2018_2019學(xué)年高中英語Unit21HumanBiologySectionⅢLesson2Lesson3—Pre_reading學(xué)案.docx

Section Lesson 2 Lesson 3Pre-reading原文呈現(xiàn)Epidemics throughout historyWith recent press reports drawing parallels between Bird Flu and a killer epidemic in the past, Jim Smith looks through the history of epidemics for clues about what the future might hold.Since Bird Flu first appeared in 1997, it has taken more than a hundred lives. Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic, especially as scientists who studied tissue from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu proved that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus.Bacteria and viruses have been around since the beginning of life on Earth and many of todays diseases have existed as long as humans have. It is important to look at the spread of diseases throughout history to discover the causes and effects of epidemics, and hopefully, foresee and prevent them in the future.讀文清障press/pres/n.新聞界；報(bào)界parallel/prlel/n.極相似之處；平行線epidemic/epIdemIk/n.流行病look through看穿；審核，瀏覽take ones life奪走某人的生命tissue/tIu/n.組織die of死于(饑餓、寒冷、疾病等身體內(nèi)部因素)die from死于(車禍、地震、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等外界因素)adaptation/dpteIn/n.變化；變種as .是as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，從句中含有兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞分別是scientists和people, that .是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。as long as在本句中意為“和一樣長(zhǎng)”。還可作連詞用，表示“只要”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。it用作形式主語，代替不定式短語to look at .。look at此處表示“回顧”。throughout historyall over historycauses and effects因果foresee/fsi/vt.預(yù)見歷史上的傳染病病例第13段譯文隨著近期的媒體報(bào)道將禽流感與過去的一種致命傳染病畫上等號(hào)，吉姆史密斯回顧了傳染病的歷史以尋找關(guān)于將來可能發(fā)生的情況的線索。自從禽流感在1997年首次出現(xiàn)，它已經(jīng)奪去一百多人的生命。許多人擔(dān)心它會(huì)成為下一個(gè)全球性的傳染病，特別是在一些科學(xué)家研究了死于1918年西班牙流感的人的尸體組織后，證明了禽流感是同一種病毒的現(xiàn)代變異體。自從地球上有了生命，便有了細(xì)菌和病毒。當(dāng)今的很多疾病存在的時(shí)間和人類歷史一樣長(zhǎng)。我們有必要回顧一下歷史上疾病的傳播情況，從而弄清楚傳染病的起因和后果，并且希望將來能夠預(yù)防它們的發(fā)生。One of the earliest epidemics on record happened about 500550 AD when the Roman emperor at the time was attempting to rebuild the Roman Empire.This epidemic swept through North Africa, the Middle East and Europe.Scientists now guess that up to 50% of the areas population died from this epidemic making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.In the 1330s, the epidemic returned, this time in Asia.It spread rapidly and became known as “The Black Death” as one symptom was black spots on the body. The conditions in much of Asia and Europe war, crowded cities and a lack of basic health routines provided the perfect conditions for the disease to spread worldwide.In urban areas all over Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East, up to one half of the population was lost to the Black Death.on record正式記錄的，公開發(fā)表的attempt to do試圖做make an attempt to do sth./at doing sth.試圖做某事rebuild/ribIld/vt.重建sweep through席卷；順利通過up to達(dá)到(數(shù)量、程度等)；至多making it one of the main causes .是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。empire/empaI/n.帝國(guó)symptom/sImptm/n.癥狀as one symptom was black spots .是as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。crowded adj.擁擠的be crowded with擠滿了a lack of缺乏，不足 for lack of由于缺乏，因缺乏routine/rutin/n.常規(guī)；慣例urban/bn/adj.城市的第47段譯文歷史上有記載的最早的傳染病之一發(fā)生在公元500550年，當(dāng)時(shí)的羅馬皇帝正在試圖重建羅馬帝國(guó)。這次瘟疫席卷了北非、中東和歐洲?，F(xiàn)在科學(xué)家們猜測(cè)，當(dāng)時(shí)那一地區(qū)百分之五十的人口死于那場(chǎng)瘟疫，使之成為羅馬帝國(guó)衰落的主要原因之一。14世紀(jì)30年代，這種瘟疫又爆發(fā)了，這次是在亞洲。疾病傳播迅速，被人們稱為“黑死病”，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)病癥是病人身體上出現(xiàn)黑色斑點(diǎn)。當(dāng)時(shí)亞洲和歐洲的大部分地區(qū)都陷入這樣的狀況戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)頻發(fā)，城市擁擠不堪，缺乏基本的健康體系，這種狀況促進(jìn)了瘟疫在全球范圍內(nèi)的蔓延。在歐洲、亞洲、非洲和中東的城市地區(qū)，有一半的人死于黑死病。Another epidemic that spread in similar conditions was the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918, also called the Spanish Flu. It struck near the end of the First World War and left families mourning worldwide.Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months，with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most acute epidemic in history. More people died of the flu than died in the war. Yet, somehow， it was forgotten by history until very recently when SARS became a cause for concern.The SARS epidemic began in 2002 with a lung disease in Guangdong Province and spread quickly after Dr Liu Jianjun, the carrier， came to Hong Kong and passed the virus to people who carried it to Canada, Vietnam and Singapore.strike在此表示“爆發(fā)”。mourn/mn/vi.& vt.感到悲痛；表示哀悼left families mourning是“l(fā)eave賓語賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)，此處用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語having killed .作原因狀語。kill這一動(dòng)作先于is believed動(dòng)作發(fā)生，故用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。a tendency to do sth.做某事的傾向strike在此表示“(疾病、災(zāi)害)侵襲，襲擊”。rather than而不是Sb./Sth. be believed to . It is believed that .acute/kjut/adj.嚴(yán)重的；劇烈的somehow adv.不知怎么地，不知為什么concern nC，U關(guān)心的事，重要的事；關(guān)系，關(guān)聯(lián)；擔(dān)心，掛念carrier/kri/n.帶菌者pass . to .把傳遞給pass down流傳； pass on流傳，傳遞； pass by經(jīng)過； pass away消亡第810段譯文另一次類似情況傳播的傳染病發(fā)作是1918年大流感，又被稱為西班牙流感。它爆發(fā)于一戰(zhàn)即將結(jié)束之時(shí)，使世界各地的許多家庭飽受喪親之痛。西班牙流感在18個(gè)月的時(shí)間里奪去了多達(dá)5 000萬人的生命，該病似乎專門襲擊年輕力壯的人，而不是年邁之人，被認(rèn)為是歷史上最嚴(yán)重的傳染病。被疾病奪去生命的人比在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中喪生的人還要多。然而，不知什么原因它被歷史遺忘了，直到最近“非典”成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)?！胺堑洹笔加?002年廣東省的一起肺部疾病，在病毒攜帶者劉建軍醫(yī)生到達(dá)香港后該病迅速傳播，他將病毒傳染給其他人，而這些人又將病毒帶到加拿大、越南和新加坡。Over nine months, the number of global cases passed 8,000 and 774 people died. Although these statistics are much less impressive than those for the Spanish Flu, SARS was still very alarming for a few key reasons.No one really knew much about SARS as it was completely new.This meant that there were no prescription drugs or tablets to treat it and doctors were not sure how to prevent it either.Since most people had no natural defences against the disease, it was also harmful to the doctors and nurses treating SARS patients.Since the SARS epidemic ended，scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prohibit any future outbreaks. Modern communication technology and medical research techniques allow health experts all over the world to unite, share knowledge, and work together without pause to help put SARS behind us.Meanwhile，governments worldwide have also underlined the fact that thorough and systematic medical research on Bird Flu needs to lead to a cure as soon as possible. Countries will need to work together to do this as the SARS epidemic proved how teamwork among nations can save lives. With all the international effort being made， we have to have faith that there will be solutions in time to stop a Bird Flu epidemic in its tracks.case在此意為“事例，實(shí)例，病例，案例”。statistics/sttIstIks/n.統(tǒng)計(jì)資料；統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字less impressive為比較級(jí)形式。alarming adj.驚人的，嚇人的prescription/prIskrIpn/n.處方tablet/tblIt/n.藥片how to prevent是“疑問詞to do”結(jié)構(gòu)，作賓語。treating SARS patients為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語。since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用了現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。trial/traIl/n.實(shí)驗(yàn)prohibit/prhIbIt/vt.禁止outbreak n爆發(fā)without pause不停地put behind放在后面，拒絕考慮；忘卻meanwhile (meantime) adv.同時(shí)underline/ndlaIn/vt.表明重要性；強(qiáng)調(diào)that此處引導(dǎo)fact的同位語從句。thorough/r/adj.徹底的；細(xì)致的systematic/sIstmtIk/adj.系統(tǒng)化的lead to導(dǎo)致(to是介詞)teamwork/timwk/n.協(xié)作；配合畫線部分是“with名詞現(xiàn)在分詞”形式的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)faith/feI/n.信心have faith in對(duì)有信心solutions to do sth.做某事的解決方案stop sth. in its tracks終止，消滅第1114段譯文九個(gè)月后，全球的“非典”病例就超過了8 000例，死亡人數(shù)達(dá)到774人。雖然這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及西班牙流感的數(shù)字那樣令人震撼，但由于一些重要的原因，這次疾病的爆發(fā)還是給人們敲響了警鐘。由于“非典”是一種全新的疾病，沒有人真正了解它。這意味著沒有醫(yī)治它的處方或藥物，醫(yī)生也不知道如何預(yù)防“非典”。由于大多數(shù)人不具備對(duì)這種病的自然抗體，它對(duì)那些治療非典病人的醫(yī)護(hù)人員也有很大的危害。從“非典”疫情結(jié)束后，科學(xué)家們就在做治療實(shí)驗(yàn)以防止它將來再次爆發(fā)?，F(xiàn)代通訊技術(shù)和醫(yī)學(xué)研究技術(shù)使全世界的醫(yī)學(xué)專家們能夠聯(lián)合起來，分享知識(shí)，不停地通力合作，這有助于將“非典”拋棄在我們的身后。同時(shí)，世界各地的政府部門也強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)禽流感進(jìn)行徹底的和系統(tǒng)化的醫(yī)學(xué)研究，以便盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)治療方法。因?yàn)椤胺堑洹币叱弊C明了不同國(guó)家之間的合作能夠挽救生命，各國(guó)需要通過合作來做到這一點(diǎn)。隨著國(guó)際間的共同努力，我們應(yīng)該相信人們會(huì)及時(shí)找到解決方案來徹底消滅禽流感。PrereadingPlease match the words with their proper meanings.1routineAto officially forbid something2foresee Ba usual or fixed way of doing things3underline Cto build something again that has been damaged or destroyed4mourn Dto delay an event or plan and decide that it should happen at a later date or time5rebuild Eto behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way6prohibit Fto join together as a group7postpone Ggreat trust or confidence in something or someone8unite Hto feel or express great sadness, especially because of someones death9faith Ito know about something before it happens10treat Jto emphasise15_610_答案：15BIJHC610ADFGELeadinLook at the pictures and answer the following questions.1It is May, 2009, in North America. Why are they wearing masks in the warm May?答案：Because_there_was_an_outbreak_of_A(H1N1)_flu_in_this_area.2What are the masks used for?答案：They_are_used_to_prevent_people_from_being_infected.3Besides A(H1N1), which of these diseases can be epidemics?AIDS, cancer, flu, headache, heart disease, stomachache答案：AIDS_and_flu.WhilereadingFastreading1Read the text to find how the text develops?AIn order of time.BIn order of space.CIn order of logic. DIn order of place.答案：A2Read the text again and arrange the sentences in the order of time.AOne of the earliest epidemics swept through North Africa, the Middle East and Europe.BExperts united to stop SARS spreading.CThe Spanish Flu killed up to 50 million people in 18 months.DSARS caused 8,000 diseased and 774 killed.EThe reasons of “The Black Death” in the 1330s in Asia.答案：AECDBCarefulreading()True (T) or false (F)1Flu kills millions of people every year.()2Most diseases are very new.()3Epidemics have affected historical events.()4It takes years for a disease to spread worldwide.()5Epidemics can wipe out up to half of the population in urban areas.()答案：15TTTTT()Fill in the blanks according to the text.EpidemicsTimeEffectsBird FluIn 1997It has taken more than a hundred lives.Many people fear it could be the next global 1.epidemic.One of the earliest epidemics 2.on_recordAbout 500550 ADUp to 50% of the areas population died.It 3.swept through North Africa, the Middle East and Europe.The Black DeathIn the 1330sUp to one half of the population in urban areas 4.was_lost. It spread worldwide.The Spanish FluFrom 1918 to near the end of 5.the_First_World_WarIt was the most 6.acute epidemic in history and left families 7.mourning worldwide. 8.Having_killed up to 50 million people in 18 months.9.SARSIn 2002Over nine months, there were 774 deaths. It was 10.harmful to doctors and nurses as well.StudyreadingAnalyze the following difficult sentences in the text.1With recent press reports drawing parallels between Bird Flu and a killer epidemic in the past, Jim Smith looks through the history of epidemics for clues about what the future might hold.句式分析嘗試翻譯隨著近期的媒體報(bào)道將禽流感與過去的一種致命傳染病相提并論，吉姆史密斯查閱傳染病的歷史以尋找將來可能發(fā)生的情況的線索。2Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic, especially as scientists who studied tissue from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu proved that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus.句式分析本句是復(fù)合句。especially as .是as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句；本句中含有兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，分別修飾先行詞scientists和people；that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。嘗試翻譯許多人擔(dān)心它會(huì)成為下一個(gè)全球性的傳染病，特別是在一些科學(xué)家研究了死于1918年西班牙流感的人的尸體組織后，證明了禽流感是同一種病毒的現(xiàn)代變異體。.閱讀理解ASpeed walking has now become part of my daily routine for six years.I am always keen to do it regularly without a break.Even though I am neither a physician nor a specialist in medical science, I am fully aware that exercise, especially speed walking, helps maintain health and lowers the chance of falling ill.I urge everybody to speed walk on a daily basis, with one day off a week, or at least to do it three times a week.I managed to burn around 17 kg of fat after taking up speed walking.This should also be accompanied with a change in diet.We need to reduce how much we eat and avoid junk food, sweets and carbonate drinks.Reducing the amount of food we eat in the evening by around 80 percent and increasing how much water we drink are also good practice.Overeating should also be avoided.I usually walk at a speed of 1 km per 8.5 minutes.It will initially make you tired.However, over time it will become a habit and an addiction.This type of exercise will help you mentally, will also help you sleep and give you an appetite.It will make you physically fit and help burn fat.Speed walking makes you healthy and everyone can find time to walk.The problem is that some people do not plan their days and do not, therefore, find time.We can gain health and social benefits from speed walking.It will help change our lifestyles, fight diabetes, obesity and other illnesses.Arguments such as “I am too old and obese to walk” do not hold_water.People of any age who speed walk will see the benefits within a couple of months.Walking outdoors is ideal and it is best done in the company of friends.語篇解讀：本文是說明文。每天堅(jiān)持快走被越來越多的人作為日常鍛煉的一種方法?？熳卟粌H可以減去身上多余的脂肪、走出好的身材，還可以預(yù)防疾病、走出健康。1What can be the best title for the passage?ABenefits of speed walkingBMy success in reducing weightCThe history of speed walkingDTips on how to keep healthy解析：選A標(biāo)題歸納題。作者在文中介紹了快走的益處，并且通過自身的實(shí)例進(jìn)行說明，故選A。2It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that _.Aspeed walking possibly leads to an eating disorderBmany people are too busy to have a fast walk every dayCmore calories and fat will result in serious illnessesDspeed walking can effectively cure kinds of diseases解析：選C推理判斷題。依據(jù)第四段的第二句可知，快走有助于燃燒脂肪；依據(jù)尾句可知，快走會(huì)幫助改變我們的生活方式，有助于抵抗糖尿病、肥胖和其他疾病。由此可推知，過多的熱量和脂肪會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病發(fā)生。3What does the underlined part “hold water” mean?AHave a drink.BMake sense.CWork out. DBuild up.解析：選B詞義猜測(cè)題。依據(jù)下文可知，不管多大年齡的人，在快走幾個(gè)月后就會(huì)看到快走的益處。因此此處指那些人說自己太老太胖而不能快走是沒有意義的。BMost of us are familiar with the “Silk Road”， a network of land trading routes which connected northwestern China to Europe since the Han dynasty.With its recent popularity, you may have heard of the “Tea Horse Road” as well, another network of land trading routes that also connected China to various parts of Asia and Europe before sailing became common.Historically, the “Tea Horse Road” is no less important than the “Silk Road”， and because of their different locations, the “Tea Horse Road” is sometimes referred to as “the Southern Silk Road”The “Tea Horse Road” has got its name as Chinese tea and horses were the main products traded along the route (together with medicine, salt, cloth and skins)Historians have traced the origins of the “Tea Horse Road” back to the Tang dynasty, when tea was being transported out of Yunnan to Beijing, Tibet, and other Southeast Asian countries.The “Tea Horse Road” was further developed during the Song and Ming dynasty, and remained a key trading route for Puer tea and other goods until the Qing dynasty.Like the “Silk Road”， the “Tea Horse Road” was not a “road” by itself, but a network of routes spreading out of Yunnans Puer County.In its more than 1,200 years of history, the “Tea Horse Road” served not only as a trading route, but also a bridge connecting different races (種族) politically, economically and culturally.Today, the “Tea Horse Road” is a hot spot for tourists.History aside, the “Tea Horse Road” is located near “The Third Pole of the Earth” and “The Roof of the Earth”， making it a spot of many attractions.語篇解讀：本文是說明文。茶馬古道是指存在于中國(guó)西南地區(qū)的民間國(guó)際商貿(mào)通道，是中國(guó)西南民族經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流的走廊，也是早期溝通中國(guó)西南地區(qū)和亞歐商貿(mào)的重要通道。4What do we know about the “Tea Horse Road”？AIt dates back to the Tang dynasty.BIt was built earlier than the “Silk Road”CIt was built for trading in Southern China.DIt enjoyed greater popularity than the “Silk Road”解析：選A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段“Historians have traced the origins of the Tea Horse Road back to the Tang dynasty .”可知，茶馬古道是從唐朝時(shí)開始的。5Where is the starting point of the “Tea Horse Road”？ATibet. BBeijing.CPuer County. DEurope.解析：選C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段“.but a network of routes spreading out of Yunnans Puer County.”可知，茶馬古道的起點(diǎn)是中國(guó)云南的普洱縣。6The “Tea Horse Road” is now most popular with _.Abusinessmen BexplorersChistorians Dtourists解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段“Today, the Tea Horse Road is a hot spot for tourists.”可知，茶馬古道現(xiàn)在是深受旅游者青睞的景點(diǎn)。CIf you need one more reason to be thankful, here it is.One recent study from the University of California San Diegos School of Medicine found that people who were more grateful actually had better heart health.“They showed better wellbeing, a less depressed mood, less tiredness and they slept better，” said the studys author, Paul JMills.Researchers at the universities of Utah and Kentucky observed that stressedout law students who characterized themselves as optimistic actually had more diseasefighting cells (細(xì)胞) in their bodies.Robert Emmons, a professor at UC Davis, said theres even more evidence.People who keep a gratitude journal have a reduced fat intake as much as 25 percent lower.Stress hormones (激素) like cortisol are 23 percent lower in grateful people.And having a daily gratitude practice could actually reduce the effects of aging to the brain.“Being thankful has such a big effect because of the feelings that go along with it，”Emmons said.“Gratitude works because it recruits other positive emotions (情緒) that have direct physical benefits.”Research shows that when we think about what we appreciate, the calming part of the nervous system works and that can have protective benefits on the body.“Some people may not be grateful by nature but it is a habit you can get used to，”said Dr.Norman Rosenthal, a doctor and author of Winter Blues.“One very good way is being aware of comparing up.It almost always leads to unhappiness because you can always find a person who is more advantaged than you are.”Norman says all you have to do is think about being grateful.“Some people say they dont have anything to be grateful for，”Norman said.“If you take such a person to find one little thing to be grateful for and focus on that, you find over time that the feeling of gratitude can change the way they see their lives.”語篇解讀：本文是說明文。研究表明感激不但使我們有好的人際關(guān)系，而且對(duì)我們的健康大有好處。7How does the author mainly explain the reason to be thankful?ABy presenting research findings.BBy making comparisons.CBy analyzing causes.DBy giving examples.解析：選A推理判斷題。第二、三、四段列舉了各個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)、證據(jù)解釋了我們?yōu)槭裁匆屑ぁ?Why does the author mention law students in Paragraph 3?ATo advise us to be optimistic.BTo