get the job on the ground that she was young.-Not that I dont like the novel, but that I have no time for it.(2)結(jié)果類Everyone work hard, so that the work was finished ahead of achedule.-I was asleep, with the result that I didnt heat the telephone.-He studied hard, so he passed the exam.(3) 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)前因后果 : lead to, contribute to前果后因: credit to, attribute to混合因果: be bound up with, be associated with, 5 目的結(jié)構(gòu): with the purpose of 我們采取這樣的措施是為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。.為了使每個(gè)人都理解，請(qǐng)大聲的把它說(shuō)出來(lái)。我記下他的地址，以免忘記。他打他兒子的電話好讓他聽他的話。6 條件結(jié)構(gòu)：如果不努力學(xué)習(xí)是永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)成功的。如果措施可以及時(shí)采取的話，問(wèn)題就會(huì)被解決的。7 并列結(jié)構(gòu): Winter had gone and spring is here.Not only is he himself interested in the subject but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it. We had to cope with the action from the enemy as well as the shortage of food, clothing , and almost everything.8 It 句型結(jié)構(gòu)(1) lt+be+名詞/形容詞 +(for+名詞/代詞) + 動(dòng)詞不定式 Nice , difficult, interesting, essential, important, easy, hard, possible, useful, lovely, wonderful, pleasant 等。保護(hù)環(huán)境是我們的責(zé)任。我來(lái)參加這個(gè)演講是很榮幸的。(2) It+be+形容詞 +of+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式Foolish, good, kind, nice, polite, rude, wise, wrong, modest, considerate, bold, generous, selfish, careful 等。她連母親的生日都忘記了，實(shí)在是太粗心了。-你們考慮真周到，為我們做好一切必要的準(zhǔn)備。.(3) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句It+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that I hope people can realize the urgency to solve this problem as soon as possible, (陳述句) I do hope people can realize the urgency to solve this problem as soon as possible, (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)9 簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句的轉(zhuǎn)換(1) 簡(jiǎn)單句的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ) Jim laughs. 主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ) Mary looks ill. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ) The girl likes ice cre