有關(guān)科研選題與寫作余湄對外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)金融學(xué)院.ppt

,有關(guān)科研選題與寫作 余湄 對外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)金融學(xué)院,主要內(nèi)容 如何選題 如何寫好立項報告 寫規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文,1。如何選題,找熱點：關(guān)心國內(nèi)外大事 FT中文網(wǎng)是英國金融時報集團旗下唯一的中文商業(yè)財經(jīng)網(wǎng)站，旨在為中國商業(yè)菁英和決策者們提供每日不可或缺的商業(yè)財經(jīng)新聞、深度分析以及評論。/channel/markets.html Bloomberg成立于1982年的美國彭博資訊公司是目前全球最大的財經(jīng)資訊公司。彭博僅用了22年的時間，就將它的金融數(shù)據(jù)市場的銷售收入超越了具有150年歷史的、世界上最大的資訊公司路透集團。 /,找文獻：了解國內(nèi)外經(jīng)濟，管理，金融領(lǐng)域的排行前10的雜志。 找導(dǎo)師：多交流，聽講座,例子,國際化資產(chǎn)配置的風(fēng)險管理問題研究（2009年自然科學(xué)基金） 通貨膨脹下的資產(chǎn)價格泡沫問題研究（2011對外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)創(chuàng)新課題） 2011年社科立項 2011年畢業(yè)生選題,注意事項,1。忌題目太大，不可能是本科的立項 2。忌題目太空。 3。要緊扣當(dāng)代社會經(jīng)濟主要問題,2。立項報告的寫作,問題背景與研究意義 研究思路與方法 難點與創(chuàng)新 可行性 立項報告舉例,歌德早就說過: 在任何一個方向上, 我們能夠提出的任何一個問題, 前人都早已提出來過。 要大量閱讀前人的文獻，沒有前人成果做基礎(chǔ)的夸夸其談，只能顯示其“無知”。必須對國際發(fā)展趨勢有全面的了解，知道哪些問題已經(jīng)解決，哪些問題尚未解決，困難在哪里，困難是什么。,問題背景與研究意義:閱讀與使用文獻,研究思路與方法：用好數(shù)學(xué),為什么要使用數(shù)學(xué)模型？ 瑞典皇家學(xué)會的發(fā)言人，對經(jīng)濟科學(xué)的解釋是兩條：第一是用數(shù)學(xué)來描寫經(jīng)濟問題；第二是統(tǒng)計的量化處理。 高等數(shù)學(xué)、概率統(tǒng)計、計量經(jīng)濟學(xué)已經(jīng)足夠解決目前大多數(shù)的、人類所能認識到的社會、經(jīng)濟、行為方面的研究課題。,要做創(chuàng)新性的工作。 “新”：新問題、新方法和新結(jié)果（結(jié)論）。 三者至少必具其一。 最低要求是不能重復(fù)已有的結(jié)果。 問題小一點沒關(guān)系，總比“照抄”好。 只要你確確實實解決了一個新問題，哪怕再小，學(xué)術(shù)界也要接受它，而重復(fù)別人的研究是不會留下痕跡的。,創(chuàng)新性,3. 寫規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文,科技論文就是要“八股文”！科技論文不能寫成散文！ 標題摘要引言正文 結(jié)論致謝文獻附錄 唐詩宋詞很規(guī)范，誰寫得好，一目了然！就容易評出誰是高手?？萍颊撐牟皇巧⑽?，它有固定的格式，是為了便于驗證和交流。 How prepare well Introduction? How formulate the model ? How design the experimental settings, including data collection and handling ? How analyze the computational results, including Tables and Figures ? Finally, concluding the paper Appendix References,如何寫規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文,標題：概括全文要旨 要吸引人，抓眼球 不宜過長、過短：合適的長度 中文1015個字；英文1218個詞； 切忌抽象空泛、要一語中的； 切忌羅嗦冗長； 盡量不用縮略語； 不用、少用專業(yè)特殊符號,如何寫規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文,摘要：概述方法、結(jié)果 不要在這里大段敘述工作的意義； 不要寫得太短； 要突出工作進展和貢獻； 盡量不要引用文獻； 盡量避免引述公式、方程。,Equilibrium properties of the morning peak-period commuting in a many-to-one mass transit system,Abstract This paper analyzes the equilibrium properties of the morning peak-period commuting pattern on a many-to-one transit system with in-vehicle crowding effect and schedule delay cost in a monocentric city. Commuters are assumed to choose their optimal time-of-use decision from various stations/home locations to a single destination/workplace by trading off the travel time and crowding cost against the schedule delay cost. An equivalent mathematical programming model is proposed to characterize the equilibrium state, in which no commuter can reduce his/her total commuting cost by unilaterally changing his/her departure time or train service. Solution of the model yields many insights including the following: 1) commuters living closer to the destination choose trains also chosen by those living farther from the destination; 2) the train arriving at the time desired by everyone is utilized by commuters from all stations; 3) the farther a station is from the workplace, the longer is the peak-period departure duration from that station; 4) finally, a saturated time period exists for each station during which the departure rate of commuters is identical and maximal.,如何寫規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文,引言：繼往開來的陳述 工作的緣起和意義、前人的思路和成果、本人的發(fā)展（包括方法和主要成果）。篇幅約占全文的1/5 切忌忽略前人的進展； 切忌忽略本人工作的繼承性和創(chuàng)造性； 對本論文的研究目的和意義、研究方法和所得結(jié)果得創(chuàng)新之處等要逐一說明； 切忌重復(fù)摘要中的敘述； 切忌過于簡短。 從前言看出作者的涉足深度和學(xué)術(shù)觀點,文獻綜述,按時間順序從過去到現(xiàn)在 按國外到國內(nèi)順序 按研究方法分類,1. Introduction The growing traffic congestion in large cities worldwide has led to economic inefficiency, social disruption, excessive energy consumption and increased levels of pollution. It is generally recognized that the mitigation of these problems requires efficient provision and utilization of public transportation systems. This has become an important issue of long standing interest to economists and transportation scientists. In the end of 1960s, scholars started to derive the optimal interstation spacings of a rapid transit system which transported the population of an area to one central point, aiming at minimizing the total travel time (Vuchic and Newell, 1968) or maximizing the number of passengers (Vuchic, 1969). . . The latest studies concerning the transit system modeling, analyses and management can be found in a review paper by De Cea and Fernandez (2000) and a book by Vuchic (2005).,Only very limited attention has been paid to the problem of commuters departure time choice for urban mass transit services. Sumi et al. (1990) presented a stochastic model for optimizing the commuters departure time and route choices in a mass transit system. They assumed that departure time is mainly dependent on the systems operational features and the travelers appointed time of arrival at the destination. Alfa and Chen (1995) examined a public transportation system with multiple origins and destinations and proposed an algorithm for calculating the peak-hour departure time of commuters, where commuters ride on the first coming bus in a random order. Recently, Kraus and Yoshida (2002) and Kraus (2003) provided economic analyses about the commuters time-of-use decision, the optimal pricing and the service in an urban mass transit system. In their analyses, apart from the fare component, The above studies considered the capacity constraints of transit systems and assumed that if the number of commuters waiting at a transit stop exceeds the number of vacant seats on the forthcoming transit run, then some commuters will have to wait for the next run. However, this assumption is not always valid in some metro systems. ,There exists a common feature in such large cities as Beijing, Hong Kong, London, New York, Moscow and others, that during peak period, some commuters continue to board the trains although they have to stand in seriously crowded vehicles. In Beijing, for transporting more commuters the authority even deliberately cuts down the number of seats for each transit vehicle. The number of seats provided in each train of the Beijing No. 13 railway line is 96 only, but the maximal number of passengers allowed to board is 944 (the physical capacity). . We also observed that commuters are not willing to wait at platforms for a period that is longer than two scheduled headways, but change their arrival times at platforms when the in-vehicle crowding is extremely serious. It is thus interesting to develop a modeling approach that can consider the standing-up phenomena and the in-vehicle crowding effect. Huang et al. (2004) introduced a crowding cost function for modeling urban mass transit services, i.e., In this paper, we investigate the equilibrium properties of the peak-period commuting in a mass transit system with multiple origins and a single destination. Note that the model proposed in this paper is formulated from the commuters point of view, i.e., based on minimizing their own travel costs. Another modeling approach that keeps to the stand of transit operators point of view can be found in Vuchic (2005). The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the problem setting and formulates an equivalent mathematical programming model. In Section 3, we .,如何寫規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文,正文：成果的全面鋪敘 實驗、觀測的設(shè)施、過程；建模的假定、表述；研究方法；演繹過程；結(jié)果分析。 切忌忽略工作的前提條件； 切忌過于細膩、拖沓； 切忌混淆本人和前人的工作； 切忌單純公式或圖表陳述，忽視分析、深化，要從中抽出結(jié)論性的東西； 指出前人工作不足時要盡量客氣。,如何寫規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文,結(jié)論： 綜述本文成果并展望未來工作 切忌簡單地重復(fù)摘要和引言中的語言； 切忌武斷、草率、目空一切； 展望中保護自己的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)。 致謝：感謝幫助過你的主要人員。,6. Conclusions We have developed an equilibrium model of peak-period commuting for a mass transit line with multiple origins and a single destination in a monocentric city. From the equilibrium solutions, we clearly show the following general properties of the equilibrium departure time . We have extended the model to the case with seats in vehicles . The equilibrium analysis of peak-period commuting can be further extended along several lines. It is meaningful to incorporate elastic demand, variable train service frequency and fare pricing and so on for generality.,Acknowledgements The research des