英語B級考試必備.doc

I. Listening Comprehension （聽力理解）一、概述高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力B級考試聽力理解內(nèi)容以日常交際和簡單的業(yè)務(wù)交際為主。日常交際包括課堂交流和日常交流（介紹、問候、感謝、致歉、道別、天氣、學(xué)習(xí)、指路、愛好、飲食、健康等）。業(yè)務(wù)交際主要是指一般涉外活動（歡迎、送別、安排日程與活動、安排住宿、宴請、陪同購物、游覽、就診等）。詞匯屬于基本要求范圍。以每分鐘100詞左右的語速，通過三種題型來檢測學(xué)生是否掌握了一般的課堂交流技能，是否能夠在日常生活和涉外業(yè)務(wù)活動中進(jìn)行簡單的交流。二、題型介紹Section A：問答題或完成對話。此部分共5道題，要求考生根據(jù)錄音中一個英語問句或短句，從試卷上給出的四個選項中找出最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鹁?，以完成場景中的短小交際。錄音播放兩遍。Section B：對話理解題。此部分共5組簡短的對話，對話之后提出問題，要求考生在理解對話內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上從四個選項中選出最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢?。錄音播放兩遍。Section C：短文填空題。此部分通常為一段100詞左右的語段，其中有5個單詞或詞組空著，要求考生根據(jù)錄音將語段填寫完整。錄音播放三遍。三、專項指導(dǎo)（一）Section A問答題或完成對話Section A的內(nèi)容包括詢問時間、意見或建議，詢問健康、學(xué)習(xí)、工作等情況，還包括請求幫助以及日常生活中的吃飯、購物、打電話等場景的內(nèi)容。其問句形式主要是疑問句：一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句和附加疑問句。一般疑問句多以系動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞開始，通常用“Yes”或“No”回答。如：Are you going to buy a new bike?Yes, I am.特殊疑問句是用疑問詞提問，如who, whom, what, which, where, when, why, how等。如：When can I take my winter vocation?After January.選擇疑問句是說話人對問題提出兩個或兩個以上的答案供對方選擇的問句?；卮饡r不用“Yes”或“No”，只需選擇其中一個。如：Which do you like, tea or coffee?Tea, please.附加疑問句表示說話人對自己提出的想法和情況較有把握，或者問話的目的只是希望得到對方的贊同，通常用“Yes”或“No”來回答。如：The clock is slow, isnt it?Yes, it is.（二）Section B：對話理解題Section B 的內(nèi)容一般以日常交際為主，話題主要是介紹、問候、感謝、問路、天氣、學(xué)習(xí)、愛好、健康等。其問題涉及的類型主要是：事實細(xì)節(jié)題、判斷推理題、時間數(shù)字題、地點場景題、身份關(guān)系題。事實細(xì)節(jié)題是直接就對話內(nèi)容提問，答案一般很明顯，考生只需聽清題目就可選對。如：M：Can you stay for dinner?W：Id love to. But I have to go to meet a friend at the airport.Q：Whats the woman going to do?A) Attend a meeting. B) Hold a party.C) Take an interview. D) Meet a friend.分析：正確答案為D。對話中男士問“你能留下來吃晚飯嗎？”女士回答“我很想留下，但是我還得去機場接一個朋友?！眴栴}是“女士要去做什么？”D選項意為“見一個朋友”與對話內(nèi)容相符，所以正確答案為D。判斷推理題要求考生能根據(jù)談話內(nèi)容，結(jié)合語境及說話的特點和語調(diào)等進(jìn)行推理和判斷，得出正確答案。考生要注意積累一些常見的習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式，根據(jù)說話人的用語、語氣及語用含義來正確理解并作出判斷。如：W: Jack is ill. Youd better call the doctor.M: Sure. Ill do it right away.Q: What will the man probably do?A) Look for Jack. B) Buy some medicine.C) Call for a doctor. D) Send Jack to school.分析：正確答案為C。對話中女士說“杰克病了，你最好打電話叫個醫(yī)生?！?男士回答“好，我馬上就去?！眴栴}是“這位男士可能會做什么？” C選項意為“打電話叫醫(yī)生”與對話內(nèi)容相符，所以正確答案為C。本題型對話涉及面廣，提問形式多種多樣，常見的句式有：What are they talking about?What does the woman ask the man to do?What can we learn from the dialogue?What will the man/woman probably do?What does the man/woman think of ?What does the man/woman mean?時間數(shù)字題主要考查考生對數(shù)字和時間的聽力理解。對話中可能出現(xiàn)幾個數(shù)字或時間，選項中也會出現(xiàn)多個數(shù)字或時間作為干擾，該部分要求考生能進(jìn)行簡單的時間數(shù)字計算。如：M: These cups look nice. How much are they?W: They are 10 dollars each.Q: How much will the man pay if he buys two cups?A) $ 5. B) $ 10. C) $ 15. D) $ 20.分析：正確答案為D。對話中男士問“這些杯子看起來不錯，多少錢？”女士回答“每個10美元?！眴栴}是“如果這位男士買二個杯子，他要付多少錢？”D選項意為“20美元”與對話內(nèi)容相符，所以正確答案為D。地點場景題要求考生根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容判斷對話發(fā)生的地點或說話者所處的場所。對話中一般會出現(xiàn)一些明顯的表示地點的詞匯或短語。如：W: Would you like to see the menu, sir?M: Oh yes, what is todays special food?Q: What does this conversation most probably take place?A) In a restaurant. B) In a post office.C) At a railway station. D) At the airport.分析：正確答案為A。對話中女士問“先生，要看菜單嗎？” 男士回答“好的，今天的特色菜是什么？”問題是“這段對話可能發(fā)生在什么地方？” 因為對話中出現(xiàn)了the menu （菜單），可推斷出這是服務(wù)生和顧客之間的對話，A選項意為“在飯店”與對話內(nèi)容相符，所以正確答案為A。以下是不同場景常用語：In a shopHow much is this coat?What color do you like?What size do you want?Can I try this on?Ok, Ill take it.In a hotelHow many nights would you like to stay?What kind of room would you like, a single one or a double one?Id like to have a morning call at 5:00 a. m. tomorrow.Id like to check out this afternoon.Good morning. Id like to book a room.In a restaurantMay I take you order now?Are you ready to order?Can we have the bill, please?Do you want anything to drink?What kind of wine do you want, red or white?At the bankDo you want to open a current account or a fixed account?Whats the exchange rate?I want to open an account.I want to withdraw 100 dollars.I want to cash this check into RMB.At the post officeIm going to send this letter/parcel to Paris.How do you want to send it?How much is the postage for a special delivery?Im going to send this parcel by air mail.Heres the postal order. Please fill it out.身份關(guān)系題考查考生通過對話內(nèi)容推測說話者職業(yè)、身份或說話者之間關(guān)系的能力。如：W: Whats wrong with me, doctor?M: Just a cold, nothing serious.Q: Whats the probable relationship between the two speakers?A) Husband and wife. B) Teacher and student.C) Patient and doctor. D) Manager and secretary.分析：正確答案為A。對話中女士說“醫(yī)生，我有什么問題嗎？” 男士回答“只是感冒，沒什么嚴(yán)重的”問題是“這兩個說話人可能是什么關(guān)系？” A選項意為“醫(yī)患關(guān)系”與對話內(nèi)容相符，所以正確答案為A。考生需要掌握不同場景或職業(yè)以及說話關(guān)系不同時常使用的關(guān)鍵詞：In a shop: how much, size, style, colorIn a clinic: Whats wrong? Whats the matter? How do you feel? Medicine, pillIn a restaurant: order, table, service, food, menuAt the airport: flight, land, take off（三）Section C：短文填空題Section C首先，了解短文的大致意思，注意要求填入的單詞或詞組所在句子的意思；其次，了解全文的主要時態(tài)；再次，判斷空格部分在句子中所作成分，了解要求填入單詞或詞組的詞性（動詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞）。另外，如果填入的是動詞，要注意前面名詞的數(shù)（單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)）、動詞本身的時態(tài)（過去時、現(xiàn)在時、將來時）和語態(tài)（主動語態(tài)、被動語態(tài)）。如果填入的是名詞，應(yīng)該弄清楚是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞，通過上下文確定用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如果是形容詞或副詞，要注意前后是否有要求用比較級的標(biāo)志性的詞，如“than”?？忌⒁庹莆湛季V中五個字母以上的單詞。II. Vocabulary and Structure (詞匯與語法結(jié)構(gòu))一、概述高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力B級考試中的詞匯與語法結(jié)構(gòu)部分是測試考生運用語法知識的能力。測試范圍包括高職高專教育英語課程教學(xué)基本要求（簡稱基本要求中的“詞匯表”和“語法結(jié)構(gòu)表”所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容。語法結(jié)構(gòu)部分共有20小題，占總測試比重的15%，由Section A和Section B兩部分組成，各有10題，總測試時間約為15分鐘。Section A 部分為單項選擇題，要求從每題的4個選項中選出一個最佳的答案，占總分值的5%；Section B部分要求根據(jù)所給的句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，寫出括號里所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式。測試內(nèi)容包括句法結(jié)構(gòu)、詞法、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等，占總分值的10%。二、題型介紹A、詞匯（Vocabulary）根據(jù)基本要求基本要求，參加高等學(xué)校應(yīng)用應(yīng)用能力B級考試的考試須“認(rèn)知2500個英語單詞（包括入學(xué)時要求掌握的1000個單詞）以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組，對其中1500個左右的單詞能正確拼讀拼寫，英漢互譯”。由此可見，雖然詞匯題在考試中所占比重較小，但是測試的范圍卻很廣，主要考試學(xué)生對詞匯綜合運用能力。既有對詞義的辨析，又有對詞形的轉(zhuǎn)換，考試的題型包括選擇題和填空題。例如：1. The house was sold for $ 60, 000, which was far more than its real . A. money B. payment C. value D. profit【正確答案】C【參考譯文】這座房子賣了6萬美元，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了它的實際價值。本題主要是考查考生對money（金錢，貨幣），payment（付款，支付，報酬，償還），value（價值，估價，評價，價格），profit（利潤，益處，得益）四個單詞的詞義辨析，根據(jù)句子的意思，C是最佳選項。2. The fast (develop) of the local economy has caused serious water pollution in this region.【正確答案】development【參考譯文】當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展造成了嚴(yán)重的水污染。本題考查詞形的轉(zhuǎn)換。該空格前有定冠詞和形容詞，而定冠詞和形容詞只能用在名詞和相當(dāng)于名詞的詞前面?？崭窈蟮膐f 介詞短語也應(yīng)修飾名詞性質(zhì)的中心詞。因此，此處要求把develop變成相應(yīng)地名詞development。B、語法結(jié)構(gòu)（Structure）語法結(jié)構(gòu)式高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力B級考試中的重要項目，主要是測試考生對主謂一致、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、虛擬語氣、各種從句、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、強調(diào)句型以及形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級等常用語法結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握情況。題型包括選擇題和填空題。例如：1. Life is enjoyable to people are open to new ideas.A. whose B. whom C. who D. which【正確答案】C【參考譯文】易于接受新思想的人生活會更愜意。本題側(cè)重考查定語從句關(guān)系詞的用法。此處定語從句所卻成分為主語，先行詞是people，表示人，因此關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用who，即C答案。2. David will go on holiday as soon as he (finish) the project.【正確答案】finishes【參考譯文】大衛(wèi)完成這個項目就會去度假。本題考查的是as soon as引導(dǎo)的從句與主句時態(tài)的用法。如果主句用的是一般將來時，as soon as，when等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中用一般將來時表示將來時。有此類似用法的還有if，unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。三、專項指導(dǎo)A、詞匯專項1、詞形轉(zhuǎn)換詞形轉(zhuǎn)換是指同詞根的派生詞在詞性上的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，如succeed（動詞）success（名詞）successful（形容詞）successfully（副詞）。常見的詞形轉(zhuǎn)換形式包括形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞，名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞，形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞，名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞，動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞等等。試題的形式一般以詞匯填空的形式考查學(xué)生對詞匯的實際運用以及一些常用的詞綴知識的掌握情況。例如：The small village has become (wide) known in recent years for its silk exports.【正確答案】widely【參考譯文】這個小村莊近幾年來因絲綢出口而名聲大振。分析：該空格前的become是系動詞，其后的形容詞known是表語?？崭裆系脑~應(yīng)該修飾后面的形容詞，所有空格內(nèi)應(yīng)填入副詞，將括號里的形容詞wide轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞widely。解題要點：a. 認(rèn)真閱讀題干，預(yù)測填空處所需要填入的詞義； b. 根據(jù)題干的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷出空格處填寫哪種詞性形式；c. 將所給詞轉(zhuǎn)換成適當(dāng)?shù)男问?，放入題干中根據(jù)句意和語法要求進(jìn)行檢驗，最后確定正確答案。 詞形轉(zhuǎn)換中常用的詞綴：1) 名詞后綴-er: adviser, founder, player-or: investor, editor, operator-ar: beggar, scholar, burglar-ist: scientist, artist, tourist-ee: employee, interviewee, examinee-eer: engineer, pioneer, volunteer-ess: hostess, waitress, actress-ian: musician, technician, politician-ier: cashier, soldier, premier-ant: assistant, contestant, inhabitant-man: sportsman, fireman, spokesman-ism: socialism, racism, optimism-ness: illness, sickness, coldness-(a)tion: preparation, explanation, intention-ion: discussion, decision, persuasion-ment: development, investment, advertisement-ing: building, reading, swimming-ship: friendship, hardship, relationship-hood: childhood, motherhood, boyhood-age: marriage, carriage, shortage-ty: safety, variety, anxiety-ity: reality, ability, activity-y: discovery, bravery, honesty-th: truth, health, strength-al: arrival, approval, survival-ance: acceptance, reliance, dependence-ce: difference, importance, patience2) 形容詞后綴-ful: colorful, successful, wonderful-less: careless, helpless, useless-ish: foolish, selfish, English -ive: active, attractive, effective-ous: dangerous, famous, generous-able: acceptable, comfortable, valuable-ible: possible, responsible, visible-ic: realistic, domestic, fantastic-ical: medical, logical, musical-al: critical, national, industrial-y: funny, dirty, tasty-ly: friendly, lovely, weekly-ent: dependent, different, tolerant-ary: elementary, temporary, imaginary-some: handsome, troublesome, tiresome-like: childlike, womanlike, manlike-en: golden, wooden, earthen -ed: worried, frightened, flooded-ing: interesting, boring, leading-ate: fortunate, considerate-ior: inferior, junior, superior3) 動詞后綴-ize: modernize, criticize, realize-ate: translate, delegate-en: widen, lengthen, strengthen-ify: satisfy, identify, qualify4) 副詞后綴-ly: really, wonderfully, properly-wards: forwards, downwards-wise: clockwise, otherwise5) 否定前綴un-: unhappy, unfortunate, uncomfortabledis-: dishonesty, disagree, disabledin-: informal, incorrect, invaluableim-: impolite, impossible, improperir-: irregular, irresponsibleil-: illegal, illogical2、固定搭配固定搭配的題型通常是以選擇題的形式來命題的，考查學(xué)生對大綱詞匯中的詞語固定搭配、短語意義以及用法的掌握情況。固定搭配的內(nèi)容包括a. 動詞搭配，如set up, stay away from等等；b. 名詞搭配， 如confidence in， access to等；c. 形容詞搭配，如responsible for等；d. 介詞搭配，如in addition to等。考生答題時，應(yīng)根據(jù)題目所需要補充的語義和結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容，從題干所給的四個選項中選取在意義上和語法結(jié)構(gòu)上都正確的答案。例如：I my former manager when I was on a flight to Beijing.A. ran into B. took away C. put on D. shut down【正確答案】A【參考譯文】我在去北京的航班上巧遇了以前的經(jīng)理。分析：本題考查的是動詞短語的辨析，ran into 撞上，偶遇，陷入；put on穿上，假裝； take away取走； shut down （把窗子等）關(guān)上，（使）機器等關(guān)閉，根據(jù)句子的意思選項A最為恰當(dāng)。 以下是一些?？嫉墓潭ù钆湫问剑忌鷳?yīng)注意掌握：1）動詞搭配動詞+副詞+介詞：put up with 容忍，忍受 動詞+賓語+介詞：inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 動詞+介詞+名詞：put sth. into practice 把付諸實踐2）名詞的搭配名詞+for：preparation for .的準(zhǔn)備 名詞+to：solution to 解決的方法 名詞+in：confidence in 信任 名詞+with：cooperation with 和合作3）形容詞和介詞的搭配形容詞+about：be crazy about 對瘋狂形容詞+at：be annoyed at 對煩惱形容詞+of：be afraid of 害怕形容詞+with：be familiar with 熟悉，通曉，精通4）介詞的搭配有兩個詞組成的復(fù)合介詞：except for 除外at + 名詞+of: at the end of 在末端盡頭by +名詞+of：by means of 以方式in+名詞+of：in addition to除之外in+名詞+with：in contrast with 和對比on+名詞+of：on behalf of 代表3、近義近形詞辨析在英語中存在著許多詞義相近或詞形相近的詞匯，很容易混淆，如：名詞suggestion和proposal、形容詞effective和efficient、動詞adapt和adopt、短語動詞give up和give in、介詞on和above、數(shù)量詞a little和a few等等。近義近形詞的辨析經(jīng)常以選擇題的形式出現(xiàn)，考查學(xué)生對近義近形詞語義或用法上的差異的掌握。例如:It is reported that this medicine is against lung cancer.A. economic B. easy C. expensive D. effective【正確答案】D【參考譯文】據(jù)報道，這種藥物治療肺癌很有效。分析：本題考查的是形容詞詞義的辨析，這四個單詞都是字母e開頭，但是在語義上有很大的區(qū)別，economic經(jīng)濟的，easy容易的，expensive昂貴的，effective有效的。根據(jù)句意，只有D選項是最佳答案。B、語法結(jié)構(gòu)專項1、主謂一致主謂一致是英語的一項重要語法內(nèi)容，也是B級考試必考的語法點之一。主謂一致是指謂語在人稱和數(shù)上要與主語保持一致。一般來說，主語為單數(shù)，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞也要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Both of the twin brothers ( be ) capable of doing technical work at present.分析：本題考查的是主謂一致問題。當(dāng)句子的主語有both或and 連接的兩個或兩個以上的人或物時，謂語動詞需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。又因句中的狀語是at present， 需用一般現(xiàn)在時，即are。下列是考試中常見的主謂一致現(xiàn)象：1）單個的動詞不定式、動名詞短語或名詞性從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如：Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.What you have said is wrong.2）定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)常與其先行詞保持一致。但在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句的謂語常用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而在“the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句的謂語常用單數(shù)形式。例如：He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.He is the only one of the men who was chosen to represent the group.3）當(dāng)主語后面跟有with，together with, like, except, but, as well as等介詞短語時，謂語動詞只跟這些短語前的主語保持一致。例如：Tom, as well as two of his friends, was invited to the party yesterday.分析：本句中謂語動詞與介詞短語as well as two of his friends前的主語Tom保持人稱和數(shù)的方面一致，因此謂語動詞的形式是一般過去時的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。4）由or，eitheror, neither nor, not onlybut also等連接并列主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)通常遵循“就近原則”，即謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式依據(jù)最接近它的主語而定。例如：Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.在there be 句型中主語是一系列事物時,謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致.例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.5) many a或more than one加名詞作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。例如：Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.More than one student has passed the examination.7) 分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)要與of后面的名詞保持一致。例如：Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war. (謂語動詞was與of后面的名詞the city保持?jǐn)?shù)方面的一致)Two-thirds of the people are against the war.(謂語動詞are與of后面的名詞the people保持?jǐn)?shù)方面的一致)8) and連接的兩個名詞作主語，如果是指同一個 人或事件，而且and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。例如：The bread and butter is served for breakfast.9) 代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語,或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數(shù).例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch.I hope everything goes well.2、時態(tài)時態(tài)的測試重點是一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時、將來完成時、過去完成時等。確定時態(tài)的依據(jù)是時間狀語和句子的意義。例如：By this time next year my family (live) in this small town for 20 years.【正確答案】will have lived【參考譯文】到明年的這個時候，我家已在這個小鎮(zhèn)上生活了整整20年。分析: 本題考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)。for +一段時間，by the time 等常與完成時連用，live為延續(xù)性動詞，而next year 為將來時間，所以空格處可使用將來完成時即will have lived。I at 130 kilometers per hour when the policeman stopped me.A. had driven B. have driven C. drive D. was driving【正確答案】D【參考譯文】當(dāng)警察攔下我時，我正以每小時130公里的速度疾駛。分析：本題考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)。本題中when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞發(fā)生時，主句表示動作正在進(jìn)行，故主句時態(tài)應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時；動作發(fā)生在過去，故此處應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時。1）一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，在描述客觀事實或普遍真理。謂語動詞形式：當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，需在動詞詞尾加-s或-es；當(dāng)主語為第一二人稱單復(fù)數(shù)，動詞與原形同形。動詞be現(xiàn)在時的變化：主語為第三人單數(shù)使用is，第一人稱單數(shù)使用am，其余使用are。動詞have的現(xiàn)在時變化：主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時使用has，其余使用have例如：We often go to school at 7:30 in the morning.She never wears a hat in winter.The knowledge comes from practice. 時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時。例如：We will go if the weather stays fine.I will write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.2）一般過去時一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作以及過去的狀態(tài)。常與過去的時間狀語連用如yesterday, last year, two days ago 等等。謂語動詞的形式：a. 動詞be：第一人稱單數(shù)和第三人稱單數(shù)用was，其余人稱一律用were；b. 動詞have：不分人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)一律用had；c. 其他行為動詞：規(guī)則變化動詞加-(e)d，不規(guī)則變化動詞的過去式例如：Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday.They got married last year.有since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句通常用一般過去時。例如：You have change much since we met last time. 根據(jù)時態(tài)一致的原則使用過去時。例如：They told me that the rats were a real problem around here.3）一般將來時一般將來時表示將來某一刻的動作或狀態(tài)，或?qū)砟骋粫r間內(nèi)經(jīng)常的動作或狀態(tài)。謂語動詞形式：will或shall + 動詞原形例如：We will come to see you tomorrow. 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況，還有其他的一些表示法。如：a. be going to do表示最近打算要做的事、即將發(fā)生或肯定要發(fā)生的事情：What are you going to do this evening?b. be to do表示按約定預(yù)期要發(fā)生的事情：We are to meet at the parking lot.c. be about to do 表示即刻要發(fā)生的事情，但是不能與確定的時間狀語連用：We are about to leave.4）現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時表示a. 動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，但對現(xiàn)在有影響; b. 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能還要繼續(xù)下去)。謂語動詞形式：has/ have + 過去分詞例如：We have set up many new factories in this area. （表示動作發(fā)生在過去對現(xiàn)在有影響）I havent watched any television so far this week.（so far表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時間的狀語，需用現(xiàn)在完成時） 常與時間狀語recently, so far, up to now, yet, lately, already以及for，since引出的短語。 在 It (This) is the first/second/third/time that 結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句中的謂語動詞需要用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：It is the first time that I have heard about this famous scientist.5）過去完成時過去完成時表示過去的過去，過去某時刻以前發(fā)生和完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用由by, before等介詞或連詞引起的表示過去某一時間為止的時間狀語?；蛘咴趖hought，heard等動詞后的賓語從句，一般用過去完成時。謂語動詞形式：had +過去分詞例如：By the end of last term we had learned 1200 new words. （by the end 與過去某一時間連用要用過去完成時）When I got to the cinema, the film had already started.The policeman stopped the driver and found that he had drunk alcohol. 在no sooner than hardly / scarcely when （ “一 就 ”）結(jié)構(gòu)中，前半部分用過去完成時，后半部分與一般過去時連用。 如：I had no sooner sat down than the telephone rang.此外。該結(jié)構(gòu)若把no sooner，hardly，scarcely 等詞放在句首，會引起部分倒裝，助動詞had放在主語的前面。例如：No sooner had I sat down than the telephone rang.6) 將來完成時將來完成時表示在未來某一時刻前已完成或發(fā)生的動作而對所說的將來時間點仍有影響。謂語動詞形式：shall / will + have + 過去分詞例如：I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.3、語態(tài)語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，它表示主語和謂語之間的行為關(guān)系。根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系，可將動詞分為兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。當(dāng)主語是動作的承受者的時候，句子用被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞形式是be + 過去分詞。其中be隨主語的人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的不同而變化，如果句子中已有情態(tài)動詞，謂語就用be + 過去分詞。被動語態(tài)的八種時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時：is done一般過去時：was done一般將來時：will be done過去將來時：would be done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：is being done過去進(jìn)行時：was being done現(xiàn)在完成時：have been done過去完成時：had been done例如：You are offered a new job abroad.Many lives were lost in the earthquake.If you smoke in this non-smoking area, you will be fined $ 50.The news is being reported on TV.He was being followed at that time.Measures have been taken to deal with the problem.The work had been finished before he arrived.4、非謂語動詞在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式（the Infinitive）；動名詞（the Gerund）；現(xiàn)在分詞（the Present Participle）；過去分詞（the Past Participle）。1）動詞不定式常見形式:時態(tài)形式主動形式被動形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing不定式的否定式：由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成的。不定式的疑問式：由疑問詞加不定式構(gòu)成的?；居梅ǎ篒t is necessary to master a foreign language. (作主語)I cant afford to buy a house. (作賓語)His wish is to become a doctor. (作表語)He is looking for a place to live in. (作定語)Tom went to town to do shopping yesterday. (作狀語) 感官動詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 和使役動詞make, let, have等后的不定式作賓補時，不帶to。I hear him sing. (作賓補)His mother made him go to bed early. (作賓補) 常見的帶動詞不定式作賓語的動詞: want, manage, prefer, pretend, decide等等 2）分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞由動詞原形+ ing 構(gòu)成，過去分詞由動詞原形+ -ed構(gòu)成。以write為例，現(xiàn)在分詞的各種形式如下：時態(tài)形式主動被動一般式writinghaving written完成式having writtenhaving been written否定式：否定詞not加在現(xiàn)在分詞的前面過去分詞只有一種，即written基本用法：The film was very boring. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語)He is a promising young man. (現(xiàn)在分詞作定語)They came out of the classroom laughing and chatting. (現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語)The bottle was broken. (過去分詞作表語)We need more qualified teacher. (過去分詞作定語)Faced wit